LEC術(shù)語(yǔ)大賽官方測(cè)試復(fù)習(xí)測(cè)試卷附答案

LEC術(shù)語(yǔ)大賽官方測(cè)試復(fù)習(xí)測(cè)試卷附答案1.Garnishment（）[單選題]*A.Anoticeissuedbypolicetoaskasuspecttoreportacrime.B.Avoluntarytransfer,byadebtorofallhispropertytoatrusteeforthebenefitofallhiscreditors.C.Areductioninsentencedtimeinprisonasarewardforgoodbehavior.Itusuallyisone-thirdtoone-halfoffthemaximumsentence.D.Acourtordertotakepartofaperson'swagesorothermoneyowedtohimorherbeforeheorshereceivesthemoney,becauseofanunpaiddebtowedtoacreditorwhohasobtainedajudgmentagainstthedebtor.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2014/11第1題。Garnishment指“扣押財(cái)產(chǎn)(或欠款)令；扣押債務(wù)人財(cái)產(chǎn)的通知”。選項(xiàng)D:Acourtordertotakepartofaperson'swagesorothermoneyowedtohimorherbeforeheorshereceivesthemoney,becauseofanunpaiddebtowedtoacreditorwhohasobtainedajudgmentagainstthedebtor符合題意，為正確答案。另見(jiàn)例句：Judiciallienmainlycontainsattachmentlien,garnishmentlienandjudgmentlien.司法擔(dān)保主要包括查封擔(dān)保、扣押擔(dān)保、判決擔(dān)保。2.Standing（）[單選題]*A.Abbreviationof“notwithstanding”.B.Thefirstdraftofaproposedcourtjudgment.C.Theabilitytobringalawsuitbecauseofaparty'sactualinjuryforwhichthecourtcanprovidearemedy.(正確答案)D.Acourt'swrittenordercommandingsomeonetodoorrefrainfromdoingsomespecifiedact.答案解析：LEC2014/11第3題。Standing指“當(dāng)事人適格；訴由”。選項(xiàng)C:Theabilitytobringalawsuitbecauseofaparty'sactualinjuryforwhichthecourtcanprovidearemedy符合題意，為正確答案。另見(jiàn)解釋：Thelegalrighttobringalawsuit,onlyapersonwithsomelegallyrecognizedinterestatstakehasstandingtobringalawsuit.3.GrandJury（）[單選題]*A.Ajuryempanelledtoimposeapenaltyofdeathbyhanging.B.Ajurythatcannotreachaverdictbytherequiredvotingmargin.C.Ajurysummonedbythecoronertoinvestigatethecauseofdeath.D.Ajuryofinquirywhichreceivescomplaintsandaccusationsincriminalcases.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2014/11第4題。GrandJury指“大陪審團(tuán)”。大陪審團(tuán)人數(shù)通常多于一般審訊、審理陪審團(tuán)成員人數(shù)，自早期的習(xí)慣法以來(lái)，它有12至23個(gè)陪審員。大陪審團(tuán)接受刑事案件的申訴和指控，聽(tīng)取公訴人引證的證據(jù)，當(dāng)覺(jué)得有正當(dāng)理由和足夠證據(jù)時(shí)，同意公訴人對(duì)被告進(jìn)行指控。與大陪審團(tuán)相對(duì)的是小陪審團(tuán)(petitjury)或?qū)徖砼銓張F(tuán)(trialjury)。大陪審團(tuán)的主要作用是在經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)查之后，決定是否存在合理根據(jù)(probablecause)來(lái)起訴某人；而小陪審團(tuán)的作用是通過(guò)對(duì)事實(shí)的認(rèn)證之后，決定在民事案中是否有侵權(quán)行為發(fā)生，在刑事案件中是否有犯罪行為發(fā)生。選項(xiàng)D:Ajuryofinquirywhichreceivescomplaintsandaccusationsincriminalcases符合題意，為正確答案。4.ProximateCause（）[單選題]*A.Innegligencelaw,thecreationofalegalduty.B.Innegligencelaw,thebreachofalegalduty.C.Acloserelationshipbetweenaplaintiff'saction(orfailuretoact).(正確答案)D.Innegligencelaw,thedamagesresultingfromabreachofduty.答案解析：LEC2014/11第5題。ProximateCause指“近因”。其解釋為：oneofthefourrequirementsforatort,whichproducesanevent,withoutwhichtheinjurywouldnothaveoccurred.選項(xiàng)C:Acloserelationshipbetweenaplaintiff'saction(orfailuretoact)[注：C項(xiàng)表述不完整，后面應(yīng)該遺漏了”andharm/damage“，但考試時(shí)仍認(rèn)為其是對(duì)的。]符合題意，為正確答案。另見(jiàn)例句：Thepublicprosecutormustprovethedefendant'sactwastheproximatecauseoftheinjury.檢察官必須證明被告的行為是造成傷害的近因。5.SummaryDisposition（）[單選題]*A.Inacivillawsuit,adismissaloforjudgmentonallorpartofaclaim,madebyajudgepriortotrialuponmotionbyoneoftheparties.