A Study Of.doc

2安慶師范學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文學(xué)號(hào)：201140210412論愛(ài)瑪中女主角的不完美性格學(xué) 院 名 稱： 外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 名 稱： 英語(yǔ)教育 年 級(jí)： 2011級(jí) 姓 名： 張小美 指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 吳玉 2015年5月10日A Study of the Heroines Imperfect Characters in EmmaA Thesis Submittedto School of Foreign Languages of Fuyang Normal University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsByzhang xiaomeiSupervisor：Wu yuMay 10, 2015誠(chéng)信承諾書(shū) 我謹(jǐn)在此承諾：本人所寫(xiě)的畢業(yè)論文愛(ài)瑪是在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下和嚴(yán)格按照學(xué)校和學(xué)院的規(guī)定，由本人獨(dú)立完成的，沒(méi)有剽竊、抄襲行為。凡涉及其他作者的觀點(diǎn)和材料除特別注明和引用外，均為本人觀點(diǎn)，若有不實(shí)，后果由本人承擔(dān)。 承諾人（簽名）： 2015 年 月 號(hào)摘 要 簡(jiǎn).奧斯汀是英國(guó)18世紀(jì)末19世紀(jì)初最著名的女性文學(xué)作家，對(duì)英國(guó)文學(xué)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。簡(jiǎn).奧斯汀的寫(xiě)作主題包括青春、愛(ài)情、婚姻以及家庭等女性所關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。她雖然一生只完成了六部小說(shuō)，但許多人認(rèn)為她在英國(guó)文學(xué)史上與莎士比亞有著同樣重要的地位，被譽(yù)為世界上最偉大的文學(xué)作家之一。在她完成的六部小說(shuō)中，愛(ài)瑪是最具代表性的。雖然自愛(ài)瑪問(wèn)世以來(lái)就成為奧斯汀最具爭(zhēng)議的小說(shuō) 本文通過(guò)對(duì)愛(ài)瑪這位女主人公不完美的性格進(jìn)行分析，看簡(jiǎn)奧斯汀是如何刻畫(huà)了一個(gè)不完美的的不同于傳統(tǒng)性格的主人公形象。通過(guò)對(duì)這種不完美性格產(chǎn)生的原因進(jìn)行分析，從中得出結(jié)論愛(ài)瑪?shù)男愿裥纬墒翘囟ㄉ鐣?huì)的必然結(jié)果。通過(guò)對(duì)愛(ài)瑪?shù)膶?xiě)作目的及意義的分析，不難得出整本書(shū)就是愛(ài)瑪不斷進(jìn)行道德觀自我建構(gòu)的過(guò)程。同時(shí)，奧斯汀以其獨(dú)特的女性視角，深刻剖析了由男性來(lái)掌控社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)，女性在社會(huì)生活中的處境。奧斯汀通過(guò)愛(ài)瑪?shù)姆磦鹘y(tǒng)精神，表達(dá)了新時(shí)代女性的心聲，女性需要平等自由的愛(ài)情和生活，不再依賴父親或丈夫，要努力從思想和經(jīng)濟(jì)上獨(dú)立起來(lái)，體現(xiàn)了簡(jiǎn)奧斯汀的女性意識(shí)。本論文將會(huì)更進(jìn)一步討論導(dǎo)致愛(ài)瑪形成不完美性格的家庭和環(huán)境因素。它的研究意義在于幫助我們更好抓住小說(shuō)的主題和了解當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)。而且它對(duì)于我們研究19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)中層社會(huì)階級(jí)有重大意義。關(guān)鍵詞：愛(ài)瑪; 不完美; 道德自我建構(gòu); 女性主義AbstractJane Austen is one of the greatest feminism writers in the end of 18th and at the beginning of 19th. She makes a great influence on the development of English literature. Her works are focus on the themes that have relation to female, including youth, love, marriage, family, and so on. Although she just finished six novels all his life. It is widely regarded that she plays an important role in the history of English literature just as Shakespeare does. She is considered as one of the greatest writers in the world. Emma is a representative of her six famous novels. Emma has become her most controversial work s since it was published. The thesis will analyze the heroines imperfect characters and make a conclusion that the heroines imperfect characters are the result of the society. From the analysis, we can see how Austen depicted an imperfect heroine who is different from the traditional perfect heroines. By analyzing the purpose and the significance of Emma, we can conclude that Emma is in a dynamic process to moral self-construction. At the same time, from the point of feminism, Austen analyzes the reality that the society is controlled by male and the female state in that society. And Austen shows the female voice in the new era：Female need equality and freedom and they can not depend on their fathers and husbands any more. They must be independent on spiritual and economy. This embodies Jane Austens feminism. The thesis will make further discussion on Emmas imperfect characters caused by her family and environment. Its significance lie in helping us grasping the novels main idea correctly and understanding more about the society. And it also have a great significance to the research of the British middle class in the 19th century.Key words: Emma ; imperfect; moral self-construction; feminism Table of Contents誠(chéng)信承諾書(shū)摘 要AbstractTable of ContentsIntroduction1 Emmas Imperfect Characters22.1 A Snobbish Girl22.2 A Selfish Girl22.3 A Subjective Girl with Self-approbation22.4 A Girl with Obsession of Hierarchy32.5A Conservative Girl32.6 A Green-eyed Girl3 The Causes of Imperfect Characters43.1 The Family Background43.2 The Conservatism in Highbury43.3 The Love and Marriage of the People around Emma53.4 The Merits and Advantages Emma Owns53.5The Social Background5Significance of Jane Austens Imperfect heroine64.1 Moral self-construction64.2 Feminism9 Conclusion11References12IntroductionJane Austen is one of the most famous feminism writers at the end of the 18th and the beginning of 19th, who makes a great influence on the development