定語(yǔ)從句講解與練習(xí)

1、高中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句詳解仔細(xì)觀察下列句子，并注意劃線部分的用法。1. That Siatl I know.2. Anyone who was late this morning should be responsible for this accident.3. This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.4. What do you thi nk of the photos that/ which I took in the park5. They talked about the people and thi ngs that

2、 they remembered in the old days.I .概念：(1) 定語(yǔ)從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作 的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。(2) 先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個(gè)詞，短語(yǔ)，或整個(gè)主句。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫 關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：1) 代替先行詞；2) 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)連詞；3) 必在從句中作某個(gè) 句子成份(可以做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ))常用的關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who, whom, as, whose常用的關(guān)系副詞：when, why, where

3、who, that, 作主語(yǔ)； who, whom, which, 作賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)；作定語(yǔ)。注意：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作語(yǔ)時(shí)常?？墒÷裕髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)則不能省略。The stude nt who an swered the questi on was Joh n.I know the reas on why he was so an gry.The boy (whom) you are talk ing to is my brother.rd like a room whose win dow looks out over the sea.定語(yǔ)從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的語(yǔ)法功能(做主語(yǔ)

4、、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)) ；第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。n .幾個(gè)關(guān)系代詞的基本用法： that:可指人或物；在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)。(指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或whom ； 指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 which)(一般不用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；不可置于介詞后作賓語(yǔ))女口：1. Do you know the gen tlema n that/who spoke just now2. You can take any thi ng ( that) you like.3. What is the questi on (that/which) they are talk ing about4. Here is the m

5、an (who/whom/that ) you want to see.5. Shes no Ion ger the girl ( that) she used to be before. which: 指物；在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)。 如：1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.3. The factory in which his father works is fa

6、r from here. who, whom, whose: who: 主格 , 在從句中作主語(yǔ)，在口語(yǔ)或非正式用法中作賓語(yǔ) ; 只可指人 whom: 賓格，在從句中作賓語(yǔ) ; 只可指人 whose: 屬格，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，可指人也可指物。1. I like the students who/that work hard.2. All who heard the story were amazed.3. Hes a man from whom we should learn.= Hes a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.4. A child

7、whose parents are dead is called an orphan.5. Id like a room whose window faces south.=Id like a room of which the window faces south.=Id like a room the window of which faces south. 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)： (介詞 + whom / which ) 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí) , 介詞可放于從句之首 , 也可放于從句之末 . 但 以放于句首較為正式 .(介詞前置，必須注意不影響動(dòng)詞詞組的含義。)is the

8、book for which you asked.=This is the book (that/which) you asked for.2. Do you know the person with whom I shook hands= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with3. Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week4. Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week5.

9、 This is the girl whom they are looking after.(介詞 after 與 look 構(gòu)成固定詞組，不可前置。 look at, look for, look after, take care of 等 ) as的用法：(as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)) 如為限制性的，多用于 the same as ; the same assuch as ；as many/much as soa等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：1. I have the same book as you (have).2. .-Why didnt you mention that in

10、 face of the police just now- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.3. Dont do such things as you are not sure about. 比較： I live in the same house that he used to live in.Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday. 比較： Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.Here

11、 is so big a stone that no one can lift it. 如為非限制性的，多單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，這種定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，句中或句 尾，譯為 正如，這一點(diǎn) 。 (動(dòng)詞常為 know, see, expect, point out, etc. )we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health .=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health .=Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health .

12、=Smoking is harmful to ones health, as we all know .=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health.was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.m.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：When 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 其先行詞是表時(shí)間的名詞(如： time, day, week, tear, month, etc. )He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until

13、next week, when the weather would be better.注意：先行詞為 時(shí)間名詞 ，可用 when 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句， when 在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)；還 可以用 which 或 that 引導(dǎo)， which 或 that 在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。比較 ：1. I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.2. I still remember the days which/that we spent together.3. I shall never forget the day

14、when Shen Zhou V was launched, which has a great effect on my life. Where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。 其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如： place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the place where I was born.I live in the room where /in which he used to live.注意：先行詞是 地點(diǎn)名詞 ，定語(yǔ)從句可用 where 引導(dǎo)，還可用 which 或 that 引導(dǎo)， which/that 在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。

15、比較：1. This is the factory where /in which he worked last year.2. I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.3. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where hes likely to lose control of the plane.4. This is the park which/that they visited last year. Why 指原因，在定

16、語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。先行詞為 reason 時(shí)，可用 for which 指代；當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則用 which 或 that 引導(dǎo)。如：1. The reason why / for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.2. I dont believe the reason (that/which) he gave me.3. Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success當(dāng)先行詞為 way時(shí)，the way在從句中

17、作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)， 定語(yǔ)從句常用that, in which,或how引 導(dǎo)， that 常可以省略。the way 在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則用 which 或 that 引導(dǎo)。如 ：This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.比較 ： Please do the experiment in the way(that/which )I have shown you.IV .限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：1. 形式上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句往往用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。2. 語(yǔ)法上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用 that.3. 語(yǔ)義上，限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)

18、系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從 句，整個(gè)句子就不完整或者會(huì)改變意思； 而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密， 對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或描述的作用。This is the book I like best.Beijing, which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics.4. 翻譯時(shí)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句可譯為一句(較短的一般譯為的字結(jié)構(gòu))；而非限制性定 語(yǔ)從句可譯為兩句。比較 : He has a sister, who is a musician.

