英語(yǔ)句法結(jié)構(gòu)介紹[教資材料]

1、英文的句法結(jié)構(gòu) 英語(yǔ)是一門(mén)結(jié)構(gòu)性語(yǔ)言。一個(gè)學(xué)英語(yǔ)之人在使用英語(yǔ)時(shí)必須具備三個(gè)意識(shí)，即詞形變化意識(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)意識(shí)和句子結(jié)構(gòu)意識(shí)。如果我們具備以上三意識(shí)，在平時(shí)有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行必要的訓(xùn)練，在短短幾個(gè)月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英語(yǔ)水平的。 英文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)可分兩大類(lèi)：基本結(jié)構(gòu)和特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。英文句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)1簡(jiǎn)單句的五大基本句型。英文句子是以簡(jiǎn)單句為主體。并列句是由并列連接詞連接的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句；主從復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)從屬連接詞連接的從句和一個(gè)獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成的。 英文簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型。（1）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) 。 此句型的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，常帶狀語(yǔ)。例如：The fruit shop has close

2、d. They have been singing and dancing for two hours. The plane will take off soon. They will fly to London.（2）主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)。 此句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞，后接表語(yǔ)。常用的系動(dòng)詞除be外，還有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保持）,smell, sound, taste等等。例如：The motor is out of ord

3、er. Her mother has fallen ill. The weather is getting quite hot. The roses smell sweet. Silk feels soft and smooth. The plan sound perfect.（3）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ) 此句型中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟賓語(yǔ)。例如：He studies English. The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once. We should help the disabled.（4）主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ) +

4、間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)。例如：This new way saved us much time. Could you do me a favor please? I paid him fifty yuan. He ordered (要，訂購(gòu))himself a soft drink. Mr Smith lent me his car. I found him a new textbook. Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time? The president awarded（授予）hime the first prize.（5）主

5、語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：We elected him monitor of our class. We found her rather difficult to work with. I warned him not to be late again. My father saw him steal the money. I found the galss broken. The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time. The woman caught her husband reading

6、her diary.2并列句結(jié)構(gòu) 并列句是由并列連接詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的并列連接詞有：（1）表示并列，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系and, bothand, notbut, not onlybut(also), neithernor（2）表示轉(zhuǎn)折/對(duì)比關(guān)系but, while, (and) yet, when（3）表示選擇關(guān)系or, eitheror, otherwise（4）表示結(jié)果關(guān)系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus（5）表示原因關(guān)系for3主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)。 英語(yǔ)中，從句主要有三大類(lèi)：名詞性從句、形容詞性從句及副詞性從句。下面我們分別介紹。一、名詞性從句1、名

7、詞性從句的構(gòu)成及句法特點(diǎn)名詞從句是指在完整的句子中以名詞性質(zhì)出現(xiàn)的從句成分，主要包括主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、 同位語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。 其連接代詞非為三類(lèi)：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陳述句；2)有what引出的疑問(wèn)句；3)有wh-等詞引出的疑問(wèn)句。第一類(lèi)和第三類(lèi)在引出主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以用形式主語(yǔ)it來(lái)代替。2、主語(yǔ)從句That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.地球圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)是眾所周知的事實(shí)。(= It is well-known to everybody that the eart

8、h goes around the sun.)Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此時(shí)不能用if )他來(lái)不來(lái)參加會(huì)議取決于他的老板。(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)Whoever says so is a liar. 誰(shuí)這樣說(shuō)使就在撒謊。What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)你需要的是大量的練習(xí)。What you hav

9、e said is convincing. 你所說(shuō)的令人信服。Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我們?cè)谀膬哼^(guò)夜是個(gè)問(wèn)題。(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)舉行的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)已經(jīng)確定下來(lái)了。(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games wil

10、l be held.)How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。(= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.)同時(shí)，需要注意主語(yǔ)從句的一些常見(jiàn)句型。如：It is reported that 椐報(bào)道 It must be pointed out that 必須指出的是 It is likely that 很可能的是 .;. It is

11、 a good thing that 很好的是 It happens that 碰巧的是 3、表語(yǔ)從句that引出的表語(yǔ)從句里，that可以省略；whether有時(shí)也可用來(lái)引出表語(yǔ)從句，而一般不用if，但as if卻 可以。如： My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我們需要更多的人手。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問(wèn)題是他們是否能幫我們。All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only

12、 yesterday.所有這一切過(guò)去20多年了，但似乎剛剛是昨天發(fā)生的一樣。4、同位語(yǔ)從句：名詞性從句考查的重點(diǎn)同位語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn)是由一個(gè)抽象名詞+that從句構(gòu)成，引導(dǎo)詞一般是that, 而且that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。這些抽象名詞有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)抽象名詞進(jìn)行說(shuō)明解釋。The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with jo