(正確答案)B.ProceedingswherethecourtdecidesanissueinapromptandsimplemannerwiththeaidofajuryC.Basicprinciplesoflawgenerallyacceptedbythecourtsorembodiedinthestatutesofaparticularjurisdiction.D.Thejudicialprocessconductedwiththecustomarylegalformalities.答案解析：LEC2014/11第7題。SummaryDisposition指“【民法】簡(jiǎn)易判決；即決處理”。選項(xiàng)A:Inacivillawsuit,adismissaloforjudgmentonallorpartofaclaim,madebyajudgepriortotrialuponmotionbyoneoftheparties符合題意，為正確答案。6.StareDecisis（）[單選題]*A.Referstoacaseheardortobeheardbeforetheentirebenchratherthanbyapanelselectedfromthem.B.Thedoctrinethatthedecisionsofthecourtshouldserveasprecedentsforfuturecases.(正確答案)C.Thetrespassorytakingofpropertywiththeintenttopermanentlydeprivetheownerofitsownershiprights.D.Therulepreventingillegallyobtainedevidence,suchaspropertyfoundduringanillegalsearch,frombeingusedinanytrial.答案解析：LEC2014/11第8題。StareDecisis指“〈拉丁語(yǔ)〉遵循先例原則”。遵循先例原則是判例法的一個(gè)基本原則，它是判例法得以形成的基礎(chǔ)。遵循先例原則的基本含義就是：包含在以前判例中的法律原則對(duì)以后同類(lèi)案件有約束力(bindingeffect),高級(jí)法院的判決對(duì)下級(jí)法院處理同類(lèi)案件有約束力；同一法院的判決對(duì)其以后的同類(lèi)案件的判決具有約束力。確切地說(shuō)，是指一個(gè)判決中所含有的法律原則或規(guī)則，對(duì)其他法院或者甚至對(duì)本法院以后的審判，具有約束力或者說(shuō)服力(persuasiveeffect)。選項(xiàng)B:thedoctrinethatthedecisionsofthecourtshouldserveasprecedentsforfuturecases符合題意，為正確答案。7.MensRea（）[單選題]*A.Referstoapendingcaseoverwhichthecourthasnoeffectivecontrol.B.AtermusedtodescribeissuesandclaimscapableofbeingproperlyexaminedincourtC.Referstothe“guiltymind”necessarytoestablishcriminalresponsibility.(正確答案)D.Atermusedtodescribepermanentandabsolutetenureoflandorpropertywithfreedomtodisposeofitatwill.答案解析：LEC2014/11第9題。MensRea指“犯罪心態(tài)；犯罪意圖”。在普通法上，“犯罪心態(tài)”與“犯罪行為(actusreus)”是犯罪主客觀方面的兩個(gè)基本要素。犯罪心態(tài)指行為人在事實(shí)社會(huì)危害行為時(shí)應(yīng)受到社會(huì)譴責(zé)的心理狀態(tài)，包括蓄意(intention)、明知(knowledge)、輕率(recklessness)和疏忽(negligence)。選項(xiàng)C:referstothe“guiltymind”necessarytoestablishcriminalresponsibility符合題意，為正確答案。8.The“moralright”incopyrightprotectionrefersto（）[單選題]*A.the“uplifting”moralityofaworkofart.B.theinalienablepersonalrightsuchasauthorship.(正確答案)C.therighttoprohibitothersfromusingthecopyrightedworkinanimmoralwayD.theimmortalityofagreatliterarywork.答案解析：LEC2014/11第50題。本題考查對(duì)版權(quán)保護(hù)(copyrightprotection)中moralright的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解。moralright可譯為“道德權(quán)利”（著作人身權(quán)）,是指在民法概念體系中，高于可剝奪(如因某經(jīng)濟(jì)目的而進(jìn)行的轉(zhuǎn)讓、分配、分割)的經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利的不可剝奪之權(quán)利。moralright旨在保護(hù)作者作品從個(gè)人角度來(lái)說(shuō)的完整性，保護(hù)作者將其作品和作品名稱保持一致性的權(quán)利。因此，選項(xiàng)B切合題意，為正確答案。9.Binding（）[單選題]*A.Asusedinstatute,commonlymeansobligatory.(正確答案)B.Avoluntarytransfer,byadebtorofallhispropertytoatrusteeforthebenefitofallhiscreditors.C.Acontractfortemporaryinsurance;merelyawrittenmemorandumofthemostimportantitemsofapreliminarycontract.D.Afindingatapreliminaryexaminationthatsufficientevidenceexiststorequireatrialonthechargesmadeagainstthedefendant.答案解析：LEC2015/5第1題。Binding意為“有法律上的約束力”,即當(dāng)事人必須按法律規(guī)定或約定行事，為“義務(wù)性”的。10.Blackmail（）[單選題]*A.Theindictmentfiledbyaprosecutor.B.Judgmentissuedbytheblackjudges.C.Incommonlawsystems,thetermisusedtorefertothetechnicallegalrulestobeappliedinaparticulararea,whicharemostoftenwell-establishedandnolongersubjecttoreasonabledispute.D.Thecrimeofthreateningtorevealembarrassing,disgracefulordamaginginformationaboutapersontothepublic,family,spouseorassociatesunlessmoneyispaidtopurchasesilence.