英國文學(xué)筆記匯編

1、學(xué)習(xí) 好資料? A Brief Outline of British Literature History?1. Medieval Literature (5 A.D. -1485) ( 中世紀文學(xué) ) Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 1400 )2. The English Renaissance (1500-1625) ( 文藝復(fù)興時期文學(xué) ) Thomas More ( 1478 1535)Edmund Spenser(1552 1599)Christopher Marlowe ( 15641593)Francis Bacon ( 1561 1626)William Sha

2、kespeare ( 1564 1616)3. The Seventeenth century (17th century)( 17 世紀文學(xué) )John Milton (1608 1674)John Donne ( 1572 1631)John Bunyan ( 1628 1688)4. English Enlightenment and neo-Classicism (17th century -18th century ) ( 英國啟蒙運 動和新古典主義文學(xué) )Alexander Pope ( 1688 1744)Jonathan Swift ( 1667 1745)Daniel Def

3、oe (1660 1731)Henry Fielding ( 1707 1754)5. Romanticism in England (1798-1832) ( 浪漫主義時期文學(xué) )Robert Burns ( 1759 1796)William Blake ( 17571827)William Wordsworth (1770 1850)Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 1834)George Gordon Byron(1788 1824)Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 1822)John Keats (1795-1821)6. English

4、 Realism (1830s-1918) (現(xiàn)實主義時期文學(xué) ) /Victorian Age (1832 1901) Robert Browning (1821 1889)Alfred Tennyson ( 1809 1892)Jane Austen (1775 1817)The Bronte SistersCharles Dickens (1812 1870)William Makepeace Thackeray (1811 1863)Thomas Hardy (1840 1928)Joseph Conrad ( 1857 1924)Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)Geor

5、ge Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)7. Modernism (1918-1945) ( 現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué) ) 更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料T.S. Eliot (1888 1965)William Butler Yeats (1865 1939)James Joyce (1882 1941)Virginia Woolf (1882 1941)D.H. Lawrence (1885 1930) ? ?1. Medieval Literature (5 A.D. -1485) (中世紀文學(xué) ) Beowulf貝奧武夫 : the national epic of the English

6、 people.romance (浪漫傳奇 )： the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England Theme: loyalty to king and lordKing Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 亞瑟王和他的圓桌騎士 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和綠衣騎士 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340- 1400)Literary Position: The father of English poetryMasterpiece

7、: The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集( Old English )Literary Achievements: Heroic couplet ( 英雄雙韻體 )2. The English Renaissance (1500-1625)文 ( 藝復(fù)興時期文學(xué) )The word “ Renaissance ” means( re復(fù)vi活va)l . The term originally indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of

8、medieval obscurantism(蒙昧主義) Humanism: the essence of RenaissanceEdmund Spenser (1552- 1599): the poets poetMasterpiece :The Faerie Oueene仙后Thomas More ( 1478-1535)Masterpiece: Utopia (烏托邦)Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593): most gifted of the University Wits (大學(xué)才子派) .Masterpiece: The Tragical History o

9、f Doctor Faustus . 浮士德博士的悲劇 Francis Bacon (1561-1626 ) Literary Position: the founder of modern science in England; one of the earliest essayist(散文家) in English language Masterpiece : Essays論說文集Of Studies (論讀書 )更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料 William Shakespeare(1564 1616)Literary Position:“ not of an age, but for all

10、 time , ”the greatest giant of English language and poetic form,one of the founders of realism in world literature,one of the greatest writers in the world s literature.Literary Achievements:38 plays (comedies(喜劇) , histories(歷史劇) , tragedies(悲劇) , tragicomedies/romances (悲喜劇)2 narrative poems154 so

11、nnets (Sonnets 1-126 addressed to a young man, Sonnets 127-152 addressed to “ Dark Lady ”, Sonnets 153-154 addressed to Cupid, the God of love in Greek mythology )Plays (4 periods)1. First period (1592-1594): His apprenticeship in plays.Historical plays: King Henry VI 亨利六世 , Richard 查理三世Comedies: Lo

12、ve s Labour s Lost 愛的徒勞2. Second period (1595-1600): Mature period, a marked increase in the knowledge of humanism Romeo and Juliet 羅密歐與朱麗葉(4 大喜劇 ): A Midsummer Night s Dream仲夏夜之夢The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大歡喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜3. Third period (1601-1608): Flourishing period, a period

