商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯2.ppt-商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯2.ppt

1、練習(xí)（第四、五章增詞法與減詞法） 1. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 4.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen bef

2、ore.,6. The lion is the king of animals. 7.In catching up with and surpassing the worlds advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. 8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material.,六、練習(xí)（第四、五章增詞法與減詞法） 1. I knew i

3、t quite well as I know it now. 我當(dāng)時(shí)就知道的同現(xiàn)在一樣清楚。 (語(yǔ)法增加） 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下來(lái)就講開(kāi)了，滔滔不絕地講個(gè) 沒(méi)完。（增加副詞） 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 這部打字機(jī)真是價(jià)廉物美。 （形容詞前增加名詞）,4.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日雙方在完全保密

4、的情況下相互交換了信 件。（解釋性增加） 5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房屋，都是他從來(lái)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)的。 6. The lion is the king of animals. 獅子是百獸之王.,7.In catching up with and surpassing the worlds advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. 趕超世界先進(jìn)水平，

5、 關(guān)鍵是時(shí)間。時(shí)間就是生命，時(shí)間就是速度，時(shí)間就是力量。 8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material. 我們必須積極采用新技術(shù)，新設(shè)備、新工藝、新材料。,第六章 英語(yǔ)翻譯中的 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法,英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的使用范圍和表達(dá)方式不盡相同，翻譯時(shí)有些句子可以逐詞（word-for-word）對(duì)譯，如：She is a beautiful girl.“她是個(gè)漂亮姑娘。 此譯文中的詞性基本上與英語(yǔ)相當(dāng)。 但在大多數(shù)情況下，翻譯句子時(shí)不能逐漸詞對(duì)譯，如：He is a liar. 就不能直

6、譯為“他是個(gè)說(shuō)謊的人，”因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不這樣說(shuō)，可譯為“他愛(ài)說(shuō)謊?！边@樣，漢語(yǔ)各詞的詞性與英語(yǔ)就不對(duì)應(yīng)了。,又如：He took his students to the factory for a visit. “他帶學(xué)生到工廠去參觀?！?原文中只有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞took，譯成漢語(yǔ)后卻出現(xiàn)了4個(gè)動(dòng)詞?？梢?jiàn)在翻譯中，有時(shí)要把原文的一種詞轉(zhuǎn)換成譯入語(yǔ)的另一種詞類。隨著詞類的變化，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)也產(chǎn)生了變化。 一、轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 在英譯漢時(shí)，英語(yǔ)中的許多意思都可以用漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)。例如：,1）We mustnt lose sight of the fact that air pollution is goin

7、g from bad to worse in our city. 我們不能忽略這一事實(shí)，空氣污染在我們城市中日益嚴(yán)重。 (名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞) （具備動(dòng)詞概念的名詞） 2）The airline has been in operation for many years.（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） 這家航空公司已經(jīng)營(yíng)多年。 3）Do you see the boy in blue? (介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞) 你看見(jiàn)那位穿藍(lán)衣服的男孩子嗎？,4）We were all in favor of his suggestion. （介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） 我們?nèi)w贊成他的建議。 5）Doctors have s

8、aid that they are not sure they can save his life. （形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） 醫(yī)生們說(shuō)他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 6）He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） 直到她開(kāi)口說(shuō)話他才意識(shí)到她在面前。,英語(yǔ)中表示知覺(jué)、情欲、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，在系動(dòng)詞后做表語(yǔ)，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的形容詞有“confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, glad, ignorant, afraid, d

9、oubtful, aware, concerned, sorry, delighted, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able” 7) She opened the window to let fresh air in. (副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞) 她把窗戶打開(kāi)，讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來(lái)。,二、譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞,1 動(dòng)詞譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞 1）Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，就是以禮相待。 2）This store features round-the-clock

10、service. 這家商店的特點(diǎn)是晝夜服務(wù)。 3）Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 你工作的毛病是不注意細(xì)節(jié)（或：粗心大意）。 如果英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)跟前后的修飾語(yǔ)不好搭配；或搭配起來(lái)不符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，可以把動(dòng)詞譯成名詞，再在名詞前加上與之搭配的動(dòng)詞。,4）The youths always dream fondly of their future. 年輕人對(duì)前途總是懷有美好的夢(mèng)想。 5) Independent observers have commented favorably on the achiev