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2015/5第2題。Blackmail意為“敲詐；勒索；恐嚇(包含未遂的)”,也稱制定法上之勒索罪(statutoryextortion),指以傷害身體、毀壞財(cái)物、控告犯罪或揭露丑聞相威脅而非法索要錢(qián)財(cái)?shù)男袨椤?1.Competency（）[單選題]*A.Ofalossorhardshipforwhichcompensationcanbeobtained.B.Damagesawardedtocompensatethenonbreachingorinjuredparty.C.Theabilitytobringalawsuitbecauseofaparty'sactualinjuryforwhichthecourtcanprovidearemedy.D.Thepresenceofthosecharacteristics,whichmakeawitnesslegallyfitandqualifiedtogivetestimonyincourt-applied,inthesamesense,todocumentsorotherwrittenevidence.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2015/5第3題。Competency意為"[證據(jù)法]作證能力,證明力",指證人能否在法庭作證的能力或資格;相應(yīng)地,也指書(shū)證等能否作為證據(jù)被法庭采納用以對(duì)案件某一問(wèn)題子以證明。12.PetitJury（）[單選題]*A.Ajuryempanelledtoimposeapenaltyofdeathbyhanging.B.Ajurythatcannotreachaverdictbytherequiredvotingmargin.C.Ajuryof6or12personsselectedtohearthetrialofacivilorcriminalcaseandtodetermineissuesoffact.(正確答案)D.Ajuryofinquirywhichreceivescomplaintsandaccusationsincriminalcases.答案解析：LEC2015/5第4題。PetitJury意為“小陪審團(tuán)”,指審理民事或刑事案件的普通陪審團(tuán)，之所以有此稱謂是因?yàn)橐c大陪審團(tuán)(grandjury)相區(qū)分。13.DefaultJudgment（）[單選題]*A.Ajudgmentsettingasideajury'sverdict.B.Apersonwholacksthefinancialresourcesnecessarytosatisfyajudgmentfordamagesorwhosewagesorpropertyisprotectedfromjudicialattachmentbylaw.C.Actiontakenbythecourtwhenapersonfailstoappearincourtinanswertoasummonsinacivilcase.(正確答案)D.Inacivillawsuit,adismissaloforjudgmentonallorpartofaclaim,madebyajudgepriortotrialuponmotionbyoneoftheparties.答案解析：LEC2015/5第5題。DefaultJudgment意為“缺席審判”,指被告在庭審中不到庭或未對(duì)原告的請(qǐng)求作出答辯的情況下，法庭所作的對(duì)被告不利的判決。14.NonEstFactum（）[單選題]*A.Referstoacaseheardortobeheardbeforetheentirebenchratherthanbyapanelselectedfromthem.B.Itisnothisorherdeed.Thisisadefencetoanactionfoundedonadocumentwherethedefendantallegesthateventhoughtheymayhavesignedthedocumenttheydidnotknowwhatthedocumentcontained.(正確答案)C.Meansthetrespassorytakingofpropertywiththeintenttopermanentlydeprivetheownerofitsownershiprights.D.Therulepreventingillegallyobtainedevidence,suchaspropertyfoundduringanillegalsearch,frombeingusedinanytrial.答案解析：LEC2015/5第8題。NonEstFactum意為“＜拉丁語(yǔ)〉這不是我所簽署的”,很多情況下，“這不是我的契約”(Itisnotmydeed)是被告的辯詞，聲稱其從沒(méi)有簽署文件，或簽署文件的時(shí)候并不知道文件的內(nèi)容。15.PerCuriam（）[單選題]*A.Referstoapendingcaseoverwhichthecourthasnoeffectivecontrol.B.Bydecisionofacourtinunanimousagreement.(正確答案)C.Atermusedtodescribeissuesandclaimscapableofbeingproperlyexaminedincourt.D.Atermusedtodescribepermanentandabsolutetenureoflandorpropertywithfreedomtodisposeofitatwill.答案解析：LEC2015/5第9題。PerCurian意為"法庭一致通過(guò)",指由法庭全體同意,如"percuriamorinion"即是表示全體法官一致的意見(jiàn),對(duì)有關(guān)問(wèn)題不必再作討論。16.Interpleader（）[單選題]*A.Onewhoiscommittedtoaninstitution,suchasaprisonerataprison.B.Alegalactionenablingapersontopaymoniesintocourtandforcetwoormorepersonshavingcompetingorconflictingclaimsagainsthimorherforthesamethingtodisputethematteramongthemselves.