13、 of gloomy and depression(4 大悲劇 ): Hamlet 漢姆雷特Othello 奧賽羅King Lear 李爾王Macbeth 麥克白4. Fourth period (1608-1612): The period of romantic drama in the form of tragicomedies Reconciliation plays: The Winter s Tale冬天的童話 , The Tempest 暴風(fēng)雨3. The Seventeenth century (17th century)( 17世 紀文學(xué) )Historical backgr

14、ound1. The English revolution (英國革命 ) and the Restoration (王朝復(fù)辟) .Causes: the conflict between the monarch and Parliament; the persecution of the Puritans2. The bourgeois Dictatorship and the RestorationGlorious Revolution a bloodless revolutionThe constitutional monarchy.John Milton (1608 1674) Lit

15、erary PositionA master of the Blank verse 更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料The greatest English revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryOne of the greatest poets of the English languageLiterary AchievementsPoemsParadise Lost失樂園（1667）: his masterpieceThe greatest epic in English literature.Paradise Regained （1671） 復(fù)樂園Samso

16、n Agonistes （1671） 力士參孫Paradise Lost失樂園 John Milton1. IntroductionLong epic in 12 booksWritten in blank verseBased on Genesis創(chuàng)世紀 in the Old TestamentDramatizes the Biblical account of humanity s banishment.2. Theme Milton s aimed purpeo:s “ justify the ways of God to man （昭示天”道對人的公正） Real purpose: C

17、hallenge the restored monarchGod tyrannical, represents the kingSatan rebelling against monarchLove between Adam and Eve human pursuit for happiness, the spirit of Renaissance3. Writing features Milton style: Sonority 洪亮 , Eloquence 雄辯 , Majesty 尊嚴 , Grandeur 壯美 The blank verseLong and involved sent

18、ences John Donne （1572-1631）Literary Position founder of Metaphysical School（玄學(xué)派） the greatest of the metaphysical poets.Literary AchievementsSongs and Sonnets 歌與十四行詩The Flea 跳蚤Holy Sonnets圣十四行詩 : Holy Sonnet 10Features of metaphysical poetry: conceits（奇喻） strange paradoxes（悖論） far-fetched （牽強的） ima

19、geryJohn Bunyan （1628-1688）:Masterpiece: The Pilgrim s Progre天ss路歷程 更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料4. English Enlightenment and neo-Classicism (17th century -18th century ) (英國啟蒙運動和新古典主義文學(xué) ) (1688-1798)Historical Background1. Comparatively peaceful development under the constitutional monarchyA compromise between Tory

20、 and WhigThe leading navel power in Europe2. The Industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命Unprecedented technical innovationsRapid growth of industry and commerceThe EnlightenmentAn intellectual movement in Europe began in the late 17th and 18th centuries and ended with the French revolution of 1789 th18th century

21、 : Age of Reason/ Age of Enlightenment1. Importance a lasting heritage for the 19th and 20th century it marked a key stage in the decline of the church and the growth of modern secularism( 世俗主 義) it served as the model for political and economic liberalism.2. The development of Poetry : neo-Classici

22、sm 新古典主義3. Characteristic of neo-Classicism1) . Emphasizing reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2) . Didactic and satirical3) . Heroic Couplet ( 英雄雙韻體 )4) . Town poetry writing for the rising bourgeoisieAlexander Pope (1688-1744)Literary Position an outstanding enlightener The great

23、est and the most important representative of the English classical poetry. The Rise of Fiction Daniel DefoeJonathan Swift Henry Fielding FictionThe mainstream of 18th century literature, & The rise and growth of realistic novel the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literatureDaniel

24、Defoe (1660-1731) Literary Position Father of English novelLiterary Achievements: Robinson Crusoe (1719) 魯賓遜漂游記Defoe s masterpieceThe first English novel in a real senseThe first English realistic novel 更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe1. Theme: to sing the praises of human labor to celebrate

25、 the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment to beautify colonialism & Negro slavery2. Plot: run away from home becomes ailor a planter in Brazil to an uninhabited islandbecause of shipwreck made a living there all by himselfnegro nam seadv Fer iad aywho became his servant

26、 back to England visit the remote island again and Friday waskilled3. Robinson Crusoe s characterization: typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical, diligent, a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural cha

27、llenges; shrewd, care about money and good at managing; courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Literary Position one of the greatest masters of English Prose a master satirist (諷刺作家)Style of Swift s prose:simple, clear and vigorous. His famous saying

