IBT+官方指南+OG第三版【口語】.doc

4TOEFL iBT Speakingg The format of the six TOEFL iBT Speaking questionsg How your spoken responses are evaluatedg Tips for answering each Speaking question typeg Strategies for raising your TOEFL iBT Speaking scoreRead this chapterto learnIntroduction to the Speaking SectionThe TOEFL iBT Speaking section is designed to evaluate the English speaking proficiency of students whose native language is not English but who want to pursue undergraduate or graduate study in an English-speaking context. Like all the other sections of the TOEFL iBT, the Speaking section is delivered via com- puter.In the Speaking section you will be asked to speak on a variety of topics that draw on personal experience, campus-based situations, and academic-type con- tent material. There are six questions. The first two questions are called Independent Speaking Tasks because they require you to draw entirely on your own ideas, opinions, and experiences when responding. The other four questions are Integrated Speaking Tasks. In these tasks you will listen to a conversation or to an excerpt from a lecture, or read a passage and then listen to a brief dis- cussion or lecture excerpt, before you are asked the question. These questions are called Integrated Tasks because they require that you integrate your English- language skillslistening and speaking, or listening, reading, and speaking. In responding to these questions, you will be asked to base your spoken response on the information in the listening passage or on both the listening passage and thereading passage together. Ti pFor all the questions in the test you are given between 45 to 60 seconds to respond. So when practicing, time your speech accordingly.The Speaking section takes approximately 20 minutes. Response time allowed for each question ranges from 45 to 60 seconds. For Speaking questions that involve listening, you will hear short spoken passages or conversations on head- phones. For Speaking questions that involve reading, you will read short written passages on your computer screen. You can take notes throughout the Speaking165TOEFL iBT Speakingsection and use your notes when responding to the Speaking questions. For each of the six questions, you will be given a short time to prepare a response. You will answer each of the questions by speaking into a microphone. Your responses will be recorded and sent to a scoring center, and they will be scored by experienced raters. Ti pFamiliarize yourself with the scoring rubric. It will help you understand how responses are evaluated.Your responses will be scored holistically. This means that the rater will listen for various features in your response and assign a single score based on the over- all skill you display in your answer. Although scoring criteria vary somewhat depending on the question, the raters will generally be listening for the following features in your answer:bDelivery: How clear your speech is. Good responses are those in which the speech is fluid and clear, with good pronunciation, natural pacing, and natural-sounding intonation patterns.b Language Use: How effectively you use grammar and vocabulary to convey your ideas. Raters will be listening for how well you can control both basic and more complex language structures and use appropriate vocabulary.bTopic Development: How fully you answer the question and how coher- ently you present your ideas. Good responses generally use all or most of the time allotted, and the relationship between ideas and the progression from one idea to the next is clear and easy to follow.It is important to note that raters do not expect your response to be perfect, and high scoring responses may contain occasional errors and minor lapses in any of the three areas described above.Use the sample Independent and Integrated Speaking rubrics on pages 187 to190 to see how responses are scored.Speaking Question TypesIndependent: Questions 1 and 2Question 1For this task, you will be asked to speak about a person, place, object, or event that is familiar to you. You will be given 45 seconds to speak your response. The topics for this question will vary, but you will always be asked to base your response on personal experience or a familiar topic. You might, for example, be asked about a place you like to visit, an important event in your life, a person who influenced you, or an activity that you enjoy.166TOEFL iBT SpeakingTipMake a list of familiar topics, and practice speaking about them. You may want to begin by describing a familiar place or recounting a personal experience.This question will always ask you both to describe something (for example, an important event, a favorite activity, an influential person) and to give reasons to explain why the event was important, why the activity is one of your favorites, how the person influenced you, etc. Be sure to respond to all parts of the ques- tion. Your response should include specific details and/or examples because they will make your description informative and your reasons comprehensible.TipWhen giving descriptions, try to avoid presenting long lists since this will reduce the time you have available to elaborate on the rest of your response.After you are presented with the question, you will have 15 seconds to prepare an answer. You may want to jot down a few brief notes about what you will want to say, but you should not try to write out a full and complete answer. There will not be enough time for you to do that, and raters want to know how well you can