(正確答案)C.Incommonlawsystems,thetermisusedtorefertothetechnicallegalrulestobeappliedinaparticulararea,whicharemostoftenwell-establishedandnolongersubjecttoreasonabledispute.D.Acourtorderrestrainingapersonfromdoingorcontinuingtodosomethingthatthreatensorcausesirreparableinjurytoanother;orrequiringthepersontodoaparticularact.答案解析：LEC2015/11第2題。Interpleader“交互訴訟”,在有兩人或兩人以上對(duì)由第三人持有的財(cái)產(chǎn)提出同一權(quán)利主張時(shí)，確定該財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)的訴訟程序。即持有某項(xiàng)財(cái)產(chǎn)但對(duì)該財(cái)產(chǎn)不享有任何利益者，在有兩人或兩人以上對(duì)該財(cái)產(chǎn)均提出了權(quán)利主張，而他又不知道誰(shuí)是真正的權(quán)利者，且已被或?qū)?huì)被主張權(quán)力者起訴要求其返還財(cái)產(chǎn)時(shí)，為避免自己受到損害，要求他們相互之間進(jìn)行訴訟，已確定真正的權(quán)利人。選項(xiàng)B表述符合“交互訴訟”的含義，本題正確答案為B。17.Precedent（）[單選題]*A.Theintroductorypartofastatute,deed,orothersimilardocument,statingitspurpose,aims,andjustification.B.Apreviouscaseorlegaldecisionthatmaybeormustbefollowedinsubsequentsimilarcases.(正確答案)C.Theabilitytobringalawsuitbecauseofaparty'sactualinjuryforwhichthecourtcanprovidearemedy.D.Thepresenceofthosecharacteristics,whichmakeawitnesslegallyfitandqualifiedtogivetestimonyincourt-applied,inthesamesense,todocumentsorotherwrittenevidence答案解析：LEC2015/11第3題。Precedent“先例、判例”。法院的判決是同級(jí)法院或下級(jí)法院以后處理有相同或類(lèi)似法律問(wèn)題案件的范例，以前的司法判決是以后處理類(lèi)似案件的法律依據(jù)。選項(xiàng)B符合precedent的定義，本題正確答案為B。18.WrittenInstrument（）[單選題]*A.Awritusedbyasuperiorcourttopreventaninferiorcourtfromexceedingitsjurisdiction.B.Actiontakenbythecourtwhenapersonfailstoappearincourtinanswertoasummonsinacivilcase.C.Anythingreducedtowriting;theagreementorcontractthewritingcontains.Adocumentorwritingthatgivesformalexpressiontosomeact.(正確答案)D.Inacivillawsuit,adismissaloforjudgmentonallorpartofaclaim,madebyajudgepriortotrialuponmotionbyoneoftheparties.答案解析：LEC2015/11第5題。WrittenInstrument“書(shū)面證明，書(shū)證”。書(shū)證是采取書(shū)面形式用文字、符號(hào)或圖畫(huà)所表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容來(lái)證明案件事實(shí)的證據(jù)。書(shū)證包括合同書(shū)，各種各樣的公、私文書(shū)，租賃契約，結(jié)婚證，房產(chǎn)證，商標(biāo)，信件，電報(bào)，牌號(hào)，車(chē)船票，各種運(yùn)輸單據(jù)，交通事故責(zé)任認(rèn)定書(shū)等。根據(jù)題意，選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。19.UnlawfulSearch（）[單選題]*A.Injurytoaperson'scharacterorreputationbythespokenword.B.Adetentionofrealestatewithouttheconsentoftheownerorotherpersonentitledtoitspossession.C.Incollectionorbankruptcyproceedings,adebtoraclaimisunsecuredifthereisnocollateral,ortotheextentthevalueofcollateralislessthantheamountofthedebt.D.ExaminationorinspectionofpremisesorpersonswithoutauthorityofthelawandinviolationoftheimmunityfromunreasonablesearchandseizureundertheFourthAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitution.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2015/11第6題。UnlawfulSearch“非法搜查”。根據(jù)《美國(guó)憲法第四修正案》,任何人的人身、住宅、文件和財(cái)產(chǎn)不受無(wú)理搜查和查封；沒(méi)有合理事實(shí)依據(jù)，不得簽發(fā)搜查令和逮捕令。根據(jù)表述，選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。20.TrueBill（）[單選題]*A.Abillofindictmentfoundbyagrandjurytobesupportedbysufficientevidencetojustifythehearingofacase.(正確答案)B.Formofequitableproceedingsbroughttosecureanexplanation,alteration,orreversalofafinaldecreebythecourtwhichrenderedit.C.Thelegaldocumentthatsetsupalivingtrust.D.Astatementofrightsofaclassofpeopleinparticular.ThefirsttenamendmentstotheAmericanConstitution.