移栽水稻幼苗機(jī)制和發(fā)展外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯

1、 原文2：Development of a mechanism for transplanting rice seedlings譯文2：移栽水稻幼苗機(jī)制和發(fā)展原文2：Transplanting of seedlings is a labor intensive operation in the cultivation of rice. It is also a skilled job and involves working with a stooping posture in a puddled field. There exists a need to mechanize this ope

2、ration. For this purpose the design of a mechanism was carried out following the method of analytical synthesis. A planar four-bar linkage with coupler extension was selected as the basic design. The path generated by the mechanism was plotted on a computer screen. By varying the dimensions of vario

3、us links in the mechanism different paths of output motion of the coupler point were obtained. The potential link dimensions were identified based on the suitability of the path for picking, conveying and planting of seedlings as well as the return motion. A four-row self-propelled transplanter usin

4、g the above mechanism and an optimized-planting finger was then developed and tested. The machine transplanting system was found to be technically viable.India is predominantly an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. It produces about 80 million tons rice annually, which is a

5、bout 22% of the world rice production.Culturally, transplanting of young seedlings of 2035 days age in water-inundated field is preferred over direct seeding. The former leads to better yield due to better crop management practices that are possible in a transplanted crop. The operation of transplan

6、ting requires large amount of manpower (about 400 man-hour/ha) and the task is very laborious involving working in a stooping posture and moving in muddy field. Hence, this is considered as an activity that needs mechanization. Mechanization of transplanting facilitates mechanization of subsequent a

7、ctivities also in the production of the crop. The machines that are already successful in Japan and Korea could not be adopted in India because of economic cost constraints and due to the prevailing cultural practices of this country.Design of planting mechanisms used in power operated transplanters

8、.Anon. states that most of the planting devices of power operated transplanters can be classified as crank and rocker mechanisms of four-bar linkage. A planting finger, which is a part of the coupler link of the mechanism, separates the seedlings from the seedling tray and places them in the soil. T

9、he curve traced by the planting finger may have an influence on the stability of the planted seedlings. The kinematic analysis of the planting mechanisms is considered essential for an understanding of its operation and its further improvements.Design of mechanismErdman and Sandor state most mechani

10、sm tasks require a single input to be transferred to a single output. Therefore, single-degree-of-freedom mechanisms are the forms used most frequently.Shigley states that Grublers criterion is concerned with the numbe r of links in the mechanism and with the numbe r and kinds of kinematic pairs. It

11、 can be used for determining the degree of freedom of a mechanism. Erdman and Sandor state that analysis techniques can be used to replace costly and time consuming building and testing of physical prototypes in a trial and error design process. Analysis techniques generally form a basic part of mos

12、t synthesis methods. Norton states that the four-bar linkage should be among the first solutions to motion control problems to be investigated. The fewest parts that can do the job will usually give the least expensive and most reliable solution. Norton states that the Grashof condition can be used

13、as a very simple relationship, which predicts the behavior of a four-bar linkage, based on the link lengths. Zimmerman states that a four-bar mechanism is physically impossible if one of the links has a length greater than the sum of the other three. Hirschhorn states that in a four-bar linkage dist

14、inct types of mechanisms could be obtained by inversion. A crank-rocker mechanism is obtained by fixing one of the two links paired with the shortest link. Paul suggested that NewtonRaphson method could used be used to solve the non-linear equations developed for solving the four-bar linkage positio

15、n problem. Zimmerman states that one basic mechanism design problem for which the four-bar chain can provide solutions is that of finding a point of the coupler of a four-bar mechanism, which describes a path closely approximating the desired one.In a mechanical transplanter the finger follow a desi

16、red path of motion. A planar four-bar linkage with all revolute pairs is chosen, as this is very simple, a mechanism made of that may be E. Vareed Thomas / Mechanism and Machine Theory37 (2002) 395410 397 easy to maintain and may cost less to manufacture. The input motion is applied to the crank so

17、that the motion is continuous and rotary. The output motion follow a suitable path in order to meet the requirements of a transplanter specified below. The mechanism should have one degree of freedom and a coupler point that is capable of making a loop may be incorporated. The planting finger will b

18、e attached at the coupler point.The dimensions of four links in the four-bar loop, orientation of the fixed link, length of the coupler extension and orientation angle of the coupler extension are to be decided for the design.Since these values could not be synthesized directly it was decided to exa

19、mine various trial values for the above parameters and study the suitability of the path generated by such mechanism for the purpose of transplanting. The above parameters were changed systematically using arbitrarily set ranges. During the present investigation around 0.23 million linkage designs w

