專轉(zhuǎn)本英語4_寫作方法專題.doc

一、真題回放2008年 writing(15)（議論文）In this part, you are required to write an essay about making the most of our school days. You should write at least 120 words and write your composition on the outline below.1. 生命是短暫的，時(shí)間是寶貴的2. 在校學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間更短暫3. 應(yīng)該利用在校時(shí)光2007年writing(15)（議論文）In this part, you are required to write an essay about making the most of our school days. You should write at least 120 words and write your composition on the outline below.1. 生命是短暫的，時(shí)間是寶貴的。2. 在校學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間更短。3. 應(yīng)該充分利用在校時(shí)光。2006年writing(15)（說明文）In this part you are required to write an essay about your daily schedule has changed since you became a college student. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below.1. 課堂學(xué)習(xí)日程。2. 業(yè)余生活的安排。3. 和中學(xué)有什么不同。2005年writing(15)（應(yīng)用文）For this part you are given 25 minutes to write a letter to call on university students to help those people in need. You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline below.1. 倡議書涉及的具體幫助對象；2. 實(shí)施幫助的理由以及意義；3. 具體措施或活動(dòng)安排。2004年writing(20)（議論文）For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic. You should write no less than 150 words and base your composition on the outline below:1. 為解決交通難得問題，有人建議多建造馬路。2. 有人則建議限制私家車的數(shù)量。3. 我的看法。二、作文評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)在我們來看看作文評分強(qiáng)調(diào)的五個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即內(nèi)容切題，表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫，句式多變和語言規(guī)范。 1) 內(nèi)容切題。這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括結(jié)構(gòu)完整，內(nèi)容充實(shí)（包含提綱和題目要求的所有信息），主題突出，上下文內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一。內(nèi)容不切題或根本就文不對題會導(dǎo)致大幅度扣分。 2) 表達(dá)清楚。要求文章具有清晰的層次和充分有力的論證。中英文化差異造成思維方式和文字表述方式的截然不同：漢語中多出現(xiàn)概括描述，而英文表述則更注重事實(shí)論證。所以，寫英語作文不要過多地進(jìn)行心理、環(huán)境描寫，而是要用理由和實(shí)例來說明問題。 3) 文字連貫。語言表達(dá)流暢，能使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，使前后語句意思連貫、邏輯性強(qiáng)，不相互矛盾，不東拉西扯。 4) 句式多變。為避免文章平淡、呆板，可使用不同的句式：強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、否定句等等。長短句使用合理相間，用短句表達(dá)有力的結(jié)論，用長句體現(xiàn)嚴(yán)密的邏輯關(guān)系。 5) 語言規(guī)范。包括用詞準(zhǔn)確，并能表現(xiàn)出足夠大的詞匯量；所用語言符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，并且語法錯(cuò)誤較少；不出現(xiàn)零散和不合理的斷句；正確使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)。 三寫作存在三難、四差、一慢等問題上述問題的起源，一是由于大家在寫作文時(shí)存在三難問題(即開頭難, 展開難, 結(jié)尾難)，以及四差一慢問題(即語言能力差，詞句變換能力差，主題展開能力差，全文段落連貫?zāi)芰Σ詈蛯懽魉俣嚷?。二是因?yàn)閷τ跉v年大綱出現(xiàn)過的經(jīng)典段落缺乏研究，沒有認(rèn)真分析范文是如何用自己的詞句來說明現(xiàn)象，來描述圖表，來表達(dá)不同人的正反觀點(diǎn)，來說明闡述利弊，來闡述原因意義，來舉例說明，來歸納總結(jié)，來預(yù)測趨勢，來建議措施的。大部分考生只會盲目背誦見過的全部范文，不懂得要有選擇的背誦，比如：重點(diǎn)詞匯，常用套語，精彩句子，優(yōu)秀段落，經(jīng)典篇章。只有有選擇的背誦才是高分作文的素材基礎(chǔ)，肚子里面沒有一定數(shù)量的好詞好句是很難在一定的時(shí)間內(nèi)寫出一篇優(yōu)秀的文章的。四、如何使句式多樣化請看一位同學(xué)寫作中的一個(gè)片段： Ive found a place for you. It is a flat on the third floor. It is 25 square metres. There is a bedroom and a bathroom in it. There is a sofa and a kitchen in the bedroom. There is a chair and a desk in the bedroom, too. 