of the English literature. Although she finished just six novels in all his life, she plays an important role in the history of the English literature the same as Shakespeare does. Emma it is considered as the most successful works of Jane Austens by a lot of English literature critics. When Emma was published in 1815, it aroused sir in England. It is said that the Price Regent also took an interest in Emma and he gave a series of splendid edition as gifts to Jane Austen just for her Emma. The heroine Emma is a beautiful, clever, and moneyed young girl. Owning all these advantages and merits, Emma can not help regarding herself as infallible and she does anything just as her wishes. Emma makes up her mind not marry but she is keen to serve as a bridge for other peoples marriage. However, her matchmaking doesnt go according reasons but a kick in her gallop or in an impulse, which leads to the misfits and a lot of jokes. In the end, Emma fell in love with Mr.Knightley, unconsciously, though she doesnt make a successful matchmaking. By describing the people and things in a village called Highbury, the novel describes all the living creatures in the middle class society in the beginning of 19th.At the same time, the clue of the novel is the changing of Emmas thoughts.The heroine Emma is widely disputed by a lot of English literature critics all around the world. Quite a few critics can not understand why Jane Austen form such a rich selfish girl who is imprecated as her novels heroine, especially Jane Austen herself is a moral writer. Actually, the untraditional imperfect heroine reflects the rapid development of the capitalism economy and the moral change caused by social change. At that moment, the female advocate reason and ration, and they rejected the moral standard under the males controlling. The heroines in those writers are the female with independent thoughts and opinions instead of the obedient lady. The heroine Emma seems to be not liked by people, instead she is welcomed largely in the world, because Emma has self-esteem and self-respect, understanding receiving the realistic education, examining her own morality. Seen from the novel, she becomes more and more mature, so she is an autonomous heroine, owning the capacity of thinking independently.My thesis aims to analyze the heroines imperfect characters in Jane Austens Emma. By analyzing Emmas imperfect characters, the author will discuss the causes of forming Emmas imperfect characters. It aims to research Jane Austens writing purpose and the main viewpoint that expressed in her Emma.The thesis will make further discussion on Emmas imperfect characters caused by her family and social background. It finds out that the social background is the root cause of Emmas imperfect characters. Its significance lie in helping us understanding more about the society and grasping the novels main idea correctly. The novel embodies the heroine Emmas moral self-construction and reflects Jane Austens feminism. My thesis includes three parts. The first part is the analysis of the heroine Emmas imperfect characters. The second part is the causes of the imperfect characters. And the third part is the significance of Jane Austens Emma.British famous culture critic Gorge Henry Lewes (1817-1859) claimed Jane Austen as the “The Shakespeare of the poses”. And the famous writer Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) has researched Emmas characters. In China, More and more readers have formed their own literature view. Pang Weixins article “On the main character in Emma.” and Pu Yanyuns “Emma is a typical novel of females development” are the typical representatives.Emmas Imperfect Characters2.1A Snobbish GirlAt the beginning of the novel, Emma is exposed to the imperfection of her morality. She is very snobbish, selfish, conservative and subjective and she never realizes her shortcomings, instead, she always feels good and feels at ease. Born in a rich country gentlemen family, Emma receives good education but she has a lot of imperfect characters. She looks down on all the lower class, since she is in the up class. And she shows contempt for the families that are not rich as hers. Besides, she often educates Harriet who is from middle class that she should note her own identity .Emma also warns Harriet to be sharply demarcated from those who lie in low social class without any education. So Harriet is forbidden to have any relationship with the lower class people. All those examples reflect Emmas snobbish consciousness. 