13、y.我們的足球隊(duì)最終擊敗了朝鮮隊(duì)的消息令球迷們歡喜若狂。The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比較-定語(yǔ)從句)令球迷們歡喜若狂的消息是從收音機(jī)里播報(bào)的。There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.有充足的證據(jù)證明該城市的犯罪率在上升。Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of

14、 light. 愛(ài)因斯坦得出的結(jié)論是宇宙中最大速度是光速。5、名詞性從句的考點(diǎn)1、考生要明確下列四個(gè)概念1)名詞從句通常由連接代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、連接副詞(when, where, how, why)和連接詞(that, if, whether)引出。 2)連接代詞和連接副詞不僅引出一個(gè)從句，而且還在從句中擔(dān)任某個(gè)語(yǔ)法成分。 3)用連接代詞和連接副詞引出的名詞從句前面不要再加that。 4)名詞從句的語(yǔ)序一律用陳述句語(yǔ)序，不能用疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序。 2、同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語(yǔ)

15、從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分(主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))，而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述先行詞的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。)(第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))The news that Tom would go abroad is tol

16、d by him.(湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。)(同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分)3、what 和that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的差別_ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. What B.That C.How D. Where 【答案】 A?！窘馕觥亢茱@然，本題是為了考查學(xué)生是否掌握了what 和that的實(shí)際含義及引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的用法差異而設(shè)定。那what 和that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)究竟有怎樣的差別呢？1) 當(dāng)what用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句(不可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句)；它本身在句中充當(dāng)

17、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。(1) what表示“所以的(事)”的意思，相當(dāng)于“the thing(s) that”、“all that”、“that which”、“everything that”等。例如：Leave it with me and Ill see what I can do. (what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并作do的賓語(yǔ)。)把它留給我，我來(lái)看看怎么做。What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 你所做的可能會(huì)給別人帶來(lái)傷害。What he said at the meeting aston

18、ished everybody present. (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 他在會(huì)上說(shuō)的令所有在場(chǎng)的人吃驚不小。What is most important in life isnt money. (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。)生活中最重要的不是錢(qián)。But wait till you see what well make for you to your own measure. (what 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 你等著看我們能給你什么補(bǔ)償。What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of

19、the world. (what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 他所想要看到的是結(jié)束世界上所有的軍隊(duì)。(2) what 表示“所的(人)”的意思，相當(dāng)于“the person that”等。例如：He is not what he used to be. (what 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作表語(yǔ)。)他已經(jīng)不是過(guò)去的他了。She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作表語(yǔ)。)她不是5年前的她了。2) that 當(dāng)that用作連接詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，that

20、 在從句中既不充當(dāng)任何成分，也無(wú)實(shí)際意義，僅起著連接句子的作用。一般不可省略(賓語(yǔ)從句除外)。若從句置于句子后面，代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。例如：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句)。令她煩惱的是頭發(fā)開(kāi)始變得花白。Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句) 在這樣一個(gè)富有的國(guó)度里竟有這么多的窮人，你相信嗎？We heard the news that our

21、team had won. (that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句)我聽(tīng)到我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句)另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是肥沃的土壤開(kāi)始慢慢流失了。But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句) 一條亙古不變的真理就是人們都應(yīng)該體貼殘疾人，而不是體貼政府。二、定語(yǔ)從句1、定語(yǔ)從句的句法特點(diǎn)及關(guān)系代詞、副詞：用來(lái)修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞(

22、有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明整個(gè)主句或主句中一部分)而起定語(yǔ)作用的句子叫作定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, that, which, as關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why 2、關(guān)系代詞的用法(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在場(chǎng)的人都哭了。(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級(jí)以及first, last, a

23、ny, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他絕不是做這種事的人。(3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that, , 作賓語(yǔ)用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. 有700萬(wàn)人參加了這次競(jìng)選

24、，其中大部分都受過(guò)良好教育。(4) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一個(gè)詞，也可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.他比賽獲勝，令他父母十分欣慰。(5) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which; 若是指集體中的各個(gè)成員，則用who。(6) 先行詞有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，關(guān)系代

25、詞應(yīng)該用that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(7) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?3、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，where 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，why充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。He came at a

26、time when we needed him most. 他在我們最需要的時(shí)候來(lái)了。Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記中華人民共和國(guó)成立的那一天。I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她學(xué)習(xí)好的原因。This is the room where he put up for the night. 這就是他渡過(guò)夜晚的那房子。另外，that可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因。that有時(shí)可以代替關(guān)系副詞 when, w

27、here 或者why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因。在that引導(dǎo)的這種定語(yǔ)從句中，that也可以省去。Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous. His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。4、限制性和非

28、限制性定語(yǔ)從句1) 定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性?xún)煞N。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的那幢房子。(限制性)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的。(非限制性)2) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，例如：