28、“Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style” influenced a lot later writers.Literary AchievementsBooksThe Battle of Books 書籍之戰(zhàn)A Tale of Tub 一個桶子的故事Guliver s Travels格列佛游記 his masterpiece: a satire on the whole English society of the 18th century. PamphletsThe Draper s Letters

29、一個布商的書信A Modest Proposal 一個溫和的建議 (A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents)Guliver s Travel格s 列佛游記 Jonathan SwiftPlot:Part I: A Voyage to LilliputPart II: A Voyage to BrobdingnagPart III: A V oyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdri

30、b, Luggnagg and JapanPart IV: A V oyage to the Country of the HouyhnhnmsHenry Fielding (1707-1754) Literary AchievementsThe History of Tom Jones, A Founding 棄兒湯姆瓊斯Literary Position 更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料 The founder of English realistic novel-setting up the theory of realism in literary position.5. Romanticis

31、m in England (1798-1832) 浪( 漫主義時期文學(xué) )Pre-Romanticism: Latter half of the 18th centuryRobert BurnsWilliam Blake1. Romantic revivalA strong protest against the bondage of Classicism (=Formalism)A recognition of the claims of passion and emotion.2. RepresentativesRobert Burns (1759-1796) 羅伯特彭斯William B

32、lake (1757-1827) 威廉布萊克 Robert Burns (1759-1796)Literary position the national poet of ScotlandA poet of the peasants, a poet of the peopleLiterary AchievementsPoems chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 蘇格蘭方言詩集A Red, Red Rose一朵紅紅的玫瑰 ,Auld Long Syne昔日時光A Mans A Man for A. Th無at 論何時都要保持尊嚴My Heart s in the H

33、ighlands 我的心在高原 .ThemeLove and friendshipThe natural beauty of his native ScotlandThe life and label of the common peopleThe patriotism of his compatriots and their struggle for libertyFeatures of his poetryScottish dialectWilliam BlakeLiterary Positiona Pre-Romantic or a forerunner (先驅(qū)) of the Roma

34、ntic poetry of the 19th centuryLiterary Achievements :Songs of Innocence 天真之歌Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗之歌Songs of Innocence天真之歌Written for children, express the poet s delight in life.a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world without evils and sufferingsTo depict the happy condition

35、 of a child before it knows anything about the pains of experience.更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料Simple without being na? ve, childlike without being childish, innocent, everything seems to be in harmony.e.g. The Lamb 羔羊Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗之歌Much mature workThe atmosphere is no longer sunny but sad and gloomy.Presen

36、ting a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. e.g. The Tiger 老虎The Age of Romanticism (1798-1832)Political and social factors1. The American and French revolution: an upsurge of national liberation and democratic movementsAmerican revolution (1775-1783) The for

37、mation of the independent United States.French revolution of 1789 “ Liberty, equality and fraternity”2. The Industrial RevolutionIntellectual Background -Shift from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotionGeneral characteristic features (style)1. Subjectivism2. Spontaneity3. Singularity4. Simplici

38、ty: everyday language spoken by the rustic people5. A dominating note of melancholy6. A freer verse form Romantic Poetry1. Lake poets (湖畔派詩人 ) the passive or escapist romanticists: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey detesting the real world, escaping from the reality.2. Revolutionary poets( 革命派詩人 ) (Act

39、ive or radical) romanticists: Byron, Shelley, Keats striving to strengthen man s will to live and raise him up against the darkness in the world.Lake Poets (湖畔派詩人 )William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge Robert Southey William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Literary Position Poet Laureate 桂冠詩人 ( 1843) the

40、 best and the most famous romantic poetA great poet of nature Literary AchievementsLyrical Ballads (1798) 抒情歌謠集: The Prelude (1850) 序曲：更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料 Wordsworth s auitogbraphical poem.Major works:I wondered lonely as a cloud 我好似一朵流云獨自漫游Lucy Poems 露西The Solitary Reaper 孤獨的收割女Major concern1. Nature2. Th

41、e life of ordinary peoplePoetic features Simplicity and purity of his language.Lyrical Ballads (1798) 抒情歌謠集 William Wordsworth1. Written by Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge2. Marked the break with the conventional poetic tradition of 18th century classicism, and the beginning of romanticism in

