英語長(zhǎng)句的處理.ppt

1、English Long Sentences 英語長(zhǎng)句的翻譯,文字游戲的翻譯,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged. I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement, her names Emily, and she lives in the east? -(David Copperfield, XXII),董秋斯譯文,我愛我的愛人為了一個(gè)E, 因?yàn)?/p>

2、她是Enticing（迷人的）； 我恨我的愛人為了一個(gè)E， 因?yàn)?她是Engaged（訂了婚的）。 我用我的愛人象征Exquisite （美妙）， 我勸我的愛人從事Elopement（私奔）, 她的名字是Emily(艾米麗)，她的住處在East（東方）？,張谷若譯文,我愛我的所愛，因?yàn)樗L(zhǎng)的實(shí)在招人愛。我恨我的所愛，因?yàn)樗换貓?bào)我的愛。我?guī)е綊熘∈幾诱信频囊患?，和她談情說愛。我請(qǐng)她看一出潛逃私奔，為的是我和她能長(zhǎng)久你親我愛。她的名兒叫做艾米麗，她的家住在愛河里。,其他譯本,我愛我的愛人，因?yàn)樗苊匀?；我恨我的愛人，因已許配他人；她在我心中是美人，我?guī)奖迹员荛_外人；她名叫虞美人，是東

3、方麗人。 吾愛吾愛，因伊可愛；吾恨吾愛，因伊另有所愛。吾視吾愛，神圣之愛，吾攜吾愛，私逃為愛；吾愛名愛米麗，吾東方之愛。 我愛我的那個(gè)“麗”，可愛迷人有魅力；我恨我的那個(gè)“麗”，要和他人結(jié)伉儷；她文雅大方又美麗；和我出逃去游歷；她芳名就叫艾米麗，家住東方人俏麗。(馬紅軍),一、英語長(zhǎng)句的分析,在英語文章中，特別是科技和文學(xué)作品中，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句子，在一個(gè)主句中包含多個(gè)從句。 一般來說, 造成長(zhǎng)句的原因有三方面: (1) 修飾語過多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 語言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長(zhǎng)句時(shí)可以采用下面的方法:(1) 找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語, 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。(2) 找出句中

4、所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語動(dòng)詞、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞。(3) 分析從句和短語的功能, 例如, 是否為主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句等,若是狀語, 它是表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。(4) 分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個(gè)等。(5) 注意插入語等其他成分。(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。, How it happened that a little rocky peninsula in a remote corner of the Mediterranean was able to provide our world in l

5、ess than two centuries with the complete framework for all our present day experiments in politics, literature, drama, sculpture, chemistry, physics and Heaven knows what else, is a question which has puzzled a great many people for a great many centuries and to which every philosopher, at one time

6、or another during his career, has tried to give an answer.（選自美國(guó)作家Hendrik Willem van Loon的名著Tolerance第二章第一段） 每個(gè)部分的意思分別翻譯出來： 它是如何發(fā)生的 地中海遙遠(yuǎn)角落的一個(gè)小巖石半島能夠?yàn)槲覀兊氖澜缣峁?在不到兩個(gè)世紀(jì)之內(nèi) 我們當(dāng)代政治、文學(xué)、戲劇、雕刻、化學(xué)、物理學(xué)的完整框架 上帝知道還有些什么 是一個(gè)問題 (這個(gè)問題)許多世紀(jì)以來困惑了許多人 (對(duì)這個(gè)問題)每個(gè)哲學(xué)家 在他學(xué)術(shù)生涯的某個(gè)時(shí)候 嘗試找出答案。,最后，將各個(gè)部分的意思合并重組： 地中海遙遠(yuǎn)角落的一個(gè)小巖石半島，如何能夠

7、在不到兩個(gè)世紀(jì)之內(nèi)，為我們的世界提供我們當(dāng)代政治、文學(xué)、戲劇、雕刻、化學(xué)、物理學(xué)(上帝知道還有些什么)的完整框架，這個(gè)問題許多世紀(jì)以來困惑了許多人，對(duì)這個(gè)問題，每個(gè)哲學(xué)家在他學(xué)術(shù)生涯的某個(gè)時(shí)候，都會(huì)嘗試找出答案。 對(duì)于每一個(gè)英語長(zhǎng)句, 并不只用一種翻譯方法, 而是多種翻譯方法的綜合運(yùn)用。翻譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 首先，不要因?yàn)榫渥犹L(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生畏懼心理，因?yàn)?，無論是多么復(fù)雜的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu), 找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關(guān)系, 再按照漢語的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。,For a fa

8、mily of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. 分析: (1) 骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為比較結(jié)構(gòu)it is more to do sth than to do sth else. 而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較。 (2) 該句中共有三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu), it是形式主語, 真正的主語為

9、: to sit comfortably at home, 并與to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。 (3) 句首的for a family of four作狀語, 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個(gè)介詞短語作插入語: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個(gè)介詞短語作伴隨狀語, 修飾to sit comfortably at home. 試譯：譬如, 對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來說, 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又

10、便宜又方便。,Now you try:,Two Stages and Five Steps,Stage I Comprehension Stage II Presentation,Stage I Comprehension,Step 1: presenting the long sentence in a skeleton formStep 2: inferring the main idea from the context and the whole textStep 3: distinguishing between the principal and subordinate eleme

