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1、The Study on the Functional Grammar Analysis of English Recipe of Fried Rice with Chicken, Ham and ShrimpAbstract ： In recently years ， Chinese culinary culture has a good reputation at home and abroad for its long history and delicious food. As we all known ， recipe plays a fetal role in cultural t

2、ransmission. In order to promote more delicious food to overseas， our recipe language needs to be more precise and standard. In this paper， by analyzing the characters of recipe language on the aspect of functional grammar ， the writer hopes to help translate good Chinese recipe to promote the culin

3、ary culture communication between China and western countries.Key Words： English recipes discourse analysis systemic functional grammar nominalizationIntroductionCooking is becoming a more and more important part in human being lisfe ， recipes are used widely in most families nowadays. Recipes refer

4、 to the method of some dishes. We can learn how to cook dishes from a recipe. Therefore the character of recipe language is easily understood. With the analysis， people can understand the recipes completely and supply the further improvement with some evidence.Since the 1960s， Halliday ， the Profess

5、or of linguistics ， develops a systematic and comprehensive theory of language， called “ Syste-mFuicnctional Grammar （ SFG） ”， and publishes his book “ AnIntroduction to Functional Grammar”in 1985 and 1994. Many scholars also published a number of books and papers on systemic grammar. The research o

6、f Systemic Functional Grammar begins in 1970s and become popular in the late 1980s.Halliday thinks all the more specific functions can be assigned to one or other of the 3 broad functions ， and hence we refer to these broad functions as metafunctions. The thesis is mainly based on the metafunctions

7、， so they will be discussed in detail in the following section.1. Discourse analysisIn 1952， Zellings. Harriss， the structuralists ， reported the article “ DiscourseAnalysis ”in the magazine “ Language ”In . the last 50 years， a lot of scholars make some efforts to this subject and gain some achieve

8、ments. From the document ， discourse analysis involves linguistics ， semiotics ， psychology ， anthropology ， sociology ， literature ， information science and so on ， and gradually forms the knowledge studying language-in-use in the communication.“ Discourse analysis is the study of how sentences in

9、spoken and written language form larger meaningful units such paragraphs， conversations ， interview ， etc. For example ， discourse analysis deals with （a） how the choice of articles， pronouns， and tenses affects the structure of the discourse. （b） The relationship between utterances in a discourse.

10、（c） The moves made by speakers to introduce a new topic ， change the topic ， or assert a higher role relationship to the other participants. ” “ Discourseanalysis emphasizes that language is not merely a self-contained system of symbols but more importantly a mode of doing ， being ， and becoming. Di

11、scourse analysis seeks to describe and explain linguistic phenomena in terms of the affective ， cognitive ， situational ， and cultural contexts of their use and to identify linguistic resources through which we construct our life （our identity ， belief ， ideology ， and so forth ） . Essentially ， it

12、asks why we use language the way we do and how we live lives linguistically. Discourse analysis insists on the use of naturally occurring language date （ as opposed to invented data） ” .Generally speaking ， discourse analysis is a developing and non-qualitative subject ， which has neither the guidan

13、ce of aspecific theory nor generally recognized analysis ways and steps. Schiffirn ， American discourse analyst ， introduces six methods using in the discourse analysis ： speech act theory， international sociologist ， and the ethnography of communication ， pragmatics ， conversation analysis ， and va

14、riation analysis. M.A.K.Halliday in his book “An introduction to Functional Grammar” holds that“ T(heoaf iSmFG ) has been to construct agrammar for purposes of text analysis： one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text ， spoken or written ， in modern English.” 11

15、.1 Purpose of discourse analysisSFG construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis ， so most of scholars insist that it is more suitable for discourse analysis than any other theories. The discourse analysis guiding by SFG is called as “ Functional discourse analysis ”Fu.nctional discourse analys

16、is is the explanatory activity ； its purpose is to explain why the text expresses the meaning. Halliday and Hasan hold that the purpose of the text analysis is explanation not interpretation. For a text， the purpose of “ interpretation is to”understand what the meaning of the text is， but the purpos

17、e of “ explanation is ”to make clear that how the text expresses its meaning. According to the author usnderstanding ， the explanatory activity includes interpretive activity ， because before explaining how a text expresses its meaning， people will know what the meaning of a text is.The purpose of f

18、unctional discourse analysis is to evaluate the text. Before evaluating a text ， discourse analysis must study the text from“What is the meaning of the？te”xt “How does thetext express the meaning ？ ” “ Why does the text express the meaning ？” In all ， the purpose of discourse analysis is explanatory

19、 activity to evaluate the text.1.2 Levels of discourse analysisIn “ An Introduction to Functional Grammar”， Halliday holds “In any piece of discourse anlyasis ， there are always two possible levels of achievement to aim at. One is a contribution to the understanding of the text ： the linguistic anal