19、He has a sister who is a musician.引導(dǎo) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞 ， 指人 時(shí)用 who, whom, whose , 指物 時(shí)用 which , whose; 關(guān)系副詞 when ， where, why, etc.1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.V .幾個(gè)易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較： th

20、at & which:在定語(yǔ)從句中， which 和 that 在指代事物時(shí)，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何情況 下都是這樣， 這里介紹用 that, 而不用 which 的情況 . 先行詞為 不定代詞 ,all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 等,should do all that is useful to the people .s nothing that can be said about it .you mean the one that was bought yesterday 先行詞被

21、 only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of 等詞 修飾 時(shí)。only thing that we could do was to wait.s the very word that is wrongly used.3. The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.比較 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.*This is the only one of the best novels th

22、at was published last year. 先行詞是 序數(shù)詞 時(shí)或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.is the third film that has been shown in our school this term. 先行詞是 最高級(jí) 或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。is the best that can be done now.most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from g

23、oing on. 先行詞 既有人又有物 ，用 which 和 who 都不適合，這時(shí)宜用 that. 如： writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police. 被修飾詞為 數(shù)詞 時(shí).I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that a

24、re still alive . 如果有兩個(gè)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用 which ,另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用 that ，以避免 語(yǔ)言的 單調(diào)或重復(fù) 。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 疑問(wèn)詞是who或which，關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免重復(fù)。1. Which is the book that you like best2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate 主句是 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語(yǔ)從句宜用

25、 that 作關(guān)系代詞 . 如：1. There is still a seat in the corner that is still free. 被修飾成分為 表語(yǔ)時(shí)，或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí),該關(guān)系代詞宜用 that .1. Thats a good book that will help you a lot.2. My home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be . 定語(yǔ)從句中用 which 而不用 that 的情況 : 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有 介詞時(shí) .zoo is a park in which man

26、y kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.this the room in which Mr. White lives 在 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 中.s dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming popular in our country. 在一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句， 其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用了 that, 另一個(gè)宜用 which .1. Let me

27、 show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語(yǔ)時(shí) .1. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. 先行詞本身是 that, 宜用 which . Whats that which she is looking at 先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞.A shop should keep a stock of those goods

28、which sell best.(B) who & that:who 和 that 指代人時(shí)，有些情況用 who, 而不用 that 先行詞為 anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people時(shí).女口：person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .who are not fit for

29、 their work should leave office at once. 在 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句宜用關(guān)系代詞 who 指代人 . 如： is a gentleman who wants to see you .are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses. 當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)時(shí) . 如：1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could sp

30、eak Chinese very well. as & which: as & which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 ： 位置的不同：which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只置于所限制的句子后； as 位置較靈活，也就是說(shuō) as 可置于所 限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或 Jack is an honest man , as you know. 或 As you know, Jack is an ho

31、nest man. 先行詞的不同：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其先行詞多為一個(gè)句子； which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子。1. She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.2. He was proud, which I dislike very much. (先行詞是一個(gè)句子)3. He is an honest man, as is known to all. as 一般譯為正如就像，這一點(diǎn)as we all know； as you know; a

32、s is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected; as we have imagined. 合并下列句子1. The woman is a teacher.2 .The woman lives next door.1. The nurse is kind.2. The nurse looks after my sister.is reading a book.2. The book is too difficult for him.1. I have a friend.2. He likes listenin

33、g to classical music.1. Many people were afraid to swim in the sea.2. They saw the film Jaws.1. It is about a big white shark.2. It attacks swimmers.1. I know the doctor.2. His daughter studies abroad.1. Have you seen my book2. The book s cover is red.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空 .you like the present I bought you yes

34、terday2. The storybook was written by his uncle was quite interesting.3. The boy computer doesn t work well needs your help.4. This is the best movie we have seen this year.5. The doctor we met in the street is from America.6. The passengers and the suitcases were in the waiting room had to wait for

35、another plane.7. Who is the girl you want to make friends with8. This is the last lesson Mr. Smith taught us.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空 .1. I will never forget the day I first went to school.I will never forget the day we spent in Beijing.2. The house we visited is being repaired now.The house Luxun once lived is be

36、ing repaired now.選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空，注意非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和單句的比較。am reading Harry Porter, is an interesting book.failed in the made his parents angry.failed in the exam, made his parents angry.has two sons. Both of are teachers.has two sons, both of are teachers.介詞 +關(guān)系代詞的使用1. Do you like the book she spent $102. Do you

37、like the book she paid $103. Do you like the book she learned a lot4. Do you like the book she often talks定語(yǔ)從句漢譯英練習(xí) ：1、她就是那個(gè)努力學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的女孩。2、他就是我們剛才談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人。3、這就是那個(gè)爸爸是警察的女孩。4、他們住在一座窗戶(hù)朝南的房子里。5、我仍然記得我第一次來(lái)到這座城市的那一天 6、這就是我們以前住過(guò)的房子。7、他考試通過(guò)了，這使他父母很高興。8、他們正在談?wù)撛诠珗@里看到的人和物。用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：llneverforgetthedaywemeteachother

38、lastweek.,isthebestseasonthere.isthecapitalofChina.vetalkedsomuch.對(duì)比練習(xí)1. Tom is one of the boys who (be) from the USA. Tom is the only one of the boys who (be) from the USA.2 . Is this factorywe visited last week Is this the factory we visited last weekA. that B. whose C. who D. the one3 . The old man didhe could to help the children. The old man did all he could to help the children.A. what B. that C. all what D. which4. (1) The room window faces south is my sisters.(2) The room faces south