語言學概論(moepheme and phrase)

1、From Morpheme to Phrase3.1 What Is Morpheme？3.2 What Is Word？12345Morpheme and MorphologyTypes of MorphemesMorphological change and AllomorphWord and Lexical ItemsClassification of words Morpheme and MorphologyMorpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a u

2、nit which cannot be divided without destroying the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the internal structures of words, and of the rules by which words are formed.Types of Morphemes1) Free morpheme （自由語素自由語素）and bound morpheme (粘著粘著)-A fre

3、e morpheme may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as “bed”, “tree”, “sing”, “dance”. It can stand alone. -A bound morpheme may appear with at least one other morpheme, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, and so on.2) Root, affix and stem (base)-Polymorphemic

4、 (多語素的多語素的) words other than compounds may be divided into Roots and Affixes.-Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). -Naturally, affixes belong to the type of “bound” morphemes.3) Inflectional affix and derivati

5、onal affixThey are also called: inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemesMorphological change and AllomorphSome morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog”, “bark”, “car”, etc. in other instances there may be considerable variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shap

6、es or phonetic forms.For example: plural forms in English.Phonological change is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It refers to changes in sound leading to changes in form.1) Loss 2) Addition 3) Metathesis (換位作用換位作用）4) AssimilationWord and Lexical ItemsWord is a u

7、nit of expression that has universal intuitive (直覺的直覺的) recognition by native-speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.Best definition: Free forms can be reordered, separated. Three senses of “word”1) A physically definable unit2) The common factor underlying a set of forms 3) A g

8、rammatical unitIdentification of wordsThere are other factors which help us to identify words.1) Stability 2) Relative uninterruptibility3) A minimum free formClassification of words Classification of words 1) Variable and invariable words2) Grammatical words and lexical words3) Closed-class words a

9、nd open-class words4) Word classThe Feature of Aviation English Words12345AbbreviationsCompound wordsDerived wordsPolysemyCollocationsAbbreviationsVSI : Vertical Speed Indicator (升降速度表) PFD : Primary Flight Display (主飛行顯示) FMC : Flight Management Computer (飛行管理計算機) ILS : Instrument Landing System (儀

10、表著陸系統(tǒng)或盲降系統(tǒng)) VOR : Very High - frequency Omni - directional Range (甚高頻全向信標) Noun + Noun : airman (飛行員) aircraft (飛機) airplane(飛機) airflow (氣流) airliner (客機) airway (航路) gearbox (齒輪箱) Adjective + Noun :main - wheel (主輪) high frequency (高頻率) dual - chamber (雙燃燒室)auto - pilot (自動駕駛儀) auto - throttle (自動

11、油門桿) low - pressure (低壓) Compound words 1Verb + Noun : control - column ( 駕駛桿)control - wheel (駕駛盤) check - list (檢查單)push - but ton (下壓按鈕) runway (跑道) Preposition + Noun : en - route (在航路上) in -flight (在飛行中) off - center (偏心) overheat(超溫,過熱) on - course (在航道上) Compound words 2Noun + Verb : troubles

12、hoot (充當故障檢修員) nose - dive (機頭俯沖) cruise - climb (巡航爬升) direction - finding (方向探測) ground - looping (打地轉) Word -Word : pilot - in - command (機長) co pilot(副駕駛) push -and - pull (推拉) well - thought - out (考慮周密的) side - by - side (并排) Compound words 31.Prefix :Anti- :anti - ice (防冰) antiskid(防滑裝置) anti

13、 - collision (防撞) anti - drag (減阻) anti - fogging (防霧) anti - freeze (防凍液) Aero- :aerobat (特技飛行員) aerodynamics(空氣動力學) aerocraft (飛機) aerocruise (大氣層巡航) aerodrome (飛機場) Derived words 1（派生詞1）De- : depressurization (減壓) decelerate (減速) deicing (除冰) defuling (放油)2.suffixdetect (探測,動詞) detector (探測器) det

14、ection (探測,名詞) extinguish (熄滅) extinguishing agent (滅火劑)Derived words 2（派生詞2）Gear : Landing gear (起落架) gear box (齒輪箱) Generator : oxygen generator (氧氣發(fā)生器) AC generator (交流發(fā)電機) Override : override switch (超控) On the aircraft , flight attendant announcements override the music system ( 優(yōu)先于) .Polysemy(一詞多義)Bus : battery bus ( 電瓶匯流條) transferbus (轉換匯流條) common bus (公共匯流排) primary bus (一次匯流排) storage - in bus (存儲器的輸入總線) storage - out bus(存儲器的輸出總線