4否定的表示2013.ppt

1、4 否定的表示,Fundamentals and New Concepts for ElectronicsTelecommunications,Tong Wang College of Information and Communication Harbin Engineering University,1、全部否定（complete negation）,全部否定是對被否定的詞、句的意義作全面的否定。 否定詞+肯定式謂語 not、no、none、never、nothing、nobody、nowhere、neithernor Nothing in the world travels faster

2、 than the electromagnetic waves. 世界上沒有任何東西比光傳得更快了。 Energy can be changed from one form to another, but can neither be created nor destroyed. This metal is not more useful than aluminium. 這種金屬不見得比鋁更有用,2、部分否定（part negation）,部分否定是對敘述內(nèi)容做部分、而非全部的否定。 總括詞+否定詞+謂語動詞 總括詞：all、every( everything, everywhere)、bot

3、h、each；整個意義的副詞always、often、entirely、altogether 在這種否定句中，因詞序與漢語很不相同，翻譯時要特別注意。譯成“不全是”、“不總是”、“并非是”、“并非都”等。,Not every communication system makes use of all indicated operations. All these metals are not good conductors. 這些金屬并不都是良導體。 In a thermal power plant, all the chemical energy of the fuel is not con

4、verted into heat. 在熱電廠，燃料的化學能并未全部轉(zhuǎn)變成熱能。 Both the instruments are not precision ones. Every one cannot do these tests. All of the heat supplied to the engine is not converted into useful work.,3、總括詞 + 肯定式謂語 + 含否定意義詞,全部否 1) All germs are invisible to the naked eye. 一切細菌都是肉眼看不見的。 2 ) Every design made

5、by her is impossible of execution. 她所做的一切設(shè)計都是不能執(zhí)行的。 3) Both data are incomplete. 兩個數(shù)據(jù)都不完整。 4) In practice, error sometimes always seems unavoidable. 在實踐中，差錯有時似乎總是不可避免的。,4、雙重否定,在英文的統(tǒng)一句子中出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞，或一個否定詞與某些表示否定意義的詞連用，構(gòu)成雙重否定，表達婉轉(zhuǎn)或強調(diào)的語氣。 與漢語中雙重否定句結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，否定之否定即構(gòu)成肯定。 兩種譯法：一是采用反譯法譯成肯定句，另一種是采用雙重否定方式。,The flowin

6、g of electricity through a wire is not unlike that of water through a pipe. 電流過導線就像水流過管子一樣 Gases cannot be quickly compressed without generating heat. 氣體迅速壓縮就會產(chǎn)生熱量。 In fact, it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body, since in this world everything is subject to the force of gravity. 事實上，

7、物體不受外力作用是不可能的，因為在這個世界上任何物體都要受到重力的作用。 There can never be a force acting in nature unless two bodies are involved. 在自然界中不牽涉到兩個物體，就不會有作用力。,5、內(nèi)容否定,動詞或動詞短語引起否定 常見有deny、fail、lack、refuse、stop、protect from、keepfrom、overlook、miss等。 The value of loss in this equation is so small that we can overlook it. The s

8、pecification lacks detail. Fortunately, these conditions do not exclude any signal waveform of practical interest. 幸運的是，實際上有意義的任何信號波形都滿足這些條件。,名詞引起的否定 常見有neglect、absence、loss、exclusion、ignorance等。,A few instruments are in a state of neglect. 一些儀器處于無人看管的狀態(tài) In the absence of radar, the pilot in an airp

9、lane could not fly for a long distance at night. 沒有雷達，飛行員在夜間不能進行長途飛行,內(nèi)容否定,內(nèi)容否定,連詞及某些短語 常見的有before在以前，尚未，but而不，would ratherthan 寧可而不愿，與其不如，rather than 而不，tooto太不等。 Never start to do the experiment before you have checked the meter. 沒有檢查好儀表，切勿開始做試驗。,內(nèi)容否定,形容詞或形容詞短語 常見的詞有free form、ignorant of、short of、l

10、ast、little，few、present from、 suffer from等。 This precision instrument must be kept free from dust. Some of the methods are successful, some are otherwise.,內(nèi)容否定,介詞或介詞短語 常見的詞有beyond、above、beneath、beside、instead of等。 The problem is beyond the reach of my understanding. In a rocket the jet is formed by b

11、urning chemicals within the engine without external air supply . 火箭是利用發(fā)電機內(nèi)部燃燒化學物而形成噴氣，不需要由外部供給空氣。,6、形式否定,表面是否定的，而在意義上卻并不表示否定，可譯為肯定。 nothing like、cannottoo、no/not/nothing、 more than、no/not/nothing less than等 Its importance cannot be stressed too much Source programs cannot be directly processed by th

12、e computer until it has been compiled. A frame is nothing more than a still image. 一幀只是一幅靜止的圖像。,常見否定短語,at no time by no means / under no circumstances / in no account come to nothing have nothing in common make no difference more often than not not a bit not a quarter not to speak of/to say nothing of,常見否定短語,Nothing but/no