很明顯，該片段所用句子過于單調(diào)，全是簡單句，而且3次重復(fù)使用there be句型，像這樣寫出的文章在高考中即使沒有語法錯(cuò)誤也不會得到高分，最多只能得中檔，因?yàn)樵u分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對語言能力的要求提高了-不僅要求語言無誤而且還在連貫性、多樣性和復(fù)雜性方面提出了具體要求。 為避免上述句式單調(diào)、松散的問題，我們可采取以下方法把簡單句進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。 句式就是句子的結(jié)構(gòu)方式，也就是句子的式樣或格式。不同的思想內(nèi)容要用不同的句式來表達(dá)；而同一思想內(nèi)容也可以用不同的句式來表達(dá)。句式不同，表達(dá)效果也就不同。只有句式多樣化，文章才會生動(dòng)有趣，充滿活力?？墒?，在實(shí)際寫作中，初學(xué)寫作的學(xué)生往往一篇文章都是千篇一律的簡單句，文章單調(diào)乏味，毫無生氣。筆者認(rèn)為，恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂媚承┓椒ɑ蚴侄斡兄趯?shí)際表達(dá)形式的多樣化，增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果。茲將常用方法簡單介紹如下。 （一）、改變句子開頭許多學(xué)生在寫作中傾向于用與人有關(guān)系的詞性，用名詞和代詞作為句子的開頭，如 People，We，I，He，They，She等。這實(shí)際上是受了漢語以人為中心的影響，英語可以用物來做主語，比如用動(dòng)名詞，名詞或名詞短語，不定式等等做主語。比如：When I see the picture, I always think of my childhood. 就可以這么說：The sight of the picture always reminds me of my childhood. 再比如：APeople throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious foodBThere is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food第一句改用非人稱名詞作為主語開頭，第二句則用there be句型開頭。這樣既改變了主語謂語賓語單調(diào)句型，又把想強(qiáng)調(diào)的意思突出出來。實(shí)際上，為了把文章寫得生動(dòng)活潑，除了用主語開頭外，還可以用句子的其他成分開頭。用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、分詞、同位語、從句開頭。1、用副詞開頭Too often，students stray into the habit of cheating on tests 2用同位語開頭Our monitor, Xiao Wang, will attend the meeting 3用狀語開頭 Dark and empty，the house looked very different from the way I remembered it 4用表語開頭 Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent effort 5以短語修飾語開頭 (1)以介詞短語開頭To me the news was very interesting，but to my wife very boring (2)以分詞短語開頭Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades，Menchester took flight for the pacific islands (3)以不定式短語開頭To pass the exam，you should work very hard(二)、巧用連接詞 有的學(xué)生在作文中使用過多簡單句，成了簡單句堆砌；有的使用復(fù)雜句時(shí)，動(dòng)輒用so，and，then，but，or，however，yet等，非但達(dá)不到豐富表達(dá)方式的目的，反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過使用連接詞，尤其是一些表示從屬關(guān)系的連接詞，如 who，which，that，because，since，although，after，as，before，when，whenever，if，unless，as if等，不僅能夠豐富句型，而且還能夠把思想表達(dá)得更清楚，意義更連貫。 例如：Natural resources are very limitedThey will be exhausted in the near futureIt is not trueBut it becomes a major concern around the worldThis is a widely accepted fact 這段文字用簡單句表達(dá)，它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系含糊不清，意思支離破碎。如果使用連接詞，將單句與其前后合并，形成主次關(guān)系，就把一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系表達(dá)得層次清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。例如：It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future，though it is unlikely to be true 再如：The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world，and in spring time it often overflows its banks，and the lives of many people are endangered 此句用and把三個(gè)分句一貫到底，既乏味又可笑。如果使用了關(guān)系代詞which，語義就會更連貫，語言也會更流暢：The Mississippi River，which is one of the longest rivers in the world，often overflows its banks in the spring time，endangering the lives of many people(三)、長短句交插 長句和短句是就句子的字?jǐn)?shù)多少、形體長短而言的。長句和短句各有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。長句，因?yàn)槭褂玫亩ㄕZ、狀語較多，限制了概念的外延，增大了概念的內(nèi)涵，所以比較精確、嚴(yán)密，但使用起來不夠活潑簡便。