11、ements you have made in this direction. 有獨(dú)立見(jiàn)解的觀察家們對(duì)你們?cè)谶@方面所取得的成就給予了很高的評(píng)價(jià)。,2. 形容詞譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞 1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號(hào)和傷員。 2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protested the poor. 羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人熱愛(ài)并保護(hù)窮人。 3）Steven was eloquent and elegant- but

12、 soft. 史蒂文森有口才，有風(fēng)度。,三、其他轉(zhuǎn)譯法 1) You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be. 你比我所想象得要傻的多。（名詞 形容詞） 2) His address impressed me deeply. 他的話給我留下很深的印象。（副 形容詞） 3) He is the right man Im looking for. 他正是我要找的人。（形 副詞）,四、練習(xí) 1They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 2Differen

13、ce between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and cooperation. 3The road to development is long but we are firmly on it. 4Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 5That book will be out pretty soon.,6It i

14、s our goal that the people in the underdeveloped area will be finally off poverty. 7The book did not impress me at all. 8. Harry aims to become a computer expert. 9. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier. 10. Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad. 11From the front, back a

15、nd both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy.,四、練習(xí) 1They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 他們舉行罷工，要求工資增加40%。 （名詞 動(dòng)詞） 2Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approachment and cooperation. 國(guó)與國(guó)社會(huì)制度的不同不應(yīng)妨礙彼此 的 接近與 合作。（名詞動(dòng)詞）,3The road

16、 to development is long but we are firmly on it. 發(fā)展的道路雖然漫長(zhǎng)，可我們已堅(jiān)定地走上 了這條路。（介詞動(dòng)詞） 4Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要懼怕那些想法比你高明，或者那些可能 比你更聰明的人。（形容詞動(dòng)詞） 5That book will be out pretty soon. 那本書不久就要出版了。（副詞動(dòng)詞,6It is our goal that the people i

17、n the under-developed area will be finally off poverty. 我們的目標(biāo)是讓不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的人民最 終擺脫貧困。（介詞動(dòng)詞） 7The book did not impress me at all. 那本書沒(méi)給我留下什么印象(（動(dòng)詞 名詞）) 8. Harry aims to become a computer expert. 哈里的目標(biāo)是成為計(jì)算機(jī)專家。（動(dòng)詞 名詞）,9. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier. 服從命令是軍人的天職。 （形容詞名詞） 10. Our government shows grea

18、t concern for the Chinese resident abroad. 我國(guó)政府十分關(guān)懷海外華僑。 （副詞形容詞） 11From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy. 我們?cè)谇昂笞笥覈?yán)密地監(jiān)視敵人。 （形容詞副詞）,第七章 英漢翻譯中的 詞義的引申,英譯漢時(shí)，有時(shí)會(huì)遇到某些詞在英語(yǔ)詞典上找不到適當(dāng)?shù)脑~義，如任意硬套或逐詞死譯，會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀，不能確切表達(dá)原意，甚至造成誤解。這時(shí)就應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，從該詞的根本含義出發(fā)，進(jìn)一步加以引申，選擇比較恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語(yǔ)詞來(lái)表達(dá)。所謂的引申，就

19、是根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，通過(guò)句中詞或詞組乃至整句的字面意義由表及里，運(yùn)用一些符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的表現(xiàn)法，選用確切的漢語(yǔ)詞句，將原文內(nèi)容的實(shí)質(zhì)準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái)。,1. 邏輯引申(參看書中解釋) 邏輯引申是指在翻譯過(guò)程中, 利用直譯方法時(shí), 譯文不通順以及不符合目的語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，因而就要根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，對(duì)該詞、短語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子從其基本意義出發(fā)，由表及里，運(yùn)用符合目的語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的表現(xiàn)法，選用確切的詞句，將原文內(nèi)容的實(shí)質(zhì)準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái)。例如： 1）Ive been slaving all these years just to make money for them. (抽象詞具體化) 我半世的辛苦，全是替他

20、們做馬牛。,2）Others are conceited; having picked up some book-phrases, they think themselves terrific and are very cocky, but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and thegreat majority of the working peasants. 還有些人很驕傲，讀了幾句書，自以為了不起，尾巴翹到天上去了， 可是一遇到風(fēng)浪，他們的立場(chǎng)，比起

21、工人和大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)農(nóng)民來(lái)，就顯得大不相同。（毛澤東選集五卷407頁(yè)）cocky(驕傲自大) （具體詞抽象化）,3）After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次長(zhǎng)談之后，吉姆成了她心中的太陽(yáng)。（暗喻） 4) Every life has its roses and thorns. 每個(gè)人的生活都有甜有苦。（這里把 roses玫瑰 and thorns刺兩個(gè)具 體形象引申為兩個(gè)形象所代表的屬性：甜和苦） 5）Fattys Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the