speak in response to a question, not how well you can read aloud from something you have written. If you do jot down notes during the preparation time, you should not rely on them too much in giving your answer.The question will be read aloud by a narrator and will remain on the screenthroughout the time you are giving your response.ExampleThe following example shows how a question of this type will appear on your computer screen.1. Choose a teacher you admire and explain why you admire him or her. Please include specific examples and details in your explanation.Preparation Time: 15 SecondsResponse Time: 45 SecondsYou will be told when to begin to prepare your response and when to begin speaking. After the question is read, a “Preparation Time” clock will appear below the question and begin to count down from 15 seconds (00:00:15). At the end of15 seconds you will hear a short beep. After the beep, the clock will change to read “Response Time” and will begin to count down from 45 seconds (00:00:45). When the response time has ended, recording will stop and a new screen willappear alerting you that the response time has ended.167TOEFL iBT Speaking168 Ti pRecord your own voice to make sure that your pronunciation and fluency of speech are clear. Then take the recording to an English teacher or tutor who can evaluate your response using the TOEFL iBT Speaking rubric.To answer a question like the one above, you would probably begin by briefly identifying the teacher you are going to speak aboutnot necessarily by name, of course, but by giving just enough relevant information so that someone listening to your response can make sense of your explanation. For example, what subject did the teacher teach? How old were you when you had him or her as a teacher? After briefly describing the teacher in whatever way is useful, you could then pro- ceed to explain what it was about the teacher that made you admire him or her. Perhaps it was something specific that he or she did. If so, you should describe what the teacher did and provide details that illustrate why the action was admirable. Maybe the teacher displayed a special personal quality or had a special character trait. If so, you would want to describe it and give details that provide evidence of itoccasions when you noticed it, the effect it had on you, and so forth. There are many, many ways to answer this question, and of course there is no “right” or “wrong” answer. The important thing, if you were to receive this particular question, is that you communicate enough information about the person to help the rater understand why you find that person admirable.Question 2In this second Independent Speaking Task, you will be presented with two possi- ble actions, situations, or opinions. Then you will be asked to say which of the actions or situations you think is preferable or which opinion you think is more justified and then explain your choice by providing reasons and details. As with question 1, you will have 45 seconds to give your response.Topics for this question include everyday issues of general interest to a stu- dent. You may be asked, for example, whether you think it is better to study at home or at the library, or whether you think students should take courses from a wide variety of fields or else focus on a single subject area, or whether first-year college students should be required to live in the dormitory or be allowed to live off campus in apartments of their own. You could also be presented with two opposing opinions about a familiar topicfor example, about whether or not television has been a benefit to humanityand you would then be asked which of the two opinions you agree with.This question will always ask you to state what your choice or preference or opinion is and to explain whyin other words, to support your answer with rea- sons, explanations, details, and/or examples. It is important that you respond to all parts of the question, and that you are clear about what your opinion is and give reasons that will communicate why you have made the choice you did. It does not matter which of the two actions, situations, or opinions you choose, and, as with Question 1, there is no “right” or “wrong” answer. Your response will be rated not on which of the alternatives you choose, but rather on how well you explain your choice by supporting it with reasons and details.TOEFL iBT SpeakingTipOne good exercise would be to state an opinion or a preference and then present supporting reasons clearly and with detail.Like Question 1, this question will appear on your computer screen and be read aloud at the same time by the narrator, and you will be given 15 seconds to prepare an answer. You should use this time to think about what you want to say, organize your thoughts, and jot down some notes if you feel this will be helpful. But remember, you should not try to write out a full answerjust a few words or phrases that may help remind you of the direction you want to take in giving your response.TipStudy and practice words and expressions commonly used to express opinions, such as:In my opinion . . .I believe . . .ExampleThe following example shows how a question of this type will appear on your computer screen.2. Some students study for classes individually. Others study in groups. Which method of studying do you think is better for students and why?Preparation Time: 15 SecondsResponse Time: 45 SecondsAfter you hear the question, you will be told when to begin to prepare your response and when to begin