Machine-design-theory-中英文翻譯

1、Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but

2、also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the

3、 creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The

4、 invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether

5、the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to mem

6、orize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point p

7、osition, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience,

8、because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons absolutely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical design

9、er should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws

10、 and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does

11、 not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can

12、in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally desi

13、gnated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, be

14、cause certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the pers

15、onnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to so

16、lve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether conve

17、nient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer als

18、o should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some

19、 changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only

20、 then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineering material choic

21、e already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling

22、 aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service mai

23、ntenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the m

24、aterial and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to ch

25、oose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered

26、the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material

27、is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a

28、 practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward ap

29、pearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the p

30、roduct the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar man

31、ufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable a

32、spect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries

33、on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt

34、 with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience in

35、dicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the

36、choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the impro

37、vement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of pr

38、oducts expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company

39、when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reason

40、able use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which th

41、e product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the

42、confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions rese

43、arch analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce

44、the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.機械設計理論機械設計是一門通過設計新產品或者改進老產品來滿足人類需求的應用技術科學。它涉及工程技術的各個領域，主要研究產品的尺寸、形狀和詳細結構的基本構思，還要研究產品在制造、銷

45、售和使用等方面的問題。進行各種機械設計工作的人員通常被稱為設計人員或者機械設計工程師。機械設計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機械制圖、運動學、工程材料、材料力學和機械制造工藝學等方面具有深厚的基礎知識。 如前所訴，機械設計的目的是生產能夠滿足人類需求的產品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當它們被應用在產品上才能產生效益。因而，應該認識到在一個特定的產品進行設計之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產品。應當把機械設計看成是機械設計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進行產品設計、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產品的制造工藝學的一個良機。掌握工程基礎知識要比熟記一些數據和公式更

46、為重要。僅僅使用數據和公式是不足以在一個好的設計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應該認真精確的進行所有運算。例如，即使將一個小數點的位置放錯，也會使正確的設計變成錯誤的。一個好的設計人員應該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔一定的風險，當新的方法不適用時，就使用原來的方法。因此，設計人員必須要有耐心，因為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設計，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機械設計師應該不斷地探索改進現有的產品的方法，在此過程中應該認真選擇原有的、經過驗證的設計原理，將其與未經過驗證的新觀念結合起來。新設計本身會有許多缺

47、陷和未能預料的問題發(fā)生，只有當這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現出新產品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風險。應該強調的是，如果設計本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。在設計的初始階段，應該允許設計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產生了許多不切實際的想法，也會在設計的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設計方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 心理學家經常談論如何使人們適應他們所操作的機器。設計人員的基本職責是努力使機器來適應人們。這并

48、不是一項容易的工作，因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個重要問題，設計工程師必須能夠同其他有關人員進行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設計人員必須就初步設計同管理人員進行交流和磋商，并得到批準。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進行的。為了進行有效的交流 ，需要解決下列問題：（1） 所設計的這個產品是否真正為人們所需要？（2） 此產品與其他公司的現有同類產品相比有無競爭能力？（3） 生產這種產品是否經濟？（4） 產品的維修是否方便？（5） 產品有無銷路？是否可以盈利？ 只有時間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是， 產品的設計、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的

49、基礎上進行。設計工程師還應該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對最終設計方案進行磋商。通常 ，在制造過程中會出現某個問題?？赡軙髮δ硞€零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經過設計人員批準，以保證不會損傷產品的功能。有時，在產品的裝配時或者裝箱外運前的試驗中才發(fā)現設計中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設計是一個動態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O計工作，設計人員應該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。近些年來，工程材料的選擇已經顯得重要。此外，選擇過程應該是一個對材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評價過程。新材料不斷出現，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數量可能會減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經常會對材料選擇附加