22、 last seven years. 去發(fā)體餐廳就餐，七年來(lái)已成了他生活中慣常的事情,5）Fattys Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. 去發(fā)體餐廳就餐，七年來(lái)已成了他生活中慣常的事情。,2. 語(yǔ)用引申 把原文的 玄外之音（implication）補(bǔ)譯出來(lái)，這是屬于語(yǔ)用學(xué)引伸的手法。補(bǔ)譯的詞語(yǔ)是根據(jù)原文的語(yǔ)用學(xué)意義增添上去的，為的是避免譯文晦澀費(fèi)解。 1）（參看書中例句 1） The new father wore a proud smile. 2）（參看書中例句 4）,3) Wi

23、th their heavy winter clothing changed for lighter spring wear they could leap or crouch down much more freely and nimbly. 脫掉棉衣?lián)Q上春裝的人們，好像卸下了千斤重載，真是躥跳覺(jué)得輕松，爬起臥到感到利落。（馮志敵后武工隊(duì)）原文 笨重、 輕便兩詞，含蓄地表達(dá)了“卸下了千斤重載”的含義，(此句是補(bǔ)譯) 3. 修詞引伸 1）（參看書中例句 1、2） 4概念范圍的調(diào)整 （參看書中例句 1、2） 5詞義引伸的層次 簡(jiǎn)化為三層（參看書中解釋） （參看書中例句 1、3）,6. 詞義的褒貶

24、 英譯漢時(shí), 原文中有些詞本身就表示褒貶意義, 就應(yīng)該把褒貶意義表相應(yīng)地表達(dá)出來(lái)，但有些詞語(yǔ)孤立起來(lái)看似乎是中性的, 譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)就要根據(jù)上下文恰如其分地把它們的褒義或貶義表達(dá)出來(lái)。 1）He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。（褒）,2）The task carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他們進(jìn)行的事業(yè)是值得贊揚(yáng)的。（褒） 3）His notoriety as rake did not come until his death. 他作為流氓的惡名是他死后才傳開(kāi)來(lái)的。(貶) 4）We were shock

25、ed by his course manners. 我們對(duì)他的粗暴態(tài)度感到震驚。(貶),5) Once early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Free-way from Clement to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 一九七四年初，有人同他一起驅(qū)車從克利門蒂沿圣地亞哥公路去洛山磯，途中請(qǐng)他談了他的希望和抱負(fù)。（中性詞褒義） 6) AS a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and d

26、edication from his employees. 他是個(gè)苛刻的老板，要求手下的人對(duì)他忠心耿耿，鞠躬盡瘁。（中性詞貶義）,7. 練習(xí)EX. 1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 3) In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 19

27、20s that Hitlers storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.,4) As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the Presidents Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 6) The tw

28、o politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.,1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. （具體 詞抽象化） 帝國(guó)主義者的性格既殘暴,又狡猾。 (這里把 tiger老虎和ape猿 這兩個(gè)具體 形象引伸為這兩個(gè)形象所代表的屬性: “殘暴”和 “狡猾”)。 2) The car in front of me stalled and I misse

29、d the green. 我前頭的車輛停住了，我錯(cuò)過(guò)了綠燈。 (抽象詞具體化,3) In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitlers storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930（具體詞抽象化） 事實(shí)上，在整個(gè)二十年代，納粹黨在巴伐利亞一帶已博得公眾好感，以至于在一九三零，希特勒的沖鋒隊(duì)員就耀武揚(yáng)威地奪取了菲爾特鎮(zhèn)的權(quán)力。 （to goosestep 是從名詞goosestep“

30、鵝步”；“正步”轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的動(dòng)詞，本作“鵝步走”或“正步走”解，這里“goosestepped into”根據(jù)例句上下文引伸為“耀武揚(yáng)威地奪取”)。,4) As the Politburo gave the go- ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the Presidents Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. （抽象詞具體化） 在政治局向勃列日涅夫開(kāi)放綠燈 時(shí)，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林 宮的總統(tǒng)下榻處開(kāi)會(huì)，準(zhǔn)備承受限 制戰(zhàn)略武器會(huì)談失敗的挫