42、 English poetry3. The preface serves as the manifesto of the English romantic movements in poetry.4. The principle of poetry: “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling. ” “所有好詩都是強烈感情的自然流露 .” William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)Literary position Poet, critic,

43、and philosopher of Romanticism.Literary AchievementThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) 古舟子吟Kubla Khan (1816) 忽必烈汗Robert Southey (1774-1843)Revolutionary Poets (革命派詩人) George Gordon Byron Percy Bysshe Shelley John Keats George Gordon Byron (1788 1824)Lifeborn in a noble familyinherited the baronia

44、l titlegraduated from Cambridge Universityentered House of Lordsstrongly criticized by those conservatives and at last left Englandstayed in Italy and then Greecedied in Greece at 36Literary Position one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism. His literary career was closely li

45、nked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age. Major Works Child Harold s Pilgrimage 恰爾德哈羅德游記 One of his most readable books更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料 Don Juan 唐璜 His masterpieceByronic Heroes The men with fiery and unbending will express the poet s own ideal of freedom. The men who rise against tyr

46、anny and injusticeDon Juan 唐璜 George Gordon Byron1. Hero of the long poem:Don Juan, a Spanish young man born in a noble family; strange adventures he has experienced (Greece, Turkey, Russia and England);2. A panorama of the whole Europe and a strong satirePercy Bysshe Shelley (1792 1822)Literary Pos

47、ition The great poet of revolutionary romanticism in England. The most wonderful lyric poet England has ever produced Major Works Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普羅米修斯 lyrical drama Ode to the West Wind 西風(fēng)頌Artistic Features Lyrics intensityLyrics on politicsLyrics on natureLyrics on love Revolutionary ardenc

48、y Optimistic idealism Image (意象) & symbol (象征)Ode to the West Wind西風(fēng)頌 It made Shelley the greatest English lyrical poet, and is the lyric of lyrics.1. Main ideaThe old world must go, a new word must come with the Spring, laden with fresh sweet promises for suffering humanity.2.1) . Stanza West wind

49、is Blowing over the landDriving dead leaves awayCarrying the seeds to wintry bed so that they would grow up next year.Both a destroyer and preserver A destroyer of old, useless, decaying things, such as dead leaves. A preserver of new, life-going things, such as seeds.2) . Stanza West wind isSweepin

50、g in the sky 更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料Gathering the loose cloudsPreparing a storm with black rain, lightening and hailCalling the dirge of the dying year3) . Stanza West wind isMoving across the seaFrom the Mediterranean to the Atlantic OceanBecoming stronger and strongerEven frightening the sea vegetation4) . S

51、tanza The poet compares “ I ” to and with the west wind“if ”sPoetic inspirationThe poet s personality5) . Stanza The poet s wishesTo share the spirit of the west windTo use his poem to quicken a new birth and awaken the earthThe poet s prophecyIf winter comes, can spring be far behind?3. West wind:

52、A symbolStrength, powerChange of seasonApproaching revolutionThe poet s personalityThe poetic inspirationA revolutionary spiritThe destroyer of the old worldthe preserver of the new worldHope for the new lifeJohn Keats (1795 1821)Literary AchievementShort Poems of the numerous short poems by Keats,

53、the most important are his sonnets and odes.Ode on Melancholy 憂郁頌Ode to Nightingale 夜鶯頌Ode to Autumn秋頌Ode on a Grecian Urn 希臘古甕頌Features1. A clean split with 18th century classicism.更多精品文檔學(xué)習(xí) 好資料Byron & Shelley: attempted to remold the contemporary society with both poetry and political action.Keats:

54、 restricted his application of the principle of liberty to the sphere of Art.2. Beauty in truth, truth in beauty. (美即現(xiàn)實，現(xiàn)實即美)Keats found beauty in nature, in literature, esp. poetry, and in human struggle for liberty.6. English Realism (1830s-1918) (現(xiàn)實主義時期文學(xué) ) /The Victorian Age (18321901)Charles Di

55、ckens William Makepeace ThackerayThe Bront? Sisters Historical background 1. The Victorian Age First Period (1832-1848): a time of social unrest The mid-Victorian Period (1848-1870): The heyday of the Victorian Age The last period: (1870-1901): The decay of Victorian values2. The end of poetry poem3. The rise of novels Novel: dominant literary genre Critical Realism1. Appeared in 19th century and flourished in 1840s and early 50s2. Representative