29、He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。5、As在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法1)引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句(1)as多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。(2)as 也可單獨(dú)使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作用相當(dāng)于which。例如：The elephants nose is like a s

30、nake, as anybody can see.2)As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的位置 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面.中間或后面，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。例如：As is expected, the England team won the football match.The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.6、介詞+關(guān)系代詞的用法“介詞關(guān)系代詞”是一個(gè)普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu):(1) “介詞關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句?！?/p>

31、介詞關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. 這就是我們討論的那么多的問(wèn)題。This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.這就是那位我們?cè)洪L(zhǎng)與之握手的外國(guó)客人。(2) from where為 “介詞關(guān)系副詞“ 結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例

32、如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開(kāi)。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.他最終找到了他一早上一直在找的鋼筆。三、狀語(yǔ)

33、從句1、概述狀語(yǔ)從句主要用來(lái)修飾主句或主句的謂語(yǔ)。一般可分為九大類(lèi)，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類(lèi)較多，但由于狀語(yǔ)從句與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語(yǔ)從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn)。2、狀語(yǔ)從句分類(lèi)及常用連詞： 類(lèi) 別連 詞 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句where, wherever 原因狀語(yǔ)從句because, since, as, for, now

34、that, etc. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句in order that, so that, that, etc. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句sothat, so that, suchthat, that, etc. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句if, unless, as (so) long as, etc. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc. 比較狀語(yǔ)從句asas, soas, than, etc. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句as, as if, as though, etc.3、狀語(yǔ)從句的句法功能及考點(diǎn)1) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：w

35、hen, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.直到我長(zhǎng)大成人后才認(rèn)識(shí)到我母親是多么的與眾不同

36、。While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.當(dāng)約翰在看電視的時(shí)候，他妻子在煮飯。The children ran away from the orchard (果園) the moment they saw the guard.孩子一看到守衛(wèi)立刻從果園里跑了。No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.他們剛一到家就下起雨來(lái)了。Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.每次我聽(tīng)從他的建議就會(huì)惹麻煩。2) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從

37、句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.一般說(shuō)來(lái)，工廠多的地方空氣污染就嚴(yán)重。Wherever you go, you should work hard. 無(wú)論你到哪去，都應(yīng)該好好工作。3) 原因狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, since 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, con

38、sidering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful. 我朋友不喜歡我的原因是我長(zhǎng)相英俊，事業(yè)有成。Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.既然大家都到齊了，咱們就開(kāi)會(huì)吧。The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.高額的個(gè)人所得稅有害之處就在于它打擊

39、了人們多掙錢(qián)的努力。Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.考慮到他還不到12歲，180公分的個(gè)子算是驚人。4) 目的狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with th

40、e letters so that he could sign them.老板讓秘書(shū)抓緊寫(xiě)出信件這樣他好簽字。The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 老師提高聲音目的是讓后排的學(xué)生能聽(tīng)清楚。5) 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, so that, such that, 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got

41、 up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早為的是能趕上頭班車(chē)。Its such a good chance that we must not miss it. 這是一個(gè)好機(jī)會(huì)，我們不能讓它溜走。To such a degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.他激動(dòng)得昨夜都沒(méi)睡好覺(jué)。6) 條件狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless, 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in

42、case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees. 如果總裁同意了，我們將立刻實(shí)施我們的計(jì)劃。You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定會(huì)成功。Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.如果沒(méi)人反對(duì)，我們就在那里舉行會(huì)議。7) 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, eve

43、n though特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter , in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 盡管我很尊敬他， 我卻不同意他的建議。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.即使天氣很惡劣

44、，那老人也仍然喜愛(ài)游泳。No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.不管他如何努力，她就是不改決心。He wont listen whatever you may say. 無(wú)論你說(shuō)什么他都不聽(tīng)。8) 比較狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as (同級(jí)比較), than (不同程度的比較)特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as B She is as bad-tempered

45、 as her mother. 她像她母親一樣脾氣暴躁。The house is three times as big as ours. 這房子是我們房子的三倍大。The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越鍛煉，身體就越健康。Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，猶如油之于機(jī)器。9) 方式狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。She behaved as if she

46、were the boss. 她的舉止像是個(gè)老板。Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.有時(shí)候我們教導(dǎo)孩子就像父母當(dāng)年那樣教導(dǎo)我們。陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)?？隙ㄊ胶头穸ㄊ剑ǜ鞣N時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)）。特別注意否定句結(jié)構(gòu)。疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)。英文疑問(wèn)句有四種：一般疑問(wèn)句，特殊疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。一般疑問(wèn)句（General Questions）也稱(chēng)“Yes-no Questions” )，一般疑問(wèn)句是要求用Yes或No 來(lái)回答的問(wèn)句形式。一般疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成方式是將be動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提至句首。1. be 動(dòng)詞有am,