speaking. As with question 1, a “Preparation Time” clock will appear below the question and begin to count down from 15 seconds (00:00:15). At the end of 15 seconds you will hear a short beep. After the beep, the clock will change to read “Response Time” and will begin to count down from 45 seconds (00:00:45). When the response time has ended, recording will stop and a new screen will appear alerting you that the response time has ended.In answering a question like this one, it is important that you begin by clearly stating what your opinion is: do you think it is better for students to study for classes individually, or do you think it is better for them to study in groups? If you do not begin by stating your opinion, it may be difficult for someone listen- ing to your response to understand your reasons for holding that opinion. As for the reasons you give in support of your opinion, they can vary widely and may be based on your own experience and observations. For example, if the position you169take is that it is better for students to study alone, you might say that when stu- dents meet to study in groups, they often waste time discussing matters that have nothing to do with their class work. You might continue this explanation by con- trasting the inefficiency of studying in a group with the kind of productivity a stu- dent can achieve when studying alone. If you have personal experiences that help illustrate your point, you might want to include them in your explanation. If so, you should be clear about how they illustrate your point. Or perhaps you want to take the opposite position, that it is better for students to study in groups. In that case, you would explain the advantages of group study and the disadvantages of studying alone. Perhaps you think that the more capable students can help the less capable students when students study together. Or perhaps you have found that students who study in groups often share each others lecture notes, and this way they can make sure everyone understands all the material that has been cov- ered in a course. There are many good reasons for either choice. In fact, it may be your opinion that in some cases it is better to study in groups and in other cases it is better to study alone. If that is the opinion you would like to express, you should explainwith reasons, examples, and/or specific detailswhy group study is better in some cases and individual study is better in others. Here again, there is no “right” or “wrong” answer to a question like this. The important thing is to clearly communicate to the person who will be listening to your response what your opinion is and explain the reasons you have for holding it.TOEFL iBT Speaking170 Ti pPractice making a recommendation and explaining why it is your preferred course of action.Integrated Listening/Reading/Speaking: Questions 3 and 4Question 3Question 3 is the first of the four Integrated Tasks in the Speaking section. For this question, you will read a short reading passage on your computer screen about a topic of campus-related interest. You will then listen to two people (or in some cases, one person) discussing that topic and expressing an opinion about the topic from the reading. Then you will be asked a question based on what you have read and what you have heard. You will have 60 seconds to speak your response. The general areas from which these topics are typically drawn include university policies, rules or procedures; university plans; campus facilities, or quality of life on campus. The topics are designed to be accessible to all test takers and will be presented to you in a way that does not require that you have prior firsthand experience of college or university life in North America.The reading passage could take various forms. For example, it could be a bul- letin from the administration of a university regarding a new parking rule, or a letter to the editor of a campus newspaper responding to a new university policy restricting the use of radios in dormitory rooms, or an article from the campus newspaper discussing a proposal to build a new football stadium. In addition toTOEFL iBT Speakingdescribing the proposal, the reading passage will usually present two reasons either for or against the proposal. The reading passage is brief, usually between75 and 100 words long. You will be given sufficient time to read the passage.In the dialogue (or monologue) that will be played after you have read the reading passage, you will hear one or two speakersusually studentsspeaking about the same article (or letter or announcement) that you have just read. If there are two speakers, one of them will have a strong opinion about the proposed changeeither in favor of it or against itand will give reasons to support that opinion. The discussion is brief and typically lasts between 60 and 80 seconds.After you have read the passage and then listened to the discussion, you will be asked a question about what you have read and heard. For example, there may be a reading passage that describes plans to make a new university rule and a conversation in which a professor and a student are discussing the rule. If in the conversation the student thinks the new rule is a bad idea, you would be asked to state what the students opinion is and to explain the reasons the student gives for holding that opinion using information from both the reading and the listening.This task tests your ability to integrate information from two sourcesthe reading passage and the listeningand