心理學專業(yè)英語

1、Milgrams study of obedience,1.AIM 2. PROCEDURE 3.APPARATUS 3.THE SUBJECTS 4.VOCAL FEEDBACK CONDITION 5.THE EXPERIMENTER 6.THE LEARNER 7.RESULTS,AIM,To investigate how far people will go in obeying an authority figure. 目的是研究多少人會服從一個權(quán)威人士,PROCEDURE,Subjects were led to believe that the experiment was i

2、nvestigating the effects of punishment on learning . The subjects were tested one at a time and were always given the role of teacher (through a fixed lottery). 被試被引導著相信這個實驗是研究懲罰對學習的影響。被試進行了一次測試而且會永遠得到老師這個角色。（通過抽簽的方式,The subject saw his apparent co-subject (in reality an actor) strapped into a chair

3、 with electrodes attached to him ,since he was to be the learner . The subject (teacher) was told the shocks would cause no permanent tissue damage and was given a trial shock of 45volts. Strap: 捆綁 Trial： 實驗的 被試看到這個表面上的同伴被試（實際上是個演員）被捆綁到椅子上，并且把電極粘貼到他身上。因為他要扮演的是“學生”。 被試（“老師”）被告知這個電擊不會造成永久性的組織損傷而且得到一個4

4、5伏的試驗電擊,The subject then started the experiment in the shock generator room next door by testing the learner over an intercom ,and was told by the experimenter (the authority figure) to administer increasing levels of electric shock for each wrong answer (which the actor gave often) . Intercom：內(nèi)部通信聯(lián)

5、絡(luò)系統(tǒng) 被試在裝有電擊設(shè)置的房間開始實驗，另一間房通過內(nèi)部聯(lián)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)測試學生，并且由實驗者（權(quán)威人士）告訴被試每出現(xiàn)一個錯誤答案（由演員給出）要去實施增加的電擊強度,The experiment finished when either the subject refused to continue (disobeyed the experimenters request) ,or had reached the maximum shock on the scale (450 volts).The subject was then fully debriefed as to the real n

6、ature of the experiment ,re-introduced to the learner in a friendly way and reassured that no damage had been done since the learner had not really received any shocks at all ! 當被試拒絕繼續(xù)（不在服從實驗者的要求）或已經(jīng)達到了最大電擊幅度（450伏）時，實驗就完成了。被試隨后會接受一個充分的解釋，例如實驗的真正本質(zhì)，重新以友好的方式介紹學生而且寬慰他們沒有做過任何傷害因為學生從來沒有受到任何的電擊,In the bas

7、ic set-up of the experiment the subject received feedback reactions from the learner he was electrocutingonly by a thump on the wall at 300 volts followed by no further reply, but in a later condition vocal feedback was given (this was standardised by the use of a tape recoding ). Feedback：反饋 在這個實驗的

8、基本裝置中，被試會從學生那里獲得一個他在遭受300伏電擊時撞擊墻然后不再有進一步的反應(yīng)的反饋，但是隨后又會獲得聲音反饋（這通過錄音機的使用使其標準化,Milgram decided to conduct many variations of the study to determine the key factors that were responsible for the obedience. 米爾格蘭姆決定去實施許多不同的研究來確定決定服從的關(guān)鍵因素,APPARATUS,Two rooms in the Yale Interaction Laboratory were used - on

9、e for the learner containing an electric chair and an answering device,the other for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator. 實驗在耶魯大學的互動實驗室中的兩個房間進行。一個是為學生準備的，包括一個“電擊椅”和一個回答裝置，另外一個是為老師和實驗者準備的，這里有一個可以實施電擊的發(fā)電機,The generator did not actually give shocks to the learner,and was used

10、to measure the dependent variable of obedience.It was a convincing machine with a row of 30 witches that ranged from 15 volts to 450 volts in increments of 15 volts,and was marked with descriptive terms of the shock effects-ranging from slight shock through to Danger:severe shock and xxx. Increment:

11、增量 Descriptive：描述性的 發(fā)電機不會真的對學生產(chǎn)生電擊，這只是被用作測試服從的因變量。這是一個令人信服的機器，它有30個按鈕，最低從15伏開始，每個按鈕的電極以15伏為單位遞增直到450伏，而且被標記上描述性的術(shù)語：電機等級從輕微電擊到危險：嚴重點擊和xxx,THE SUBJECTS,They were 40 males between the ages of 20 and 50 from a range of occupations,and were drawn from the New Haven area. They were obtained by newspaper a

12、ds for participation in a study of learning at Yale University and were paid 4.50 just for turning up. 他們是年齡在20-50歲之間的從事不同職業(yè)的40名男性，住在美國紐黑文地區(qū)。他們是看到了一份尋求志愿者來耶魯大學進行記憶力和學習方法的研究，參加者可獲每小時4美元的廣告而到來的,VOCAL FEEDBACK CONDITION,At 75 volts moans/groans. At 150 volts requests to be excused from the experiment A

