土木工程專業(yè)外文翻譯高層建筑可編輯

1、土木工程專業(yè)外文翻譯-高層建筑 外文原文tall buildings although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings. the early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel f

2、raming. reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. the high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the united states are the result

3、 of innovations and development of new structural systems. greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limitexcessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and o

4、ther architectural details. in addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and the

5、refore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway in a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. curve a in fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with

6、 increasing numbers of stories. curve b represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. the gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame; structural engineers have developed str

7、uctural systems with a view to eliminating this premium systems in steeltall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. the innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings frames with rigid belt trusses. in order to t

8、ie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. a good example of this system is the first wisconsin bank building 1974 in milwaukee framed tube. the imum efficiency of the total s

9、tructure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. this particular structural system wa

10、s probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete dewitt chestnut apartment building in chicago. the most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story world trade center building in new york column-diagonal truss tube. the exterior colum

11、ns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with. diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams. this simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the john hancock center in chic

12、ago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional story buildingfig. 1. graphical relationship between design quantities of steel and building heights for a typical building framecurves a and b correspond to the boundary conditions indicated in the two building diagrams. 1 psf 0. 048k

13、pabundled tube. with the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. the i10-story sears roebuck headquarters building in chicago has nine tubes, bu

14、ndled at tile base of the building in three rows. some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. the sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft 442 m, is the worlds tallest buildingstr

15、essed-skin tube system. the tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces wind or earthquake and the control of drift lateral building movement in high-rise building. the stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. the development of the stressed-sk

16、in tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor areabecause of th

17、e contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. all the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. the depth requirement for the perimet

18、er spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. the structural system has been used on the 54-story one mellon bank center in pittsburgh systems in concrete. while tall buildings constructed of steel had an early sta

19、rt, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings framed tube. as discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story

20、 dewitt chestnut apartment building. in this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft 1.68-m centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in.-thick 20-cm flat-plate concrete slabs tube in tube. another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the trad

21、itional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. the system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. the system fig.2, known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to design the worlds

22、 present tallest 714 ft or 218m lightweight concrete building in houstonfor structure of only 35 s oriel building the unit 52?story one shell plaza of a traditional shear wall systems compiling both concrete and steel have also been developed,an example of which is the composite system developed by

23、skidmore,owings & merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing,thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structuralsteel systems.the 52?story one shell square building in new orleans is based on this system.new words an

24、d phrases1.spectacular 壯觀的,驚人的,引人注意的2.sway 搖動(dòng),搖擺,歪,使傾斜3.residential 居住的,住宅的,作住家用的4mercial 商業(yè)的,商業(yè)上的,商務(wù)的5.innovation 革新,創(chuàng)新,新方法,新事物6.boundary 分界線,邊界7.eliminate 排除,消除,除去8.apartment 公寓住宅,單元住宅9.column 柱,支柱,圓柱,柱狀物10.demonstrate 示范,證明,演示,11.project 凸出,投射,計(jì)劃,工程12.stress 應(yīng)力,壓力13.truss 構(gòu)架,桁架14.bundle 捆,束,包15.t

25、erminate 使終止,使結(jié)尾,結(jié)束16.facade 房屋的/e面,立面,表面17.perimeter 周,周圍,周界,周長18.encroach 侵犯,侵占,蠶食19.high?rise building 高層建筑20.reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土21.spandrel beam 窗下墻的墻托梁22.shear wall 剪力墻中文譯文高層建筑 大體上建筑施工工藝學(xué)方面已經(jīng)有許多進(jìn)步, 在超高層的設(shè)計(jì)和施工上已經(jīng)取得了驚人的成就。 高層建筑早期的發(fā)展開始于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)。鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地被用于大量的住宅和商業(yè)目的的結(jié)構(gòu)。由于新型結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展,

26、現(xiàn)在從50到100層的高層建筑遍布全美國。 更大高度的要求增加了梁柱的尺寸以使建筑物剛性更強(qiáng),以便在風(fēng)荷載作用下建筑物將不會(huì)產(chǎn)生超過一個(gè)可接受限度的擺動(dòng)。過度的側(cè)移可能導(dǎo)致隔墻,天花板和其他建筑細(xì)部的重復(fù)性損害。此外,過度側(cè)傾可能使建筑物的居住者因?yàn)閷?duì)擺動(dòng)的知覺而導(dǎo)致不便。鋼筋混凝土和鋼結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng),能充分利用整個(gè)建筑物固有潛在的勁性,因而不需要額外加勁以限制側(cè)傾。 例如,在一個(gè)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中,經(jīng)濟(jì)性由建筑物房屋面積每平方英尺鋼的全部平均數(shù)量來定義。圖一中的曲線a采用層逐漸增加的數(shù)量表現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)框架的平均單位重。曲線b則表現(xiàn)框架受到所有橫向荷載保護(hù)下的平均鋼重量。上下邊界之間的間隙則表現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)梁柱框架為高度付

27、出的額外費(fèi)用。結(jié)構(gòu)工程師已經(jīng)發(fā)展了可消除這一額外費(fèi)用的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)體系。因?yàn)橐恍╊愋偷慕Y(jié)構(gòu)改革,鋼高層建筑物得到了發(fā)展。此改革被用于辦公大樓和公寓的建造。 帶有剛性帶式桁架的框架。為了將一個(gè)框架結(jié)構(gòu)的外柱約束于內(nèi)部的垂直梁架,可能在建筑物中部和頂部采用一個(gè)剛性帶式桁架的系統(tǒng)。這一系統(tǒng)的最好例證是在密爾瓦基的威斯康辛州第一銀行建筑物 1974。 框架筒體。只有當(dāng)建筑物突出地面的所有的柱構(gòu)件能夠彼此連接使整個(gè)建筑物成為一個(gè)空心筒體或一個(gè)勁性箱體時(shí),一幢高層建筑的整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)才能最有效。這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)體系第一次大概是用于芝加哥的43層樓高的德威特栗木鋼筋混凝土公寓。而這一系統(tǒng)最重要的應(yīng)用是紐約的110層樓高的世界貿(mào)易中心的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)雙塔。 對(duì)角柱桁架支撐筒體。建筑物的外柱可以被適當(dāng)?shù)姆指魠s仍能通過在梁柱中線處交叉對(duì)角構(gòu)件連接使之作為一個(gè)筒體而共同工作。這種簡單而又極其有用的系統(tǒng)最早被用于芝加哥的約翰漢考克中心,其僅僅使用了傳統(tǒng)的40層樓高建筑的用鋼量 組合筒體(束筒)。由于對(duì)更大更高的建