答案解析：LEC2015/11第7題。TrueBill“正式起訴狀、起訴書(shū)”,由大陪審團(tuán)認(rèn)為證據(jù)充分而準(zhǔn)予受理。根據(jù)表述，選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。21.PrimaFacie（）[單選題]*A.Referstothosefactsthatwillestablishaparty'srighttolegalreliefifnoevidencetothecontraryisofferedbytheparty'sopponent.(正確答案)B.Itisnothisorherdeed.Thisisadefencetoanactionfoundedonadocumentwherethedefendantallegesthateventhoughtheymayhavesignedthedocumenttheydidnotknowwhatthedocumentcontained.C.Thetrespassorytakingofpropertywiththeintenttopermanentlydeprivetheownerofitsownershiprights.D.Therulepreventingillegallyobtainedevidence,suchaspropertyfoundduringanillegalsearch,frombeingusedinanytrial.答案解析：LEC2015/11第8題。PrimaFacie“表面(或初步)證據(jù)確鑿的案件”,是指在被訴方?jīng)]有進(jìn)行有力的反駁時(shí)，要求法庭在法律方面作出有利于投訴方的裁決。根據(jù)題意，選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。22.ForceMajeure（）[單選題]*A.Referstoapendingcaseoverwhichthecourthasnoeffectivecontrol.B.Referstounforeseeablecircumstancesthatpreventsomeonefromfulfillingacontract.(正確答案)C.AjudgmentissuedbyacourthavingjurisdictioninIndianterritory,aforeignstate,orastateotherthanthehomestate.D.Alegalproceedingtoenforcepaymentofadebtthroughthesaleofpropertyonwhichthecreditorholdslien.答案解析：LEC2015/11第9題。ForceMajeure“不可抗力”,意指不能預(yù)見(jiàn)、不能控制的事件或結(jié)果。不可抗力條款在合同解釋中頗為常見(jiàn)，其意在當(dāng)合同當(dāng)事人因非其所能控制的且以正當(dāng)注意仍無(wú)法避免的原因而致其不能履行合同時(shí)，對(duì)該當(dāng)事人提供保護(hù)。根據(jù)題意，正確答案為B。23.Theinitialstatementmadebyattorneysforeachside,outliningthefactseachintendstoestablishduringthetrialiscalled（）[單選題]*A.oralargumentB.oath.C.openingstatement.(正確答案)D.overrule.答案解析：LEC2015/11第10題。選項(xiàng)A:oralargument口頭辯論。選項(xiàng)B:oath宣誓；陳述真實(shí)性的聲明。選項(xiàng)C:openingstatement(律師)開(kāi)庭陳述，指律師在庭審開(kāi)始時(shí)，出示證據(jù)之前向陪審團(tuán)就案件性質(zhì)及預(yù)計(jì)提供的證據(jù)所作的簡(jiǎn)要陳述，其目的在于使陪審團(tuán)對(duì)案件事實(shí)及所涉爭(zhēng)議具有總括性的了解，從而便于其理解隨后將要提出的證據(jù)。選項(xiàng)D:overrule駁回，否決。根據(jù)題意，正確答案為C。24.JudicialReview（）[單選題]*A.PowerofthePresidenttoremovejudgesfromofficerforpoliticalreasons.B.PoweroftheU.S.Congresstoreviewactsofadministrativeagencies.C.Apopularannualmusicalshowputonbyjudgesatjudicialconferences.D.Powerofthecourtstoreviewactsofotherbranchesofgovernment.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2016/5第1題。JudicialReview意為“司法審查”,在美國(guó)，司法審查亦稱“違憲審查”,是指法院審查國(guó)會(huì)制定的法律是否符合憲法，以及行政機(jī)關(guān)的行為是否符合憲法及法律。25.Misrepresentation（）[單選題]*A.Atruthfulpresentationofthefacts.B.Anintentionalfalsestatementthatisreasonablyrelieduponbyanothertothatperson'sdetriment.(正確答案)C.Intentionallyandmaliciouslyhurtingaperson'sfeelings.D.Atermusedinthecourttodescribealawyer'spresentationoffactstoajury.答案解析：LEC2016/5第3題。Misrepresentation意為"虛假陳述"或"失實(shí)陳述",指以語(yǔ)言或其他行為作出與事實(shí)的實(shí)際情況不符的意思表示,如被他人接受,會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的理解。虛假陳述一般旨在欺騙或誘導(dǎo)他人。26.Liable（）[單選題]*A.Adefamatorystatementinwriting.B.Adefamatorystatementthatisspoken.C.Criminalguilt.D.Civilresponsibilityasdeterminedbyajudgeorjury.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2016/5第5題。Liable在法律英語(yǔ)指“有法律責(zé)任的”“有義務(wù)的”,一般用beliablefor結(jié)構(gòu)，即“對(duì)……負(fù)法律責(zé)任，其名詞為liability(法律責(zé)任)。