13、t 195 volts yelled let me out ! My hearts bothering me At 285 volts agonised scream At 300 volts kicked the wall and begged to be released. At 315 volts no further responses 75伏 呻吟 150伏 要求停止實驗 195伏 大喊：放我出去！我心臟受不了了 285伏 掙扎 尖叫 300伏 撞墻 請求被釋放 315伏 沒有進一步反應(yīng),THE EXPERIMENTER,He was 31 years old,dressed in

14、a grey laboratory coat,and appeared somewhat stern and impassive through the experiment. If at any point the subject showed reluctance to administer the shock,he would command them to continue with standardised prompts ranging from please continue to You have no other choice,you must go on. Reluctan

15、ce：不情愿，勉強 Prompt：提示性語言 他31歲了，穿著灰色的實驗服，整個實驗過程顯得有些嚴厲和冷漠。如果在任何時候被試表現(xiàn)出拒絕執(zhí)行電擊，他會命令他們繼續(xù)，并且是使用標準化的提示語，從請繼續(xù)到你沒有選擇，必須繼續(xù),THE LEARNER,An actor was required to play the role of the learner - an lrish-American,47 year old accountant who appeared mild-mannered and likeable. 一個演員被要求扮演學生的角色，是個愛爾蘭人。他是個會計師，47歲，看起來很溫和

16、而且招人喜歡,RESULTS,Levels of obedience expected Psychology students and professional colleagues were asked what percentage of subjects would administer the highest degree of shock (450 volts)-the answers ranged from 1 to 3,with a mean of 1.2 預(yù)期的服從水平 心理學的學生和專業(yè)的大學生被問到被試會執(zhí)行450伏這個最大電擊強度的人數(shù)百分比時，他們的答案在一到三之間，平

17、均是1.2,Subjects realisation of shock effects,In the post-experimental interview the subjects were asked “How painful to the learner were the last few shocks that you administered to him?”.The mean response was 13.42 out of 14-extremely painful on the scale. 被試實施的電擊反應(yīng) 在后來的實驗采訪中，被試被問到“你實施的最后幾個電擊對學生產(chǎn)生多大

18、的痛苦？”平均的反應(yīng)是13.42不到14在極端痛苦這個強度上,Behavioural reactions to the study,In a large number of cases , the degree of tension reached extremes that are rarely seen in sociopsychological laboratory studies .Subjects were observed to sweat ,tremble,stutter,bite their lips,groan and dig their fingers into their

19、 flesh.These were characteristic rather than exceptional responses to the experiment. 研究的行為反應(yīng) 在大量的案例中，緊張達到極大程度的情況很少在社會心理學實驗室研究中出現(xiàn)。被試被觀察到出現(xiàn)出汗，顫抖，結(jié)巴，咬嘴唇，呻吟，手指甲都抓到肉里面去。這些特點在實驗中不是例外而是典型,One sign of tension was the regular occurrence of nervous laughing fits.Full-blown,uncontrollable seizures were observ

20、ed for 3 subjects.On one occasion ,we observed a fit so violently convulsive that it was necessary to call a halt to the experiment. Seizure：癲癇 Convulsive:抽搐 緊張的另一個信號是幾陣緊張的笑聲的有規(guī)律的出現(xiàn)。三個被試出現(xiàn)了全面的，不受控制的癲癇癥狀。有時，我們觀察到非常激烈的抽搐以至于不得不停止實驗,In the post experimental interviews,subjects took pains to point out th

21、at they were not sadistic types,and that the laughter did not mean they enjoyed shocking the victim.Milgram(1963). 在后來的實驗采訪中，被試就傷害來說他們并不是虐待狂，而且笑聲并不意味著他們享受電擊受害人的過程,The percentages of those who continued to the maximum shock level,65% Remote victim condition. The victim in a separate room and no feedb

22、ack until a bang on the wall at 300 volts.No subject stopped before 300 volts. 繼續(xù)執(zhí)行最大強度電擊的人數(shù)百分比： 65%受害者遠離條件：受害者在獨立的房間，而且沒有反饋直到達到300伏時出現(xiàn)撞墻的聲音。在達到300伏前，沒有被試停止,62.5% Vocal feedback condition. With the verbal protestations,screams,wall pounding,and ominous silence after 300 volts .Only a few stopped bef

23、ore 300 volts. 62.5%雨聲反饋條件：有口頭的抗議，尖叫，撞擊還有在300伏之后的不祥的沉默。只有一少部分人在300伏之前停止,92.5% Two teacher condition.The subject was paired with another teacher (a confederate) who actually delivered the shocks while the teacher only read out the words. 92.5% 兩教師條件：被試和另一個老師（一個同伙）一組，老師只說話，被試負責執(zhí)行電擊,47.5% Shift of setting condition . The experiment was moved to a set of run down offices rather than the impressive Yale University . 47.5% 設(shè)定條件的轉(zhuǎn)換：這個實驗在一套破舊的辦公室進行而不是在著名的耶魯大學,40% Proximity condition. Learner moved into the same room so the teacher coul