（英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)論文）論多麗絲·萊辛《金色筆記》中的反諷.pdf

iii 論多麗絲萊辛金色筆記中的反諷 論多麗絲萊辛金色筆記中的反諷 研究生：劉娟 年級(jí)：2006 級(jí) 學(xué)科專(zhuān)業(yè)：英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué) 指導(dǎo)老師：劉玉紅 研究方向：英美文學(xué) 中中 文文 摘摘 要要 多麗絲萊辛（1919 ）是當(dāng)代英國(guó)杰出的小說(shuō)家。她在半個(gè)多世紀(jì)的寫(xiě)作生涯中， 以變化的視角和不斷創(chuàng)新的技巧對(duì)她所生活的時(shí)代進(jìn)行了大膽的探索，發(fā)表了許多作品， 并引起了世界性的反響。1962 年，萊辛的代表作金色筆記問(wèn)世，這部小說(shuō)因其在結(jié)構(gòu) 上的創(chuàng)新和對(duì)五十年代英國(guó)社會(huì)的精神狀態(tài)和道德?tīng)顩r的反映而成為二十世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué) 的一部經(jīng)典之作，并奠定了萊辛在英國(guó)文壇的重要地位。本論文細(xì)致深入地分析了萊辛對(duì) 金色筆記的女主人公安娜的愛(ài)情追求、政治理想和寫(xiě)作狀態(tài)的反諷，以便對(duì)其復(fù)雜的 結(jié)構(gòu)、龐大的內(nèi)容，以及所蘊(yùn)含的深遠(yuǎn)的社會(huì)意義有深入透徹的理解。論文由以下部分組 成： 本文第一部分簡(jiǎn)要介紹了多麗絲萊辛的生平以及創(chuàng)作經(jīng)歷；概述了金色筆記這 部小說(shuō)的結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容；回顧了評(píng)論界對(duì)金色筆記正負(fù)面的評(píng)論，并提出本論文研究的 目的及意義。 第二部分從以下四個(gè)方面分析了萊辛在金色筆記中對(duì)女主人公安娜的反諷。 安 娜生活的歷史背景。安娜生活在二十世紀(jì)五十年代一個(gè)復(fù)雜多變的時(shí)代里，為了給自己創(chuàng) 造一種有序的生活，她用四本筆記分別記錄自己人生的不同側(cè)面。但是在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，她 對(duì)愛(ài)情的追求、對(duì)共產(chǎn)主義理想和對(duì)寫(xiě)作分別經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)從充滿熱情到幻滅的過(guò)程。萊辛 通過(guò)記敘這一幻滅的過(guò)程諷刺了那個(gè)時(shí)代的女性沒(méi)有辦法得到真正的自由和解放。 萊 辛對(duì)安娜愛(ài)情追求的反諷。安娜為了創(chuàng)造有意義的人生，保持完整的自我，她曾煞費(fèi)苦心 的維持著與多個(gè)男人的戀情，她從自身的經(jīng)歷和虛構(gòu)的故事中逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到男人與女人在興 趣與情感上的差距。然而在她盲目地對(duì)男人的依附中，她逐漸地失去了理性的判斷，多場(chǎng) 戀情不可避免的結(jié)束使她陷入了極度的挫敗感中。 萊辛對(duì)安娜政治理想的反諷。作為 一個(gè)盡心盡職的黨員，安娜全身心地投入到政治活動(dòng)中，借此來(lái)創(chuàng)造有意義的生活，然而 在經(jīng)歷了短暫的黨內(nèi)生活后，她被挫敗、困惑和失落感重重包圍。 萊辛對(duì)安娜寫(xiě)作狀 iv 態(tài)的反諷。對(duì)安娜來(lái)說(shuō)，文字一直是她控制混亂、再創(chuàng)秩序的唯一依托，正是她駕馭文字 的能力給了她克服混亂的信心。然而，在經(jīng)歷了一番艱辛的探索之后，她意識(shí)到文字并不 能傳達(dá)自己的真正意圖，文字無(wú)法傳達(dá)任何真實(shí)的東西。 最后一部分為文章的結(jié)語(yǔ)?；谝陨戏治鼍C述了全文論述的主要觀點(diǎn)；指出了在二十 世紀(jì)中葉這樣一個(gè)復(fù)雜多變的時(shí)代里萊辛作為藝術(shù)家對(duì)社會(huì)所肩負(fù)的責(zé)任；闡明了金色 筆記深遠(yuǎn)的社會(huì)意義以其在英國(guó)文學(xué)中的地位。 關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)鍵詞：反諷；女主人公；愛(ài)情；政治；寫(xiě)作 v on the irony in doris lessings the golden notebook postgraduate: liu juan grade: 2006 major field of study: english language a brief summary of the structure and content of the novel the golden notebook; and finally, a survey of the positive and negative critical responses to the golden notebook, and a brief explanation of the purpose and significance of the thesis. in the next part, the thesis analyzes the use of irony on the heroine anna from four aspects: annas living background. anna lives in the 1950s, which is a crisis-ridden era pervasive with changes and uncertainties. in order to create an ordered existence for her, she keeps four notebooks to record the different aspects of her life. however, in reality, her pursuit of writing, of communism, and of a fulfilled love undergoes a process from enthusiasm to disillusionment. the irony on annas pursuit of fulfilled love. in order to live a fulfilled life, anna wholeheartedly devotes to retaining her love affair with several men, during which she makes insight into the discrepancies in emotion and interest between men and women. however, in her blindly clinging to her lovers, she has gradually deviated from her sensible judgment. the inevitably ending of the love affairs renders her extremely frustrated. the irony on annas vi pursuit of political dream. as a conscientious party worker, anna devotes herself to the activities of creating a meaningful life in the chaos. however, after experiencing a short-lived life in the party, she is torn by frustration, confusion, and disappointment. the irony on annas pursuit of writing career. for anna, words are her only resort of controlling chaos and recreating from. it is her intelligence of mastering words that strengthens her confidence in overcoming chaos. however, after a process of painstaking struggle, she realizes that words cannot convey her true experience and intention, that words cannot convey anything true. the last part is the conclusion. it sums up the main points discussed above; points out in such a complex and uncertain era as the min-twentieth century lessings strong sense of commitment to the social responsibility; and illuminates the far-reaching significance of the golden note as well as its importance in the british literature. key words: irony; heroine; love; politics; writing 36 論文獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明論文獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明 本人鄭重聲明：所提交的學(xué)位論文是本人在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工 作及取得的成果。