2.2 A Selfish GirlEmmas another imperfect character is her selfishness. A sentence in the novel like this: “An unpleasant thing a little unhappy thing in the end it comes down but not in an unpleasant way that is Miss Taylor will marry soon.” (Jane ,2002, p. 4)Miss Taylor looks after Emma just like her mother. Although Emma knows the reality that she should give consideration to Miss Taylor, she is unwilling to see Miss Taylors marrying. She never thinks that it is herself who has delayed Miss Taylors youth and happiness. Whats more, Emma does everything from her own points and ignoring other peoples feelings. This imperfect character can be expressed in her obstacle Miss Harriets marrying Mr. Martin. She even threatens Harriet that she will disengage relation with her if she receives Mr. Martins proposal. She never takes Harriet into consideration, which brings a lot of sadness to Harriet. This example reflects Emmas selfishness.2.3A Subjective Girl with Self-approbation At the same time, the novel also shows us Emmas subjective assume and self-approbation. She always considering herself right, since she always do things according to her own willing and never follow others advices, except when she realize she is wrong. A good example in such case is that she always selects a husband who she thinks is good for Harriet, neglecting Harriers feelings. She thinks Mr. Elton love Harriet and she misleading Harriet to receive Eltons pursuit. Actually, Elton loves Emma, which brings a lot of pain to Harriet, who has given up her lover Mr. Martin for Mr. Elton. This example suggests Emma is a subjective girl with self-approbation.2.4 A Girl with Obsession of Hierarchy “Emma is a beautiful, clever, and moneyed young girl.”(Jane, 2002, p.1) She is richly endowed by nature, so she can not stand regarding herself highly and doing whatever she wants. One good example of such point is her matchmaking for Harriet. Emma likes Harriet because of her beautiful face and meek temperate, then she can control Harriets thoughts and consciousness. She wishes Harriet can acquaint Mr. Elton, since Mr. Elton is a gentleman of the up class. If Harriet can marry Mr. Elton, then she can also become a member of the up class the same as Mr. Elton. The example suggests that Emma is a girl with obsession of hierarchy. Besides, she looks down on Mr. Martin just because Mr. Martin comes from a country family and she thinks Mr. Martin can not bring any happiness for Miss Harriet. However, she does not know that Harriet has fallen in love with Mr. Martin and Harriet doesnt mind Mr. Martins social status. When she fails to introduce Miss Harriet to Mr. Elton, she let her imagination runs riot a second time for she wants to introduce Mr. Knightly to Miss Harriet. In the end, she finds that she has fallen in love with Mr. Knightly. And Mr. Knightly also love her. Finally, she gets her own happiness, but her overindulgent behaviors lead to Harriets pain. This example suggests that Emma is a girl with obsession of hierarchy.2.5 A Conservative girlAs for Emmas conservation, Marry Walton has made a comment. She thinks Emma is a reactionary and conservative heroine with obsession of hierarchy all the time.( Johnson, 2002, p. 67). It can be proved in Emmas view on marriage. Emma insists that the account of property and the social class should be the key of marriage. She thinks Mr. Martin can not match Miss Harriet, because they are in different social classes. It is enough to prove that Emma is a conservative girl 2.6 A Green-eyed girl Another Emmas imperfect character is her green-eyed monster. It can be demonstrated in her attitude to Jane Fairfax .Jane is an elegant and beautiful girl, whose appearance shakes Emmas status as a princess in Hinghbury. Jane can be considered as a perfect girl who is also highly cultured and steeped in propriety. However, Emma is imperfect in characters. “Emma feels regret that she must live with a person she doesnt like for three months” (Jane, 2002, p. 78) Why she doesnt like Jane Fairfax? It may be a difficult question. Once a time, Mr. Knightly says to Emma that she wishes to be considered as a girl with versatile, however, it turns out that Jane is a real versatile young girl. Although, Emma retorts what Mr. Knightly says at that moment .Sometimes, she examines her own conscience and she also feels guilty. Emmas merits are in the shadow of Janes. She is jealous of Jane. So Emma deliberately keeps at a distance with Jane, and she even guesses blindly and makes irresponsible remarks on Jane. .The Causes of Emmas Imperfect Characters3.1 