短句，由于字?jǐn)?shù)少，直截了當(dāng)，一般比較簡潔、明快、有力，但不利于表達(dá)復(fù)雜的語義內(nèi)容。在具體語言活動(dòng)中，最好長短句交替使用。這既體現(xiàn)了節(jié)奏上的要求，也是意義上的需要。例如：(1)We can imagine the beautiful surroundings(2)There are many trees along the streets(3)There is a clean river in the city(4) There are many fishes in the river(5)There are willow trees on the one side(6)There are some pieces of grassland on the other side(7)There are many flowers on them 文中七個(gè)句子都是簡單句，句型結(jié)構(gòu)單一，而且句子長短同一，都在七、八詞左右，十分單調(diào)。下面是修改后的段落：(1)Just imagine the beautiful surroundings祈使句沒有主語，別開生面。 if we make our cities greener(2)Green trees line the streets(3)A clean river winds through the city，in which a lot of fishes abound將上文中3、4句通過In which定語從句，濃縮為一個(gè)長句，形成錯(cuò)落有致地長短句結(jié)合體。(4)On the one side stand rows of willow trees介詞短語開頭，形成倒裝。(5)On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers 改寫后的這段文字，有長句(1)、(3)、(5)，也有短句(2)和(4)，一長一短，抑揚(yáng)頓挫的節(jié)奏感就出來了。不僅句子長短交插，而且句型結(jié)構(gòu)變化也很大，使文章流暢自然，生動(dòng)活潑。（四）、利用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) 英語的基本句型是SVO，如果偶爾打破常規(guī)，改變某一成分的位置，不僅可以豐富句型，而且能強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出被倒裝的部分，收到意想不到的表達(dá)效果。例如：In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic GamesFaith in the Chinese economic reforms the majority of people will never lose 總之，英語的句式是多種多樣的，只要從要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容出發(fā)合理選用，文章的句式就會富于變化。同時(shí)，在學(xué)習(xí)寫作的過程中，學(xué)生應(yīng)不斷練習(xí)構(gòu)造各種各樣句式，以提高語言表達(dá)能力。五、內(nèi)容簡單化作文題型的存在的主要目的是為了考察考生的英語語言表達(dá)能力，而不是考察是否有構(gòu)思能力，編劇能力。切記不用把內(nèi)容想得多么復(fù)雜，而且復(fù)雜內(nèi)容的英文表達(dá)會更難。話說回來，就算讓考生當(dāng)場寫一篇字?jǐn)?shù)在120字左右的短篇漢語文章也不一定能寫出什么驚天地泣鬼神，見解深刻獨(dú)到的微型雜文來。所以考生只要舉一些簡單常見的例子就行。一、語言準(zhǔn)確化：語言準(zhǔn)確化主要表現(xiàn)在詞匯準(zhǔn)確和造句準(zhǔn)確上。1.詞匯準(zhǔn)確化主要表現(xiàn)為以下四個(gè)方面：1. 拼寫 2. 介詞 3. 同義詞 4. 正規(guī)和非正規(guī)。由于受中文的影響，很多同學(xué)會把一些常用的介詞用錯(cuò)。比如在校園里，有的考生就寫成in campus, 但正確寫法是 on campus;再比如：成功的關(guān)鍵，不少考生寫成 key of success, 實(shí)際是 key to success; 另外，很多考生同義詞不分，比如cause, reason不分，problem和question不分，consist of 和compose不分?？赡苁遣簧倏忌芰擞⒄Z口語的影響或者專業(yè)英語的影響，喜歡用一些過于口語化和太正規(guī)的語言，這都是不合理的，我們寫作要用的是白話文，用普通的正確的優(yōu)秀的語言表達(dá)內(nèi)容。廣大考生容易犯錯(cuò)誤的原因是：首先，不同民族對同一事物，同一現(xiàn)象認(rèn)識方面有差異。其次，對同一現(xiàn)象，同一意義語言表達(dá)方面有差異。例如，漢語認(rèn)為一陣大雨，英語寫成a heavy rain，不能寫成a big rain 。第三，學(xué)生對所學(xué)語言規(guī)則進(jìn)行錯(cuò)誤類推。例如，由I went to the store yesterday morning .推出I went to the concert yesterday night. 這種推導(dǎo)得出的句子可是一個(gè)錯(cuò)句。昨天晚上英語只能說last night。但是，昨天上午(下午，傍晚)則用yesterday morning( afternoon, evening)。第四，學(xué)生照漢語思維直譯，導(dǎo)致了表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤和不地道、不準(zhǔn)確的英語表達(dá)。比如，學(xué)生把你的來信收到了寫成Your letter has received.，這是從漢語直譯出來的，因?yàn)橛⒄Z中物做主語時(shí)，應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，應(yīng)寫成Your letter has been received.。所以提高寫作水平必須從基礎(chǔ)抓起，寫每個(gè)句子都要注意基礎(chǔ)語法與句型，注意每個(gè)詞每個(gè)意義的使用條件與用法、搭配關(guān)系、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、同義詞與近義詞的區(qū)別等。句子準(zhǔn)確化主要是避免寫病句?？忌Ｒ姷牟【溆校?.主謂一致 2.隨意更換 3.逗號濫用 4.重復(fù) 5. 邏輯主語和主句主語不一致 6.修飾語位置亂放 7.不分可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞 8.冠詞亂用 9.句子不完整 10. 詞語的搭配 11. 句子無明確的主語 12. 