馬原11級學生講義(專題3)

1、專業(yè)好文檔馬克思主義基本原理概論學生講義第三專題 辯證法與科學思維方式對應馬克思主義基本原理概論教材第一章第二節(jié)、第三節(jié)教學目的：使學生在了解世界的物質性存在的基礎上，進一步掌握世界究竟是如何存在的，掌握唯物辯證法的基本特征，了解事物的存在和發(fā)展都是一個過程的思想，使學生明確從發(fā)展的觀點來考察一切事物，要不斷地與時俱進。通過本章的學習使學生在掌握對立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律的基礎上，學會“具體問題具體分析”的科學分析方法，以及運用正確的辨證思維方式思考問題。 重點難點： 矛盾以及事物的存在與發(fā)展。 理論教學：一、 聯(lián)系觀點、發(fā)展觀點、矛盾觀點（一）、聯(lián)系和發(fā)展的普遍性和多樣性 1. 事物的普遍聯(lián)系（1）聯(lián)系的

2、涵義（2）聯(lián)系的特點：客觀性、普遍性 、多樣性。補充：聯(lián)系的條件性 2. 事物的永恒發(fā)展（1）運動、變化、發(fā)展的區(qū)別（2）發(fā)展的實質是新事物的產(chǎn)生和舊事物的滅亡（新生舊滅）（二）矛盾觀點見對立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律二、 唯物辯證法三大規(guī)律（一） 對立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律（實質和核心）*區(qū)分邏輯矛盾與辯證矛盾*矛盾的內涵1. 矛盾的同一性和矛盾的斗爭性及其在事物發(fā)展中的作用矛盾的基本屬性：同一性和斗爭性（1） 同一性（2） 斗爭性內外因的關系矛盾與和諧2. 矛盾的普遍性和特殊性及其相互關系（1） 普遍性與特殊性相互區(qū)別。（2） 普遍性與特殊性相互依存。（3） 矛盾的普遍性與特殊性在一定條件下相互轉化。（二） 質量互變規(guī)律

3、 1. 概念分析：質、量、度2. 量變和質變概念3. 量變和質變的辯證關系定性分析與定量分析相結合的原則（三） 否定之否定規(guī)律 1、 肯定和否定的含義2、 辯證的否定（1） 事物的自我否定（2） 事物發(fā)展的環(huán)節(jié)（3） 事物聯(lián)系的環(huán)節(jié)v 辯證否定的實質是揚棄揚棄即既克服又保留。v 辯證否定觀與形而上學否定觀的對立3、 事物的辯證發(fā)展經(jīng)過兩次否定、 三個階段，形成一個周期 4、 方法論意義（1） 堅持辯證的否定觀，對一切事物都要采取科學分析的態(tài)度。（2） 堅持否定之否定規(guī)律，把握事物發(fā)展的總趨勢，正確對待前進與曲折。5、 哲學上的錯誤傾向（1） 直線論（2） 循環(huán)論三、 辯證思維的范疇和方式（一）

4、 唯物辯證法是客觀辯證法與主觀辯證法的統(tǒng)一1. 主觀辯證法是客觀辯證法的反映 2. 客觀辯證法與主觀辯證法在本質上是統(tǒng)一的，但在表現(xiàn)形式上卻是不同的。案例：載舟覆舟理論（二） 唯物辯證法是科學的認識方法 1. 矛盾分析方法案例：我國發(fā)展問題上的兩點與重點2.諸對范疇（1）原因和結果（3） 必然性和偶然性（4） 現(xiàn)實性和可能性（5） 現(xiàn)象與本質（6） 內容和形式案例：要善于運用形式，表現(xiàn)內容（三） 辯證思維方法與現(xiàn)代科學思維方法 1、 辯證思維方法歸納與演繹分析與綜合抽象與具體邏輯與歷史2、 現(xiàn)代科學思維方法控制方法信息方法系統(tǒng)方法結構功能方法 模型化方法理想化方法3、 現(xiàn)代科學思維方法與辯證思

5、維方法的一致性實踐教學內容:1、 案例討論:詭辯論與辯證法-歐布里得提出“有角的人”與公孫龍的“白馬非馬”1、 歐布里得提出“有角的人”命題，其主要錯誤是什么？2、 公孫龍的“白馬非馬”命題，其主要錯誤又在哪里？3、 詭辯論與辯證法到底有哪些不同？ 二、案例討論 1、下面的圖是什么意思，表達了什么哲學原理？ 2、 元朝書畫家趙孟俯（趙孟頫f趙孟頫（12541322），字子昂，號松雪，松雪道人，又號水精宮道人、鷗波，中年曾作孟俯，漢族，吳興（今浙江湖州）人。元代著名畫家，楷書四大家（歐陽詢、顏真卿、柳公權、趙孟頫）之一。趙孟頫博學多才，能詩善文，懂經(jīng)濟，工書法，精繪藝，擅金石，通律呂，解鑒賞。特

6、別是書法和繪畫成就最高，開創(chuàng)元代新畫風，被稱為“元人冠冕”。他也善篆、隸、真、行、草書，尤以楷、行書著稱于世。）的夫人(管夫人管道升)寫了一首表達愛情的詞我儂詞：“把一塊泥，捻一個你，塑一個我。將咱兩個、一齊打破，用水調和，再捻一個你，再塑一個我。我泥中有你，你泥中有我?！边@首詞表達了什么哲學原理？我儂詞你儂我儂，忒煞情多。情多處，熱如火。把一塊泥，捻一個你，塑一個我。將咱兩個，一齊打破， 用水調和。再捻一個你，再塑一個我。我泥中有你，你泥中有我。與你生同一個衾，死同一個槨。當時社會上的名士納妾成風，趙孟頫也不甘寂寞想納妾，加以官運亨通，年近五十的趙孟頫卻也愛慕年輕漂亮的女孩子起來了。而他不好

7、向妻子明說，可文人有文人的辦法，作了首小詞給妻子示意：“我為學士，你做夫人，豈不聞王學士有桃葉、桃根，蘇學士有朝云、暮云。我便多娶幾個吳姬、越女無過分，你年紀已四旬，只管占住玉堂春?！边@詞兒意思是說，你沒聽說過王獻之先生有桃葉、桃根這兩個小妾，蘇軾先生也有朝云、暮云這兩個小妾。因此，我就是多娶幾個小妾也并不過分；何況你年紀已經(jīng)40多歲了，只管占住正房元配的位子就行了。一、 理論研討：馬克思主義的矛盾學說與社會主義和諧社會理論的關系winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over e

8、ngland, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first p

9、ool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest

10、 in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weeken

11、d, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and

12、i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of europ

13、ean footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission abo

14、rted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move th

15、rough the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere.

16、 as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught

17、 cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could b

18、e classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but