20、ere examined.The choices of link dimensions were made following a method of analysis and selection. The link dimensions were varied as stated above. The path of motion of the transplanting finger point was calculated and displayed on a computer screen for every trial value of link dimensions.Initial

21、ly, link dimensions which met the output motion requirements as stated in Section 2.1 were selected. Details are given in Section 2.4. In order to study the linkage design further and to bring out paths that may be better, small ranges of link dimensions were set around the above selected design val

22、ues. The path of finger point motion was again examined keeping in mind the requirements stated earlier. Out of several designs, one, which would likely give the best path, was selected. Thus, analysis and selection formed the main strategy in the design procedure.Initially the forward travel speed

23、of the transplanting machine was neglected since this was small in comparison to the speed of the planting finger (Stage 1 of design). The angle of the fixed 398 E. Vareed Thomas / Mechanism and Machine Theory37 (2002) 395410 link was also assumed to be zero. After arriving at an approximate design

24、these values were also varied in Stage 2. Finally, the shape of the coupler extension link was also designed such that it moves without interference with other members of the machine .作者：Edathiparambil Vareed Thomas出處：Department of Agricultural & Food Engineering, IIT, Kharagpur 721092,India;Receive

25、d 29 March 2000; accepted 13 September 2001譯文2：在種植水稻的時候移植苗是一個密集型勞動的操作。它也是一個熟練的工作,涉及到使用一個彎腰的姿勢。便需要一個需要機(jī)械化這個操作。為此設(shè)計一個機(jī)制進(jìn)行分析綜合的方法后。一個平面四桿機(jī)構(gòu)連桿與耦合器擴(kuò)展被選為基本設(shè)計。路徑生成的機(jī)制是繪制在計算機(jī)屏幕上。通過改變尺寸的各種鏈接機(jī)制不同的路徑的輸出運(yùn)動的耦合器點(diǎn)了。潛在的關(guān)聯(lián)尺寸確定了基于適度性的路徑選擇、輸送和種植的樹苗以及返回運(yùn)動。一列4行的自行式插秧機(jī)使用上述機(jī)制和優(yōu)化種植的手指是那么的開發(fā)和測試。這臺機(jī)器移植系統(tǒng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)技術(shù)上可行。印度是一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國,水稻

26、是主要糧食作物之一。它每年生產(chǎn)大約8000萬噸大米,這是大約是世界水稻生產(chǎn)22%的。在文化上,移栽苗的年輕的年齡20 - 35天是優(yōu)于直接播種。前者導(dǎo)致更好的產(chǎn)量，由于更好的作物管理措施,有可能在一個移植的作物。移植的操作需要大量的人力(約400工時/公頃)和任務(wù)，是非常艱苦的工作，在一個涉及彎腰的姿勢和移動在泥濘的田地。因此,這被認(rèn)為是一個活動,需要機(jī)械化。機(jī)械化移栽機(jī)械化促進(jìn)后續(xù)活動也在生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)作物。機(jī)器已經(jīng)成功的在日本和韓國在印度不能采用,因為經(jīng)濟(jì)成本約束,由于這個國家的主流文化實踐。設(shè)計種植機(jī)制用于電力移栽機(jī)操作。不久,大多數(shù)州的移栽機(jī)種植設(shè)備操作可以分為曲柄搖桿機(jī)制的四連桿機(jī)構(gòu)。一個

27、種植的機(jī)構(gòu),這是一個部分的耦合器連接的機(jī)理,分離了幼苗苗盤和將它們在土壤中。曲線跟蹤的種植的手指可能有一個影響種植幼苗的穩(wěn)定性。運(yùn)動學(xué)分析是認(rèn)為必須為種植機(jī)制理解其操作及其進(jìn)一步的改善。機(jī)制的設(shè)計。Erdman和桑德爾州大部分問題是需要一個輸入機(jī)制,可以轉(zhuǎn)移到一個輸出。因此,單自由度機(jī)制是最經(jīng)常使用的形式。Shigley州,Grubler的準(zhǔn)則是關(guān)于鏈接的數(shù)量在機(jī)制和數(shù)量和種類的運(yùn)動副。它可以用于確定自由度的一種機(jī)制。Erdman和桑德爾狀態(tài),分析技術(shù)可以用來替代昂貴和耗時的構(gòu)建和測試物理原型在審判和錯誤的設(shè)計過程。分析技術(shù)通常形成一個基本的部分大多數(shù)合成方法。諾頓州,四連桿機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該在第一個解決運(yùn)動控制問題需要研究。最少的部分,可以做這項工作通常會給最便宜、最可靠的解決方案。諾頓州,格拉曉夫條件可以作為一個非常簡單的關(guān)系,預(yù)測了四連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的