初中英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)詳解

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)構(gòu)成構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，助動(dòng)詞have 有人稱和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱單數(shù)用has，其余用have.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式直接在助動(dòng)詞后面加上not、疑問(wèn)式是把助動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)之前。以study 為例，其否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：否定式疑問(wèn)式I have not (havent) studied.Have I studied?You have not (havent) studied.Have you studied?He has not (hasnt) studied.Has he studied?否定疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)單回答（肯定/否定）Have

2、 I not (Havent I) studied?Yes, you have. No, you havent.Have you not (Havent you) studied?Yes, I have. No, I havent.Has he not (Hasnt he) studied?Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常表示在說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響。My daughter has just gone out. 我女兒剛出去。Im sure weve met before. 我肯定

3、我們以前見(jiàn)過(guò)面。She has arrived. 她到了。2、表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如recently, already, just, lately, for, since,yet等。如：I havent heard from her these days. 這些日子我沒(méi)有收到她的信。We havent seen you recently. 最近我們沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到你。They have been away for two years. 他們離開已經(jīng)兩年了。She has been with us since Monday.for+時(shí)段since+過(guò)去

4、一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從以來(lái)）since+時(shí)段+agosince+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）It is+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）Mary has been ill?for three days.I have lived here?since 1998.注意：since和for的區(qū)別since后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor后接一段時(shí)間，表示“長(zhǎng)達(dá)多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。3、表示短暫意義的動(dòng)詞如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start,

5、 die等，在完成時(shí)當(dāng)中不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，因?yàn)樗鼈儽硎镜膭?dòng)作不可能持續(xù)。因此，不能說(shuō)：He has come here for 2 weeks. The old man has died for 4 months. They have left only for 5 minutes. 4、has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)?的區(qū)別Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現(xiàn)在不在說(shuō)話現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，可能在路上和已經(jīng)到)Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been (to

6、) :去過(guò)（已不在去過(guò)的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久（還在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai?for two months. /since two months ago.5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, re

7、cently, once, twice, ever, never等連用。不能與when連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用例如：She has already come. 她已經(jīng)來(lái)了。I havent read it yet. 我還沒(méi)讀過(guò)這個(gè)。I have met him before. 我從前曾見(jiàn)過(guò)他。Ma Hong has always been a good student. 馬紅一直是個(gè)好學(xué)生。I have often seen him in the street. 我經(jīng)常在街上看見(jiàn)他。They have never been to Yanan. 他們從未去過(guò)延安。I h

8、avent seen him lately. 我近來(lái)沒(méi)看到他。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義之一是過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達(dá)這種含義:*?以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志He?has already got?her help.他已得到她的幫助。He?has just seen?the film.他剛剛看過(guò)這場(chǎng)電影。He?hasnt come?back?yet.他還沒(méi)有回來(lái)。*?以ever和never為標(biāo)志This is the best film I?have ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。He?has never been

9、?to Beijing.他從沒(méi)有到過(guò)北京。*?以動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志He says he?has been to?the USA?three times. 他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)去過(guò)美國(guó)三次了。*?以so far（到目前為止）為標(biāo)+beforeHe?has got?to Beijing?so far.到目前為止他已到了北京。She has passed the exam so far.到目前為止她已經(jīng)通過(guò)了考試。2.過(guò)去已經(jīng)開始的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動(dòng)作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時(shí)間”點(diǎn)段的區(qū)分入手,進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。for+時(shí)段?since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（過(guò)去?從句）為

10、標(biāo)志四、?瞬間動(dòng)詞buy, die, join, come，go ,leave, join 不能直接與for since?連用。要改變動(dòng)詞buy-have?borrow -keepcome/arrive/reach/get to-be in?go out-be out?leave -be awaybegin-be on?finish-be overopen-be open?close -be closeddie-be dead1、have代替buyMy brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.2、用keep或

11、have代替borrowI have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.3、用be替代becomeHow long has your sister been a teacher?4、用have a cold代替catch a coldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用wear代替put on6、用“be形容詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞bemarried代marry beill代fall (get) illbedead代die beasleep代fall (get)

12、 asleepbeawake代wake/wake up begone代lose,die,sell,leavebeopen代open be closed代close/shutbemissing(gone,lost)代lose7、用“be副詞”代終止性動(dòng)詞beon代start begin “beup”代get up “beback(to)”代return to, come back to, go back to “be here (there)”代come(arrive, reach, get) here或go (arrive, reach, get) there8、用“be介詞短語(yǔ)”代終止性動(dòng)詞

13、1.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替go to /come to2.用be in the army?代替join the army3.“be in/at +地點(diǎn)”代替move to常用瞬間動(dòng)詞變延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.have been in sw./at相應(yīng)的介詞2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been

14、5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up；7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep；10. have finished/ended/completed have been over；11. have married have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth.?；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn17. have caught /get a cold have ha