11、nts and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses,Stage II Presentation,Step 4: entering on a tentative translation of each sentence divisionStep 5: rearrangement and finishing touches,Methods of Translating Long English Sentences,1. 順序法 2. Reversing 倒置法/逆序法 3. Embedding

12、內(nèi)嵌法 4. Dividing 切分法 5. Splitting 拆分法 6. Inserting 插入法 7. Recasting 重組法/綜合法,1. 順序法,當(dāng)英語長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時(shí), 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語 。 例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned

13、. 分析: 該句子由一個(gè)主句, 三個(gè)作伴隨狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語從句組成, 共有五層意思: A. 既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí); B.電仍在為我們工作; C. 幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱; D. 加熱水; E. 或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語完全一致, 因此, 該句可譯為: 即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。,Now you try: 例2. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereot

14、ypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無法成為具有個(gè)性的人; 他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。,2. Reversing 逆序法,英語有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開始翻譯。 例1. Aluminum

15、remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 分析: 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句, 兩個(gè)原因狀語和一個(gè)定語從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: A. 鋁直到19世紀(jì)

16、才被人發(fā)現(xiàn); B. 由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁; C. 由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; E. 鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。按照漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成: 鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; 因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。,It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English s

17、eems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. 一旦了解英語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學(xué)似乎就越來越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學(xué)生更容易理解。 Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming whi

18、te-collar workers. 許多人常常寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取白領(lǐng)工人的社會(huì)地位，這在西方倒是人之常情。,Now you try:,Now you try:,In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science is again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago-although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and n

19、o one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it. 雖然現(xiàn)在積累起來的知識(shí)要多得多，而且任何個(gè)人也只可能了解其中的一小部分，但事實(shí)上，各學(xué)科之間界限卻變得模糊不清，科學(xué)再次近似于兩百年前那樣的“單一整體”。,3. Embedding 內(nèi)嵌法,Embedding means placing the modifiers before the word being modified. Congress had made laws requiring most pressure groups to give informati

20、on about how much they spend and how they spent it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.國(guó)會(huì)已制定法律，要求大部分壓力集團(tuán)呈報(bào)他們花費(fèi)了多少錢，怎樣花的，款項(xiàng)的總額以及來源、成員人數(shù)、代表的姓名和薪金等情況。 There is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations

21、 is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party. 這不是一場(chǎng)階級(jí)之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，而是一場(chǎng)不分種族、不分信仰，不分黨派，整個(gè)大英帝國(guó)及英聯(lián)邦全體成員國(guó)無不參加的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。,Now you try:,A molecule may be considered as the smallest particle of matter that can exist without changing its nature. 可以認(rèn)為，分子是在不改變物質(zhì)性質(zhì)的情況下能夠存在的物質(zhì)的最小微粒。 In 1970, he was placed under h

22、ouse arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast. 1970年他因拒絕使用武力大規(guī)模鎮(zhèn)壓沿海城市的工人騷亂而被軟禁。,4. Dividing 切分法,By means of dividing, we may break up a long English sentence into different parts according to its sense groups, and then translate each part one by one int

23、o Chinese. 有時(shí)英語長(zhǎng)句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語多用短句的習(xí)慣,把長(zhǎng)句的從句或短語化成句子, 分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫, 有時(shí)需要適當(dāng)增加詞語。 Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environm

24、ent or to control and adapt it to their own needs. 人類把自己和其他動(dòng)物區(qū)別開來。與此同時(shí)，人類還具有觀察和了解周圍環(huán)境的能力。他們要么適應(yīng)環(huán)境，要么控制環(huán)境，或根據(jù)自身的需要改造環(huán)境。人類就這樣一代代地生存下來。,5. Splitting 拆分法,By splitting we mean taking certain elements out of a sentence and treating them separately. The number of the young people in the United States who c

25、ant read is incredible about one in four. 沒有閱讀能力的美國(guó)青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。 大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。 An outsiders success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want. 說來也怪，一個(gè)局外人取得的成功竟然能夠促使雙方達(dá)成一項(xiàng)他們希望得到的協(xié)議。,6.Inserting 插入法,By inserting here we mean putting some additional punc

26、tuation marks such as dash, parenthesis, colon, etc., in a long and complex sentence so as to make the Chinese version both clear and smooth. The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and act

27、ion that scientists use in their work. 第二個(gè)方面是全體社會(huì)成員（從政府官員到普通公民）都使用科學(xué)家們?cè)谒麄児ぷ髦兴捎玫哪欠N特殊的思考方法和行為方法。 If you go to visit Nobels old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records. 如果你參觀諾貝爾的故居在那座房子里，這位

28、偉大的化學(xué)家過了一輩子的獨(dú)身生活你將看到一個(gè)堆滿實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄的書架。,7. Recasting 重組法/綜合法,在一些情況下, 一些英語長(zhǎng)句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細(xì)分析, 或按照時(shí)間的先后,或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語句子。 例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 該句共有三層含義: A: 人們不敢出門; B: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況; C: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。在這三層含義中, B表示讓步, C表示原因, 而A則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語習(xí)慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但