除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不含其他個(gè)人或其 他機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫(xiě)過(guò)的研究成果。對(duì)本文的研究作出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和 集體，均已在文中以明確方式標(biāo)明。本人承擔(dān)本聲明的法律責(zé)任。 研究生簽名： 日期： 論文使用授權(quán)聲明論文使用授權(quán)聲明 本人完全了解廣西師范大學(xué)有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定。廣西師范 大學(xué)、中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)信息研究所、清華大學(xué)論文合作部，有權(quán)保留本人所送 交學(xué)位論文的復(fù)印件和電子文檔，可以采用影印、縮印或其他復(fù)制手段保存 論文。本人電子文檔的內(nèi)容和紙質(zhì)論文的內(nèi)容相一致。除在保密期內(nèi)的保密 論文外，允許論文被查閱和借閱，可以公布（包括刊登）論文的全部或部分 內(nèi)容。論文的公布（包括刊登）授權(quán)廣西師范大學(xué)學(xué)位辦辦理。 研究生簽名： 日期： 導(dǎo) 師簽名： 日期： ii acknowledgements upon the completion of this dissertation, i would like to take this opportunity to say “thank you” to all those who have granted me invaluable help during my three years of study. first of all, im deeply grateful to my supervisor, professor liu yuhong, who has been giving the generous help to my study and my paper. without her effort, this paper would never have been possible. im also very grateful to all of my teachers in the college of foreign studies, guangxi normal university. with their guidance, i am acquainted with english literature and its background. i would like to thank my dearest parents. in the three years of my study, they have offered constant support to me. without them, i would not have been able to accomplish so much over the past few years. finally, i am indebted to many friends in the field whose names do not appear here, but who will recognize the influence of their contributions in the pages of this paper. 1 chapter 1 introduction 1.1 life and achievements doris lessing (1919- ) is a remarkable novelist of contemporary british literature. she has made courageous exploration of the problems of her time with varieties of perspectives and innovation of writing techniques. in more than half a centurys writing career, she has published an enormous body of works and has thus evoked worldwide repercussions. lessings representative novel the golden notebook (1962) covers varied content through an intricate structure, and reflects the intellectual and moral climate of the british society of the 1950s. it is ranked as one of the classics in british literature of the twentieth century. its publication solidified lessings position as a central figure in contemporary british literature. doris lessing was born of british parents in persia (now iran) on october 22, 1919. her father, alfred tayler was a clerk in the imperial bank of persia. he had been crippled in world war . her mother emily maude mcveagh was a nurse who had tended tayler through convalescence during the war. by the time doris was five, the family moved to southern rhodesia (now zimbabwe) in the hope of making a fortune through maize and tobacco farming. the family settled in a town called banket. around it was a land of virgin bush, thick with small game. however, life in rhodesia was not as happy as what they had expected. on the farm, which was isolated from outside, the taylers had suffered both physiologically and spiritually. their dreams were gradually shattered. lessings girlhood was loveless but happy. her mother devoted all her attention and love to the care of her son. the absence of maternal love made her feel from very young “alone, isolated, exiled” (klein, 2000:12). her father, whose life was shadowed by the war world , was solitary and contemplative, and he was indulged in his visionary world. although he did not distance himself emotionally from lessing, he had no habit of openly expressing his affection for her. with practically no one to talk to, she thus tried to find pleasure in her isolation. wandering on the high veld, she lost herself in the aromatic bushes and immersed herself in creating a visionary world. fortunately, the rhodesian veld, which brought out no chance for the taylers to make a fortune, turned out to be lessings spiritual home of happiness. owing much to her fathers 2 influence and to her solitary childhood experiences on the veld, imaginary elements have often shone through her writing. it was the vast virgin bush full of every kind of birds and animals that nourished her imagination and thus made her able to create a whole new cosmos in her later works. “it was also her childhood freedom from the female roles that gave her life-long independence of mind and made her writing go beyond the limitation of womens writing” (bai aixian，2005：122). the high veld is also one of the most enduring images through her short stories and many novels. she loves african people and its landscape and she pays strongly attention to them. the themes in her early works can also be traced back to her close relationship with the natural surroundings of africa developed