一個(gè)句子有幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞謂語 13. 中國式英語。比如：漢語說我不知道這是對還是錯(cuò)如果寫成 I dont know its true or not 則是錯(cuò)句。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z中，如果know之后跟疑問句，則用whether或if引導(dǎo)從句。在比如：下崗，下海等特色中國詞匯，可能有的同學(xué)會寫成down office, go down to the sea之內(nèi)的令人產(chǎn)生歧義的英文來，而實(shí)際上是laid-off workers，go into business.作文如何開頭對立法When ask about the biggest problem today, many people say that is the serious energy crisis. They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food. But other people hold optimistic views: they regard it as a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology.現(xiàn)象法Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern , and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with mans nature? Indeed , fear of such manipulation may amuse even more anxiety than fear of death.觀點(diǎn)法 Nowhere in the world has the issue of birth control of been more evident than in China. The nation is faced with such serious situation sa the one in which its population is increasing much faster than the supply of food and available resources.引用法Great mind must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them. Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person , in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.比較法Euthanasia(安樂死) was now a very controversial topic in our society. Those in favour of euthanasia contend that its practice can benefit both the patient and family. But, on a second thought , what they fail to consider is that euthanasia may be taken advantage of for some evil or hidden purpose.問題法Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries? Opinions vary widely. To some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he neednt concern himself with the uses to which his knowledge or discoveries may be put. But other people argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society作文要想優(yōu)美，必須做到：句間連接流暢，句式使用恰當(dāng)、靈活，用詞基本得體。寫作“必殺技”對于絕大多數(shù)的考生而言，短期內(nèi)迅速提高實(shí)力是很難的。寫作的一個(gè)立竿見影秘笈就是平時(shí)儲備幾種非陳述句的句式，其中最引人注目的句式當(dāng)屬強(qiáng)調(diào)句，倒裝句和插入語。設(shè)想一篇文章12-15個(gè)句子左右，第一句用強(qiáng)調(diào)，第二句到第四句用普通句型，第五句用倒裝，第六句到第八句用普通句型，第九句用插入語。這樣錯(cuò)落有致地把三種加分句型安插到文章當(dāng)中，是不是比整篇文章都用普通句型看起來靈活、舒服的多？文章表達(dá)排序技巧當(dāng)文章中有兩個(gè)以上的對等內(nèi)容要進(jìn)行排列時(shí)，就需要排序技巧。我們在此介紹一些常用的排序短語和表達(dá)法。1） 兩點(diǎn)排序僅僅為兩點(diǎn)對等的內(nèi)容排序時(shí)候，選用以下表達(dá)法會收到很好的表達(dá)效果。Not only but also; either or; as well as The provision of computers and the necessary software, hardware and network links will make it easier for staff to perform their administrative tasks as well as be more effective in their role .The institution needs to recognize and reward the efforts of staff who use the new technologies efficiently, or those who innovate in other ways in their academic activities.2) 多點(diǎn)排序當(dāng)需要排序的內(nèi)容有3點(diǎn)以上時(shí)，我們需要用一些不同的表達(dá)法。實(shí)際上“firstly, secondly ”的表達(dá)方式是非常幼稚的。The bicycle has gone through one full circle already. It began as a toy for rich people. Then it was a means of transportation. Next it became a toy again. Now the bicycle is becoming popular as a means of transportation once more.There are several reaso