47、 is, are , was, were形式。2助動(dòng)詞有do, does（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）；did（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）；am, is, are（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）；was,were（過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)）；shall / will（一般將來(lái)時(shí)）；should / would（過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）；have / has（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）；had（過(guò)去完成時(shí)）； am, is, are, was, were（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）3情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can / could; may / might; must; shall / should; will / would; need; dare; ought (to)。使用一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)須注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1對(duì)h

48、ave / has / had作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞講時(shí)，一般疑問(wèn)句形式有兩種： 作為“有”講時(shí)。例如：He has no brothers Has he no brothers? / Does he have no brothers? 作其它意義時(shí)，要借助助動(dòng)詞do / does / did.例如：He has breakfast at 7 in the morning. Does he have breakfast at 7 in the morning?He had a meeting yesterday Did he have a meeting yesterday?2對(duì)含有used to的句子變

49、問(wèn)句時(shí)有兩種形式：例如：He used to get up at 7 oclock in the morning. Did he use to get up at 7 oclock in the morning? Used he to get up at 7 oclock in the morning?3在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的問(wèn)句中，實(shí)義謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則保留原形狀態(tài)。4對(duì)否定一般疑問(wèn)句的回答要特別引起注意，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)回答，排除中文的干擾。例如：-Dont you believe him? -Yes, I do. ( 不， 我相信。) ；-No, I dont.（是，我不信）特殊疑問(wèn)句（Sp

50、ecial Questions）也稱(chēng)“Wh-questions”。其構(gòu)成方式是特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + 一般疑問(wèn)句？疑問(wèn)詞有疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, etc 疑問(wèn)副詞：when, where, how, why, etc.特殊疑問(wèn)句不能用Yes和No來(lái)回答，必須用一個(gè)完整的句子來(lái)回答，可以省去問(wèn)句中相同部分。例如：-When did he come here? - ( He came here ) yesterday.選擇疑問(wèn)句（Alternative Questions ）選擇疑問(wèn)句提出由or連接兩種或兩種以上的答案以供選擇，看哪一種是正確的。它在結(jié)構(gòu)上有兩

51、種類(lèi)型：一般疑問(wèn)句型和特殊疑問(wèn)句型。選擇疑問(wèn)句不能用yes和no來(lái)回答，必須對(duì)其作具體的選擇。例如：-Shall we go by bus or by train ? -By bus. -Who do you like better, Tom or Mary? -Tom.反意疑問(wèn)句（Disjunctive Questions）反意疑問(wèn)句提出某種觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí)，問(wèn)對(duì)方是否同意。這種疑問(wèn)句一般由兩部分組成。前一部分為陳述句，后一部分為簡(jiǎn)短的一般問(wèn)句。前一部分為肯定式，后一部分為否定式；前一部分為否定式，后一部分為肯定式。例如：I havent seen you before, have I? She

52、knows you, doesnt she?使用反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：（1）在簡(jiǎn)短的問(wèn)句中，主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)，數(shù)，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般應(yīng)與前面的陳述部分一致。 在簡(jiǎn)短的問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)不為名詞乃代詞是也。例如：Liu Ying studies very hard, doesnt Liu Ying? () Liu Ying studies very hard, doesnt she? ( )（2）陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句中主語(yǔ)一般為they，有時(shí)也用he.例如：Everyone enjoys

53、the music, dont they?Someone stole your watch, didnt they?No one was hurt, was he?（3）陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為everything, anything, nothing，反意問(wèn)句中主語(yǔ)一般為it，例如：Everything that he says is false, isnt it?（4）陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為one指人時(shí),反意問(wèn)句中主語(yǔ)一般為you / one，例如：One shouldnt be dishonest, should you? ? should one?（5）陳述部分為Im結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句一般為arent

54、 I ，例如：I am the best, arent I?（6）當(dāng)陳述部分中有seldom, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定或半否定詞時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句中應(yīng)為肯定式。例如：You have little money in your pocket, have you?（7）當(dāng)陳述部分只出現(xiàn)否定前綴或后綴來(lái)表示否定時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句仍為否定式。 例如： It is impossible, isnt it?（8）當(dāng)陳述部分含有There be 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其反意問(wèn)句中依然使用there 作假主語(yǔ)。例如：There is a book on the desk, isnt there?（9）當(dāng)陳述部分中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must表示肯定推測(cè)時(shí)，其反意問(wèn)句中應(yīng)避免使用must,而應(yīng)根據(jù)其后的動(dòng)詞（時(shí)態(tài)）形式采取相應(yīng)的形式。例如：There must be a bus in the parking lot, isnt there? He must have been to Wuhan, hasnt he? It must have rained yester