27.DefaultJudgment（）[單選題]*A.Awrongfuldecisionbyatrialjudge.B.Anorderenteredwhenthejurycannotreachadecision.C.Orderthatajudgewillenterwhenadefendantfailstoappearincourt.(正確答案)D.ExaminationorinspectionofpremisesorpersonswithoutauthorityofthelawandinviolationoftheimmunityfromunreasonablesearchandseizureundertheFourthAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitution.答案解析：LEC2008/12第5題；LEC2016/5第6題。Defaultjudgment意為“缺席判決”,指被告在庭審中不到庭或未對(duì)原告的請(qǐng)求作出答辯的情況下，法庭所作的對(duì)被告不利的判決。28.Summons（）[單選題]*A.Abillofindictmentfoundbyagrandjurytobesupportedbysufficientevidencetojustifythehearingofacase.B.Formofequitableproceedingsbroughttosecureanexplanation,alteration,orreversalofafinaldecreebythecourtwhichrenderedit.C.Paperthatinformsadefendantthatalawsuithasbeenfiledandthatthedefendantmustappearincourt.(正確答案)D.Astatementofrightsofaclassofpeopleinparticular.ThefirsttenamendmentstotheAmericanConstitution.答案解析：LEC2016/5第7題。Summons意為“傳票”,指法院要求某人到庭所使用的一種正式書(shū)面文件。在美國(guó)民事訴訟中，當(dāng)原告提起訴訟(filingofthecomplaint)后，法院書(shū)記官(clerk)簽發(fā)傳票，交執(zhí)行官(marshal)或特別指定的人送達(dá)給被告，告知其原告已在法庭對(duì)其提起了訴訟，并要求其于指定日期到庭對(duì)原告的起訴作出答辯，否則，法院將會(huì)作出原告勝訴的缺席判決。29.ParolEvidenceRule（）[單選題]*A.Referstounforeseeablecircumstancesthatpreventsomeonefromfulfillingacontract.B.Arulerequiringanappellatecourttoreverseaconvictionandawardanewtrialwhenanobviouserrorinthetrialproceedings,whichwasnotobjectedtoduringthetrialandwentuncorrectedbythetrialcourt,affectedthedefendant'sfundamentalrighttoafairtrial.C.Whenpartiesputanagreementinwriting,allpreviousoralagreementsmergewiththewritingandsubsequentoralevidencecannotmodifytheagreement.(正確答案)D.Alegalproceedingtoenforcepaymentofadebtthroughthesaleofpropertyonwhichthecreditorholdslien.答案解析：LEC2016/5第9題。ParolEvidenceRule意為“口頭證據(jù)規(guī)則”。[Parol“口頭的”之意。注：不能拼寫(xiě)成parole，末尾加e就是另外一詞——“假釋”]作為合同解釋規(guī)則，美國(guó)合同法中的口頭證據(jù)規(guī)則是指：如果合同主體同意書(shū)面文件是他們之間協(xié)議條款的最終和完整的表達(dá)，那么協(xié)議前或同時(shí)的證據(jù)就不能被采納用以否定或改變書(shū)面文件，或給書(shū)面文件增加新的條款。根據(jù)此項(xiàng)規(guī)則，當(dāng)事人簽訂正式書(shū)面合同時(shí)，合同條款不得因此前的書(shū)面或口頭協(xié)議而變更或推翻，但不排除與書(shū)面合同并無(wú)抵觸的口頭證據(jù)。該規(guī)則也適用于遺囑及信托。30.Accessory（）[單選題]*A.personwhoisobligatedonanaccount.B.Avoluntarytransfer,byadebtorofallhispropertytoatrusteeforthebenefitofallhiscreditors.C.Someonewhogivesassistancetotheperpetratorofcrime,withoutdirectlycommittingit,sometimeswithoutbeingpresent.(正確答案)D.Anindividualorinstitutionthatassumesanobligationtopaybysigningfororconsentingtoacheckordraft.答案解析：LEC2016/11第1題。A意為accountdebtor(債務(wù)人),D意為acceptor(承兌票據(jù)的人),只有C符合題意，accessory(同謀，幫兇，從犯)。31.Beneficiary（）[單選題]*A.Formertermusedforgiftofpersonalpropertybyawill.B.Onewhoreceivesbenefitsunderatrustorawill.(正確答案)C.Theenhancedvalueofrealpropertyarisingfromlocalimprovements.D.Thedecisionmadebyajuryastowhetheracriminaldefendantisguiltyornotguiltyorwhetheracivildefendantisliableornotliable.答案解析：LEC2016/11第2題。beneficiary“信托受益人或遺囑受遺贈(zèng)人”,選項(xiàng)B符合釋義。選項(xiàng)A是bequest,即遺贈(zèng)物，遺產(chǎn)，選項(xiàng)C為betterment不動(dòng)產(chǎn)增值，選項(xiàng)D是判令。32.GeneralDamages（）[單選題]*A.Thevoluntarytransfer,byadebtorofallhispropertytoatrusteeforthebenefitofallhiscreditors.B.Compensationforthelossdirectlyandnecessarilyincurredbyabreachofcontract.