The Family BackgroundForming Emmas imperfect characters is inseparable from her family background. It includes her family environment and her fathers spoiling .Born in a rich family, Emma gets too much spoiling, which is the direct cause that leads to her arrogance and self-conceit. In the first chapter of Emma, it points out, “She is the second girl of her family, and she becomes the host of her family after her elder sisters marrying. Her father loves the sisters very much” (Jane, 2002, p. 99). It is not difficult to find out that it is her family environment that causes her arrogance and self-conceit. However, Emmas father Mr. Woodhouse has never pointed out Emmas imperfect characters, for he overindulges Emma. In his mind, Emma is a perfect daughter having no need of his help for recognizing her own shortcomings. Whats more, Mr. Woodhouse to some expand encouraging Emmas forming of selfish, which leads to Emmas arrogance and self-conceit. 3.2 The Conservatism in HighburyHighbury-the place that Emma lives in is a conservative and inaccessible, which is another cause of forming Emmas imperfect characters. “How can she bear the changing? Of course, her friends live half away from her home. Emma understands that Mr. Weston who lives in half mile away Emmas home is different from Miss Taylor. Although she is outgoing with a lot of money, she feels pretty lonely now.”(Jane, 2002, p.84). She loves her father very much, but her father can not become her partner whatever it is joking or talking, her father has on common with her. We can see from it, the lifestyle is lack of vitality and energy, which only leads to boring. She has only one partner, Miss Harriet. So in Emmas mind, she wants to find out something exciting to stir the boring life and to fill the vacancy of her social life. So, we can say the conservatism in Highbury is an important cause of forming Emmas imperfect characters. 3.3 The Love and Marriage of the People around EmmaIn addition, the love and marriage of people around Emma is another assignable cause that affects the forming of Emmas imperfect characters. First of all, Miss Taylor marries Mr. Weston, which makes Emma feels lonely firstly, for Miss Taylor is the only friend she can talk with. Secondly, when Miss Taylor tells her the love between Frank and Jane, Emma encounters a great strike, because Emma thought Frank love rather than Jane, a perfect girl who is envied by her. The last time is Emmas imagination. She supposes Mr. Knightly loves Miss Harriet. However, she finds that herself has fallen I love with Mr. Knightly, she feels sad the third time. Some researches found” Mr. Knightlys mission is to make Emma become a perfect girl”( Wang Lihong, 2000, p. 89). Only then can Emma receive his love and care. Emma thinks she doesnt need love all the time, but in fact it is not her nature but her insufferable conceit. So once she realizes that her love can not threaten her conceit, she can love in real. 3.4 The Merits and Advantages Emma OwnsAnother important cause that forms Emmas imperfect characters is the merits and advantages Emma owns. The first sentence in the novel points out: “Emma, a beautiful, clever, and moneyed girl”(Chapm R W, 2000, p. 52). In addition, Emma has an optimistic temperate, being good at singing and dancing. Besides, she is also expert in painting and writing, some of her much interest. In other peoples eyes, Emma is a perfect girl who is versatile. Emma is always envied by people around her. As time goes by, Emma thinks herself excellent, gradually she becomes pride. She considers herself always right when others are in the shadow of her. And she looks down upon others just because her merits and advantages. So Emmas merits and advantages also promote the development of her imperfect characters. 3.5The Social Background Born in a class society, Emma has a serious sense of hierarchy. It is the result of growing in an up class society, where people always measure everything by the social status. Although Emma claims that she will never marry and she pursuits the equality of sex, she has the obsession of hierarchy. However, Emma is just a representative of the class society in the village .(Helen, 2002, p. 67 ).So Emma is just stained by the general mood of the society, including snobbishness, selfishness, and inhosbility. From the social background of view, Emmas imperfect characters are stable and understandable, since she is the victim of the society. From the analysis above, it is not difficult to make a conclusion that Emmas imperfect characters are caused