20、ysis enables one to show how and why ， the text means what it does. In the process， there are likely to be revealed multiple meanings ， alternatives， ambiguities ， metaphors and so on.” 2 Tha，t isthe low level is the activity of describing and explaining the text. “It is one that should always be at

21、tainable provided features of the language-provided it is based on a grammar ， in other words. Another level is the evaluation of the text ：“the linguistic analysis may enable one to say why the text is， or is not， an effective text for its own purposed-in what respects it succeeds and in what respe

22、cts it fails， or is less successful.”According to Huang Guowen ， SFG is more suitable for analyzing the text. It is because SFG is the text grammar. It is because grammar is to describe the usage of language ， that is， the way to say and understand the meaning of the text clearly. It is because SFG

23、describe the systemic network of the three metafunction clearly.The following is the description of SFG， and why it can guide discourse analysis.1.3 Analyzing the discourse of the recipeRegister， as defined by Halliday ( Haliday and Hasan， 1985/89 ) ， is variation according to use； that is， we typic

24、ally use certain recognizable configurations of linguistic resources in certain contexts. There are three main dimensions of variation which characterize any register： what is being talked about( this is called the field)； the people involved in the communication and the relationship between them (

25、the tenor)； and how the language is functioning in the interaction ： for example， whether it is written or spoken(the mode). The fact that there are three areas is not accidental ， since each of them corresponds to one of the metafunctions ： the field mainly determines， and is reflected in ， the exp

26、eriential meanings that are expressed； the tenor mainly determines ， and is reflected in ， the interpersonal meanings ； and the mode mainly determines ， and is reflected in ， the textual meaning.Now back to this recipe ， the field of the recipe is the cooking method of Fried Rice with Chicken ， Ham

27、and Shrimp ， and the process of cooking from the beginning of the preparation of ingredients ， finishing the cooking to enjoying the dish. The tenor of the recipe is the person who knows how to cook Fried Rice with Chicken ， Ham and Shrimp. He or she can teach who know nothing with cooking and their

28、 relationship is teacher and student or teaching and learning. The mode of the recipe is oral explaining. Thus the speaker needs to choose easily understanding language to introduce the learners how to cook.2. Interpersonal Metafunction of the recipeInteraction is an important part of the language u

29、sage ， we need to communicate with others in daily life. Hence communication is one of the most important functions of language， which is called interpersonal metafunction. The basic aim of any communication among people is giving and demanding commodity. Consequently ， one basic aim of language is

30、offering and receiving information. In the same way ， as a recipe， the basic aim of its language is to offer information ， which is the cooking method to its readers.In the recipe ， we can find in Ingredients ， all ingredients are made up of quantity and nominal phrase. For example ， 2 bowls + cooke

31、d rice ， 1 tsp + sesame oil， 1/2 tsp + salt， 2 tbsp +light soy sauce ， 1 tsp + minced farlic ， 100g + frozen peas ， 100g + chopped chicken ， ham ， shrimps or crabsticks. Usually ， there is no adjective to modify the color or shape ofthese nominal phrases. According to recipe language s interpersonal

32、 metafunction ， we know the aim of recipe is to offer reader some informations ： how to cook the food. Therefore ， the language needs to be concise， legible rather than elegant and graceful like a literary language. The format“ quantity + nominphrase ” of recipe language can make the reader grasp th

33、e quantity of ingredients precisely.“”“II ”“丄”“ cookedrice ，” “ mincedgarlic ，” “ frozenpetit pois ”， “ choppedchicken ，” these nominal phrases respectively express material process “ cook th，e r“icemince”the garlic， “ f”roze the peti pois ，” “ chopthe chicken ”Th.e difference between clause and nom

34、inal phrase is the former can be accepted or not by reader， but the latter make the process “ fossilized Th”e .verbs express relationships between the nominals rather than dynamic action. Just like the example in recipe ， if we replace these nominal phrases with clauses ， the reader may decide wheth

35、er to follow all the steps， or maybe they choose to omit some steps. This character of language in recipe makes the reader follow the direction step by step.3. Material process of the recipeLanguage can be used to represent people bsehaves， thoughts and communications. And we can call this function

36、experiential metafunction. According to different properties of described activities and events ， Halliday divides that transitivity into six processes： material process ， mental process ， relational process， behavioral process， verbal process and existential process. Material process refers to any

37、movement of the behavior， such as running ， throwing ， scratching ， cooking ， sitting down and so on. The doer is called by actor and the affected one by the action is called goal. For that reason ， it s not hard for use to understand material process exists the most in language. Because the recipes function is to teach the reader