(正確答案)C.Referstocourtsthathavenolimitonthetypesofcriminalandcivilcasestheymayhear.D.Ademurrerthatraisesthequestionwhetherthepleadingagainstwhichitisdirectedlacksthedefiniteallegationsessentialtoacauseofactionordefense.答案解析：LEC2016/11第4題。GeneralDamages是（一般）違約/侵權(quán)賠償金，指對(duì)不法行為所當(dāng)然或通常造成的損害或損失給予的金錢(qián)補(bǔ)償。原告毋需在訴狀中專門(mén)說(shuō)明或加以證明。因此選項(xiàng)B符合釋義【注：本題B選項(xiàng)其實(shí)是有一定問(wèn)題的，generaldamages不僅用于指一般違約賠償金，也可指一般侵權(quán)賠償金。但其他選項(xiàng)更不妥當(dāng)?！?。選項(xiàng)A為generalassignment全部轉(zhuǎn)讓(他的利益)給他的債權(quán)人；選項(xiàng)C為generaljurisdiction普通管轄權(quán)(指法院無(wú)限制審理刑事或民事案件);選項(xiàng)D為generaldemurrer全面抗辯。33.GoodFaith（）[單選題]*A.Honestintenttoactwithouttakinganunfairadvantageoveranotherperson.(正確答案)B.Areductioninsentencedtimeinprisonasarewardforgoodbehavior.C.Acloserelationshipbetweenaplaintiff'saction(orfailuretoact).D.Anintangiblebutrecognizedbusinessassetwhichistheresultofsuchfeaturesofanongoingenterpriseastheproductionorsaleofreputablebrandnameproducts,agoodrelationshipwithcustomersandsuppliers,andthestandingofthebusinessinitscommunity答案解析：LEC2016/11第5題。GoodFaith為誠(chéng)實(shí)信用或誠(chéng)信原則，選項(xiàng)A符合釋義。選項(xiàng)B為goodtime減刑，選項(xiàng)C為原告行為間的密切關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)D為goodwill/goodwill善意，良好心愿的，慈善性質(zhì)的。34.IntrinsicEvidence（）[單選題]*A.Suchasisrelevantandgoestothesubstantialissuesindispute.B.Anobjectrelevanttofactsinissueatatrial,andproducedforinspectionattrialratherthandescribedbyawitness.C.Basicprinciplesoflawgenerallyacceptedbythecourtsorembodiedinthestatutesofaparticularjurisdiction.D.Partoftheinternalchaincomposingtheprocessofadjudication.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2016/11第7題。IntrinsicEvidence為固有的證據(jù)，內(nèi)部證據(jù)，即“１在庭審中通過(guò)對(duì)證人的詢問(wèn)而獲得的證據(jù)；２存在于書(shū)面文件中的證據(jù)?！边x項(xiàng)D（“構(gòu)成裁決過(guò)程的內(nèi)部鏈條的一部分”，它是指intrinsicevidence的地位）符合釋義。其他選項(xiàng)更不妥當(dāng)：選項(xiàng)A為爭(zhēng)論中相關(guān)和本質(zhì)的問(wèn)題，選項(xiàng)B為審訊中通常由檢方而非證人方提出的反對(duì)意見(jiàn)，選項(xiàng)C為由法庭所普遍接受的基本原則或在司法條約中體現(xiàn)出的法條。35.NoloContendere（）[單選題]*A.Nocontest.Apleathroughwhichthedefendantdoesnotadmitguilt,but(正確答案)whichhasthesamelegaleffectasapleaofguiltyinacriminalcase.B.Onewhoisjoinedasapartyordefendantmerelybecausethetechnicalrulesofpleadingrequirehispresenceintherecord.C.Theprosecutordeclinestoprosecute,butmaystillinitiateprosecutionwithinthetimeallowedbylaw.D.Atermusedtodescribepermanentandabsolutetenureoflandorpropertywithfreedomtodisposeofitatwill.答案解析：LEC2016/11第9題。NoloContendere為無(wú)罪申訴(刑事訴訟中，被告人不認(rèn)罪但又放棄申辯),選項(xiàng)A符合釋義，選項(xiàng)B為nominalparty名義上的當(dāng)事人，選項(xiàng)C為nolleprosequi原告撤訴，選項(xiàng)D為絕對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)占有權(quán)。36.BlackLetterLaw（）[單選題]*A.Acivilcode.B.DefinitionsfromBlack'sLawDictionary.C.Lawsconcerningtheprivacyoflettersandothercorrespondences.D.Basicprinciplesoflawgenerallyacceptedbythecourtsorembodiedinthestatutesofaparticularjurisdiction.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2016/11第10題。BlackLetterLaw為應(yīng)用于某一領(lǐng)域的，已經(jīng)被廣泛接受和認(rèn)可的法律規(guī)定，選項(xiàng)D符合釋義。37.Acontractthathasbeenfullyperformediscalledaoran（）[單選題]*A.unilateralcontract.B.bilateralcontract.C.executedcontract.(正確答案)D.functionalcontract.答案解析：LEC2016/11第16題。executedcontract(1)已履行的合同指雙方當(dāng)事人均已完全履行義務(wù)的合同。