from her childhood. lessings formal education was very short. she was sent to a school at the roman catholic convent in salisbury at seven, and transferred to the girls high school also in salisbury at thirteen. a year later, she was withdrawn from formal schooling. although she detested school education, she never gave up self-education. she was, in fact, from childhood a dedicated reader. she read extensively, especially the great nineteenth-century european novelists such as balzac, tolstoy, and dostoyevsky. the habit of dedicated self-education and wildly reading make her a professional writer. over the years of her writing career, lessing has “explored many subjects that her contemporaries seldom set foot in; published an enormous body of works; and made great contribution to the development of postwar english literature”(liu yin, 2004: 23). she has attained an international status, and attracted a large group of readers and more and more critics attention. in the course of her career, she has won twenty-odd prizes. she is also the first british writer who won the french prix medici for foreigners. lessing has experienced two unsuccessful marriages. in 1949, taking with her the manuscript of her first novel, the grass is singing, she moved to london to make a career as a professional writer in the sophisticated cultural atmosphere. the novel was published in 1950. it was an instant success and acclaimed as one of the outstanding novels written by a postwar english writer. in the following decade, lessing published ten more books, which established her as a major english writer. lessing is a versatile writer. she never confines herself to a certain genre, nor does she stay fixed within some ideological system. she has explored new territories and become “involved with almost all the important intellectual and political movements of the twentieth century”(xia 3 qiong，2007：78). and her background has always been a powerful influence on her works. she has addressed the most urgent concerns of her age through many diverse forms. the themes of her works are extremely diversified. colonialism, racialism, politics, war, feminism, madness, dream and sufism are all the recurrent themes in her works. she is, as drabbles says, “not afraid of ideas” (green, 1994:1). doris lessing made her debut as a novelist with the grass is singing (1950), which examines the relationship between a white farmers wife and her black servant. the book is both a tragedy based in love-hatred and a study of unbridgeable racial conflicts. even the semi-autobiographical children of violence series, usually called the martha quest series for its main character, is largely set in africa. the series comprises martha quest (1952), a proper marriage (1954), a ripple from the storm (1958), landlocked (1965) and the four-gated city (1969). it describes martha quests awakening to greater awareness on every level and was pioneering in its depiction of the mind and circumstances of the emancipated woman. with these books lessing created a modern equivalent of the bildungsroman of women writers of the 19th century. the children of violence, despite its emphatic liberation theme, is characterised by an almost fatalistic outlook. the story is told with the mild despair of someone seeing her younger self from the heavens of an afterlife, unable to intervene. the masterpiece is the final volume of the series, the four-gated city, a period frescoe apparently enveloping all of england indeed our entire culture illuminated by the authors empathy and incivility. the golden notebook (1962) was doris lessings real breakthrough. the burgeoning feminist movement saw it as a pioneering work and it belongs to the handful of books that informed the 20th-century view of the male-female relationship. it used a more complex narrative technique to reveal how political and emotion conflicts are intertwined. the style levels of differing documents and experiences mix: newspaper cuttings, news items, films, dreams and diaries. anna wulf, the main character, has five notebooks for her thoughts about africa, politics and the communist party, her relationship to men and sex, jungian analysis and dream interpretation. the disjointed form reflects that of the main characters mind. there is no single perspective from which to capture the entirety of her life experience. books published in the 1970s included briefing for a descent into hell (1971), inspired by r. d. laing. lessing has characterised her novel from this period as inner-space fiction: an 4 attempt in the spirit of romanticism to expand human knowledge to encompass regions beyond the control of reason and the ego. in the novel series canopus in argos: archives (vol. 15, 19791984) lessing