31、折,5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利總是吹噓說(shuō)他曾同總統(tǒng)談過(guò)話。（貶） 6）The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. 兩位政治家交談了僅僅五分鐘。這次談話是他們一生事業(yè)的重大時(shí)刻進(jìn)行的。(褒義),第八章 英漢翻譯中“虛”與“實(shí)”的轉(zhuǎn)化,英語(yǔ)翻譯中的“虛”與“實(shí)”的轉(zhuǎn)換主要涉 及 對(duì)英語(yǔ)名詞、副詞和形容詞的漢譯。本 章將討論三種情況。 一、抽象名詞“

32、虛”與“實(shí)”的轉(zhuǎn)化 （又稱在 抽象名詞后增加名詞） （參見(jiàn)書中例 1） 例如：,1. A firms involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all the way to considering exports as necessary for the firms survival and growth. 公司在產(chǎn)品出口中參與情況的程度不一， 從最低程度的參與一直到將出口視為公 司生存和發(fā)展必要條件的參與都會(huì)存在。 （參看書中例 1分析）,英語(yǔ)中有很多抽象名詞源自動(dòng)詞或形容 詞。翻譯時(shí)可根據(jù)上下

33、文在其后面增添適 當(dāng)?shù)拿~，使譯文更合乎規(guī)范。如： to persuade說(shuō)服 persuasion說(shuō)服工作 to prepare準(zhǔn)備 preparation準(zhǔn)備工作 arrogant自滿 arrogance自滿情緒 antagonistic敵對(duì) antagonism敵對(duì)態(tài)度 tense 緊張 tension緊張情況（關(guān)系、 局勢(shì)、心情、情緒） mad 瘋狂 madness瘋狂行為 2. We have a great many to do at present. 我們當(dāng)前有許多事情要做。,二、副詞的“虛”與“實(shí)”的轉(zhuǎn)化（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容 詞后加名詞“例 1”，有些副詞直接轉(zhuǎn)譯成名 詞“ 例 2

34、”） 1. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizally. 但是，他們的思想工作沒(méi)有他們的組織工作 做得好 2.He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身體雖弱，但思想健康。,三、容詞的“虛”與“實(shí)”的轉(zhuǎn)化（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞） 1.Integrity means you do what you want to do because its right and not just fashionable or politically correct. 誠(chéng)實(shí)意味著去做你

35、認(rèn)為對(duì)的事，而不僅僅是為了趕時(shí)髦或在政治上不出錯(cuò)。 2.Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要懼怕那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聰明的人。 練習(xí): 預(yù)習(xí)第十一章和第九章,第十一章 英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 的翻譯,我們來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)第十一章英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞的一種變化形式，表示句子的謂語(yǔ)和其主語(yǔ)之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)實(shí)際上是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的成受者。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的翻譯可以有以下四種方法。 一、被動(dòng)句譯成漢語(yǔ)的主

36、動(dòng)句（文中第2句） 1. During the World Cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯比賽期間，街上擠滿了球迷（此句按順 序譯成漢語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句）,2. Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)耗用大量的燃料。 （動(dòng)作發(fā)出者譯成主語(yǔ)） 3. The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 中國(guó)在四千年前發(fā)明了指南針。 （把原文的某一部分譯成主語(yǔ)）狀主 4. If you are a

37、sked personal questions you need not answer them. 如果有人向你提出私事的問(wèn)題，你盡可不答。 （增加邏輯主語(yǔ)）（文中第6,7句）,二、動(dòng)句譯成漢語(yǔ)的判斷句（文中第9句） 漢語(yǔ)中常用“是的”這一句式 來(lái)說(shuō)明人和事物的客觀情況。 1. Everything in the world is built up from atoms. 世間萬(wàn)物都是由原子構(gòu)成的。 2.The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine. 那部科幻小說(shuō)是我的一個(gè)朋友譯成中文 的。,三

38、、被動(dòng)句譯成漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句（文中第1句） 此時(shí)，原文句子的主語(yǔ)一般仍譯做主語(yǔ)， 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加“被、受、由、讓等字 來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。” 1.Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded. 立功的人將受到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。 2.The design will be examined by a special committee. 這項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)將由一個(gè)專門委員會(huì)予以審查。,3. Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch. 面積的三分之二由廣闊