如只是部分履行，則稱為部分履行合同〔partiallyexecutedcontract〕，實(shí)為待履行合同〔executorycontract〕。(2)即時(shí)清結(jié)合同指合同訂立時(shí)立即完全履行的合同，例如即時(shí)交割、銀貨兩訖的現(xiàn)金合同〔cashsale〕。38.Rescissionisdefinedas（）[單選題]*A.thecancellationofacontractbyathirdparty.B.thecancellationofacontractduetoa“timeisoftheessence”clause.C.thecancellationofacontractbyoneoftheparties.D.thecancellationofacontractbymutualagreementoftheparties.(正確答案)答案解析：LEC2016/11第17題。美國(guó)《統(tǒng)一商法典》〔U.C.C.〕試圖根據(jù)不同情況而對(duì)相關(guān)的語(yǔ)詞進(jìn)行區(qū)分。例如，rescission（合意解除）是指通過(guò)雙方協(xié)議的方式解除合同；「終止」〔termination〕是指根據(jù)前述協(xié)議所授予的合同解除權(quán)而解除合同義務(wù)，即“約定解除權(quán)的行使”；「取消」〔cancellation〕則是指由于合同對(duì)方的違約而終止合同，即“法定解除權(quán)的行使”。因此，本題選D?！咀ⅲ簉escission還有“撤銷(xiāo)合同”的意思，其含義并不精準(zhǔn)；“撤銷(xiāo)”還有其他表達(dá)，如avoid/invalidate】39.Ifasellerbreachescontract,thenthebuyercan（）[單選題]*A.suethesellerforcompensatorydamages.(正確答案)B.suethesellerforpunitivedamages.C.declarethecontractforfeited.D.noneoftheanswersshown.答案解析：LEC2016/11第18題。compensatorydamages補(bǔ)償性損害賠償金：指用于補(bǔ)償實(shí)際的和精神的損失、傷害的一切損害賠償金，但不包括懲罰性損害賠償金〔punitiveorexemplarydamages〕和名義損害賠償金〔nominaldamages〕。違約責(zé)任一般不包括懲罰性賠償。40.Iftheacceptedoffervariesfromtheoriginaloffer,itisknownasaoran（）[單選題]*A.reformation.B.counter-offer.(正確答案)C.earnestmoneydeposit.D.rescission.答案解析：LEC2016/11第19題。counteroffern.反要約：指進(jìn)行磋商的雙方當(dāng)事人中的一方就對(duì)方提出的要約所發(fā)出的要約。附條件的承諾、在要約中增加內(nèi)容或?qū)σs內(nèi)容進(jìn)行任何實(shí)質(zhì)性改變均被視為反要約。反要約導(dǎo)致對(duì)原要約的拒絕以及向要約人發(fā)出新要約的法律效果。這是由英美合同法中的「鏡像規(guī)則」〔mirror-imagerule〕所決定的。但是，根據(jù)美國(guó)《統(tǒng)一商法典》〔U.C.C.〕第2-207條的規(guī)定，在貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同中，承諾即使與原要約有所不同或?qū)ζ溆兴a(bǔ)充，仍具有承諾的效力，補(bǔ)充條款應(yīng)被解釋為是對(duì)合同的補(bǔ)充建議。這一規(guī)定在實(shí)質(zhì)上修改了前述原則。41.ThejudiciaryisoneofthethreeseparateandindependentbranchesofgovernmentestablishedbyoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.（）[單選題]*A.ArticleI.B.ArticleII.C.ArticleIII.(正確答案)D.ArticleIV.答案解析：LEC2018/12第2題。美國(guó)憲法序言只有一句話，由52個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成，闡明了制定美國(guó)憲法的理論基礎(chǔ)和目的。序言之后，美國(guó)憲法由七章組成：第一章立法權(quán)，第二章行政權(quán)，第三章司法權(quán)，第四章各州權(quán)力和限制，第五章憲法修正程序，第六章聯(lián)邦權(quán)力，第七章憲法批準(zhǔn)程序。截至目前，美國(guó)憲法共通過(guò)了27個(gè)有效的修正案。其中，最初的10個(gè)修正案是一次性被通過(guò)的，因其主要規(guī)定了人民的權(quán)利和對(duì)政府的限制，被統(tǒng)稱為權(quán)利法案。此后的17個(gè)修正案則是逐次通過(guò)的。美國(guó)憲法結(jié)構(gòu)及內(nèi)容是LEC考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，考生應(yīng)熟練掌握。42.Theroleofajuryistodecide:（）[單選題]*A.Issuesoflaw.B.Properjurisdiction.C.Questionsoffact.(正確答案)D.Propervenue.答案解析：LEC2018/12第3題。美國(guó)一審時(shí)多數(shù)案件由陪審團(tuán)判定“事實(shí)問(wèn)題”(questionsoffact),而法官僅負(fù)責(zé)解釋法律問(wèn)題(issuesoflaw),當(dāng)事人可以放棄陪審團(tuán)審判，要求改由法官審判。如果是刑事案件，陪審團(tuán)定被告有罪(convict)后再由法官量刑(sentencing)。民事案件中，賠償金額也由陪審團(tuán)決定。本題正確答案為C.43.Thecommonlawsystemcameinto_,historically,inEnglandlargelyastheresultoftheactivityoftheroyalcourtsofjusticeaftertheNormanConquest.（）[單選題]*A.lifeB.nameC.existence(正確答案)D.been.答案解析：從歷史上看，普通法體系在英國(guó)的形成主要是諾曼征服后皇家法院活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。原文”being”與”existence”同義，存在。因此，選項(xiàng)C是正確的。44.RoyalcourtshadonlyoverRoyalfinance,ownershipandpossessionofland,andseriouscrime.（）[單選題]*A.authority(正確答