expanded the science fiction genre. the series studies the post-atomic war development of the human species. lessing varies thoughts about colonialism, nuclear war and ecological disaster with observations on the opposition between female and male principles. among inspirations for the work was the idries shahs school of sufism that she discovered in the 1960s. doris lessing revisited her interest in sufism in the time bites (2004) collection of essays. lessing returned to realistic narrative in the good terrorist (1985), providing a satirical picture of the need of the contemporary left for total control and the female protagonists misdirected martyrdom and subjugation. her analysis of the greenhouse for the terrorist mind in generation hatred and an bermensch attitude retains currency. the autobiographical under my skin (1994) and walking in the shade (1997) represented a new peak in her writing. lessing recalls not only her own life but the entire epoch: england in the last days of the empire. her novel the sweetest dream (2001) is a stand-alone sequel in fictive form. perhaps her unsparing view of the polical antics of friends and lovers necessitated such discretion. her other important novels are the summer before the dark (1973) and the fifth child (1988). in the former, the reader at first infers a liberation motif: a woman finally about to fulfil her gift and sexual desires. after a first reading, the contours of the real novel take shape: a ruthless study of the collapse of values in middle age. the fifth child is a masterfully realised psychological thriller, where a womans repressed or denied aggression against family life is incarnated in a monstrous boy child. the vision of global catastrophe forcing mankind to return to a more primitive life has had special appeal for doris lessing. it reappears in some of her books of recent years: the fantasy novel mara and dann (1999) and its sequel the story of general dann and maras daughter, griot and the snow dog (2005). from collapse and chaos emerge the elementary qualities that allow lessing to retain hope in humanity. literary prizes: somerset maugham award (1954), prix mdicis tranger (1976), sterreichischer staatspreis fr europische literatur (1981), shakespeare-preis der alfred 5 toepfer stiftung f. v. s., hamburg (1982), w. h. smith literary award (1986), palermo prize (1987), premio internazionale mondello (1987), premio grinzane cavour (1989), james tait black memorial book prize (1995), los angeles times book prize (1995), premio internacional catalunya (1999), david cohen british literary prize (2001), companion of honour from the royal society of literature (2001), premio principe de asturias (2001), s.t. dupont golden pen award (2002). among all the forms and genres lessing used in her works, her chief achievement lies in her novel. famous for the grass is singing (1950), the young lessing writes entirely out of her keen observation of the contemporary social life and serious concern with the fate of humankind. from 1952 to 1969, drawing upon her young experience in africa and her serious engagement with politics and social concerns, she brought out a five-volume novel, children of violence (1952). “it is an indication that lessings view began to turn from africa to england as well as from racial, colonialism to womens problem”(tao tiezhu，1985：35). during this period, lessing wrote two other novels: return to innocence (1956) and the golden notebook (1962) that she broke new ground and made daring narrative experiment. “its publication brought her international fame and solidified her position as a central figure in contemporary english literature”(gao jihai， 2002： 69). after the five-volume, lessing turned to the exploration of ones inner-world evolutionary development and wrote three “inner space” novels: briefing for a descent into hell (1971), the summer before the dark (1973), and the memories of a survivor (1974). from 1979 to 1982, she turned her talents to the outer space and produced a five-volume space fiction: canopus in argos (1979), which attracted a group of new readers uninterested in her early realistic novels and also made her long-time readers feel betrayed by her. they labeled them as “science fiction”. however, lessing makes her stand clear that “she has never diverted from realism and that her themes have remained unchanged since she wrote the grass is singing at the beginning of her writing career”(lessing, 1974: 38). what is changed is only her style and techniques. the reason why she turns to the outer space is that “she intends through such a medium to reflect fate of human beings. by setting in an imaginary space, she can also write the truth under the protection of wild imaginings without bei