39、的松林、云衫和白樺 林所覆蓋。 將被動(dòng)句譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句（文中第8句以及 第九章） 漢語(yǔ)句子有的可以不帶主語(yǔ),因此,當(dāng)無(wú)需說(shuō)出行為主體時(shí),可以將英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主語(yǔ)句.一班來(lái)說(shuō),英語(yǔ)中不帶by短語(yǔ)并含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)句都可以采用這種譯法。翻譯時(shí)，將原句的主語(yǔ)譯成賓語(yǔ)，放在動(dòng)詞后面，也可以加“把、將、對(duì)”等詞將賓語(yǔ)放在動(dòng)詞之前。,1) All the data available should be collected and studied with care before one works at a theory. 在制定理論前，應(yīng)該把有的所有數(shù)據(jù)資 料都認(rèn)真地搜索和研究。 2) S

40、moking is not allowed in this theatre. 本劇場(chǎng)內(nèi)禁止吸煙。 3) More apartment houses will be built here. 這兒將修建更多的居民大樓,四、練習(xí) 1. This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, Whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditi

41、ons stipulated below. 買賣雙方同意按下列條款購(gòu)買、出售下述商品，并簽訂本合同。(動(dòng)作發(fā)出者主語(yǔ)) 2.The cost of the non-returnable containers of the goods sold under this Contract is included in the prices herein specified. 所定價(jià)格包括依照本合同所售裝貨用的一次性容器費(fèi)。（把原文的某一部分譯成主語(yǔ)）狀主）,3.If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be em

42、ployed to undertake annual financial checking and examination, Party A shall give its consent. All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B. 如果需要聘請(qǐng)其他國(guó)家的審計(jì)師對(duì)年度的財(cái)務(wù)進(jìn)行審查，甲方應(yīng)予以同意。其所需費(fèi)用乙方負(fù)擔(dān)。（主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)） 4. Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world . 我們的對(duì)外政策受到全世界人民的支持。(被動(dòng)句被動(dòng)句),第九章 英語(yǔ)

43、句子中主語(yǔ)的翻譯,英語(yǔ)句子中主語(yǔ)的翻譯除了上述的，將被動(dòng) 句譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句，原句的主語(yǔ)變成了賓語(yǔ)， 放在動(dòng)詞后面外。還有幾種翻譯方法： 一、詞序調(diào)整（文中第、9、10、11、13、14、 16句） 1. From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots. 他們從走上祖國(guó)土地的上時(shí)刻起，就受到同 胞們熱情接待。（定語(yǔ)從句換序）,3.Their power increased with their number. 他們

44、人數(shù)增加了，力量也隨之增強(qiáng)。（介詞短語(yǔ)換序） 二、將原文中的主語(yǔ)譯成漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ) (文中第12-18句) 1His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. 因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有遵守安全規(guī)則，機(jī)器出了故障。 三、增加詞（文中第7句） 1. Worry about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating, recessions persisted. 然而，人們?nèi)匀粨?dān)心會(huì)出現(xiàn)雖不那么嚴(yán)重但仍能使經(jīng)濟(jì)虛弱的衰退。,四、

45、分譯（文中第12、15、17、18句） 1.One consequence of speculation about the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to examine with new care the idea of thought in general. 觀察結(jié)果表明，計(jì)算機(jī)可能有思想，這使我們不得不從新的角度全面審視思想這一概念。（分譯主語(yǔ)中的名詞詞組）。,五、句型 “時(shí)間名詞/地點(diǎn)名詞+saw/ found/witnessed +名詞”表示在某個(gè) 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)里發(fā)生或者見(jiàn)證了某種事 情。將這種句子

46、翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往只能 將時(shí)間或者地點(diǎn)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)中的狀語(yǔ)。 （1）This season saw an ominous dawning of the tenth of November. 在這個(gè)季節(jié)，11月10日黎明時(shí)分的景 象，是個(gè)不祥之兆。,（2）Sunday morning found him still unwell. 星期天早晨他的身體仍未見(jiàn)好轉(zhuǎn)。 （3）The 18th century witnessed the first English dictionary, by Dr. Samuel Johnson. 第一部真正的英文詞典在18世紀(jì) 問(wèn)世，是由約翰遜編纂的。,第十章 英語(yǔ)從

47、句的翻譯 Translation of clauses,一、定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。兩者之間的區(qū)別在于限制意義是強(qiáng)還是弱，前者的限制意義很強(qiáng)，后者的限制意義很弱。定語(yǔ)從句在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用較廣泛。一般有三種翻譯方法：合并法、分譯法和混合法。,1合并法 (1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我們必須解決的一個(gè)迫切問(wèn)題。 (2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed

48、to purchase from the Seller, the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made. 如果買方不能銷售他已同意從賣方所購(gòu)數(shù)量的貨物，買方可以書面通知賣方減少發(fā)貨數(shù)量，再要求賣方發(fā)貨。,(3) Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B ar

49、e the latest technical information which has been put into practical used by Party B. 乙方保證所提供的技術(shù)資料是乙方經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)際 使用的最新技術(shù)資料。 (4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months. 自合同生效之日起計(jì)算，10個(gè)月內(nèi)裝運(yùn)，16 個(gè)月內(nèi)交付完畢。,(5) The part

50、y, who sets up a breach of the Contract, shall be under a duty to take all necessary measures to mitigate the loss which has occurred. 違反合同的一方有責(zé)任采取所有必要的措施 減輕已經(jīng)發(fā)生的損失。 （6）There was another man who seemed to have answer, and that was Robert McNamara. 另外一個(gè)人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麥克納馬拉。,2、分譯法 (1)A fuel is a material

51、which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一種物質(zhì)，在適當(dāng)溫度下能燃燒并放出熱量。 (2)A healthy diet includes enough but too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. 健康的飲食包括的食物應(yīng)該充足但不過(guò)多。這些食物提供身體正?；顒?dòng)所必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。,(3) The combination of satellites, w

52、hich transmit information, computer, which store information, and television, which displays information will change every home into an education and entertainment center. 傳輸信息的衛(wèi)星，儲(chǔ)存信息的電腦，顯示信息的電視三者的結(jié)合會(huì)把每一個(gè)家庭變成一個(gè)教育和娛樂(lè)中心。,(4)The Seller ensure that all the equipment listed in Appendix One to the Contra

53、ct are brand-new products whose performance shall be in conformity with the Contract and which are manufactured according to current Chinese National Standards or Manufactures Standard. 賣方保證本合同附件一所列全部設(shè)備都是新產(chǎn)品，是根據(jù)現(xiàn)行的中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或生產(chǎn)廠的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制造的，其性能符合合同規(guī)定。,3 混合法（混合法是把原句中的主語(yǔ)和從句溶 合在一起譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子） (1)We used a plane o

54、f which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. 我們駕駛的飛機(jī)幾乎每一個(gè)部件都有國(guó)籍的某 些標(biāo)志。 (2)Fortunately, there are some chemical fuel that are clean and smokeless. 幸好有些化學(xué)燃料是潔凈無(wú)煙的。 (3)There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert MeNamara. 另外一個(gè)人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麥克納馬拉。,二、

55、同位語(yǔ)從句 1保持原文的語(yǔ)序（文中第1句） （1）He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示期望能再來(lái)中國(guó)訪問(wèn)。 （2）We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可以信任的問(wèn)題。,2譯為類似定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)或獨(dú)成一句（文中第5句） （1）Yet, from the beginning the fact that I was alive was ignored. 然而，從一開(kāi)始，我仍活著這個(gè)事實(shí)卻

56、偏偏被忽視了。 （2）It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 遲延應(yīng)由他負(fù)責(zé)，這個(gè)事實(shí)是改變不了的,3加入冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)或“這樣”、“這一”、“即”等字眼進(jìn)行翻譯（文中第2,3句） （1） But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是現(xiàn)實(shí)考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：我們的前景并不妙。,（2）That fact that the gra

57、vity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many things. 地球引力把一切東西都吸向地心這一事實(shí)解釋了許多現(xiàn)象。 （3）Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics. 不久以前，科學(xué)家們有了一個(gè)令人振奮的發(fā)現(xiàn)，即可以把這種廢物變成塑料。,4改變?cè)牡耐徽Z(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，用漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主語(yǔ)句或其他方式譯出 （1）An

58、 order has been given that the researchers who are now in the sky-lab should be sent back. 已下命令將現(xiàn)在在航天實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的研究人員送回來(lái)。 （2）Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error. 即使是最精確的實(shí)驗(yàn)，也沒(méi)有希望獲得無(wú)任何誤差的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。,（3）However, the writing of chemical symbol

59、s in the form of an equation does not give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是，將化學(xué)符號(hào)寫成反應(yīng)式，并不意味著所表示的反應(yīng)確實(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生。 （4）And there was the possibility that a small electrical sport might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit. 而且總有這種可能性- 一個(gè)小小的電火花,可能會(huì)意外地繞過(guò)了最為精心設(shè)計(jì)的線路.,三、狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯 英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)從句的功能可表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、讓