2005考研英語最新題型應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)-應(yīng)用文寫作私人和公務(wù)信函

1、應(yīng)用文寫作 私人和公務(wù)信函一、概述 書信是日常生活中常用的文體，是用以交涉事宜、傳達(dá)信息、交流思想、聯(lián)絡(luò)感情、增進(jìn)了解的重要工具。書信一般可分為商務(wù)信件或公函（Business Letter or Official Correspondence）和私人信件（Private Letter）兩大類。值得注意的是，英語書信的寫法與漢語書信有一些明顯區(qū)別，應(yīng)特別加以區(qū)分。英語書信通常包括下面幾個(gè)組成部分：信端、信內(nèi)地址、稱呼、正文、結(jié)束語、簽名、附件、再啟等。下面我們將逐個(gè)進(jìn)行介紹。1.信端（Heading）信端即信頭，一般包括寫信人的地址和寫信日期。一些正式信函的信端還包括發(fā)信人或單位的電話號(hào)碼、電

2、報(bào)掛號(hào)、電傳、傳真和郵政編碼等。西方國家中有些信端甚至還有單位負(fù)責(zé)人的姓名、職務(wù)和職稱等。信端的目的是使收信人一看便知道書信來自何處，何時(shí)發(fā)出，便于復(fù)信和查閱。用一般的信紙寫信時(shí)，信端應(yīng)寫在信紙的右上角，若字?jǐn)?shù)較多，可從信紙中間或偏右的地方寫起。若字?jǐn)?shù)較少，可適當(dāng)多向右移一些，使整個(gè)信端的重心落在右上角。信端的寫法主要有并列式和斜列式兩種。從目前情況來看，前者更為常用。采用并列式時(shí)，每行開頭要左對(duì)齊；采用斜列式時(shí)，每行開頭逐次向右移二三個(gè)字母的距離。例如（1）并列式16 Fuxing StreetHaidian DistrictBeijingPost Code: 100035Peoples R

3、epublic of ChinaTel: 63211234Aug. 20, 2004（2）斜列式（Indented Form）16 Fuxing StreetHaidian DistrictBeijingPost Code: 100035Peoples Republic of ChinaTel: 63211234Aug. 20, 2004寫信端時(shí)，先寫發(fā)信人的地址，地點(diǎn)的名稱按由小到大的順序排列，然后與其它項(xiàng)目和發(fā)信日期。具體次序是：第一行寫門牌號(hào)和街名；第二行寫區(qū)名、市（縣）名、?。ㄖ荨睿┟?，往國外寄的信，還要寫上國家的名稱；國家名稱的前面加上郵政編碼，其后可寫上電話號(hào)碼，最后一行寫發(fā)信日

4、期。如果寫信人的地址是機(jī)關(guān)單位的名稱，則將其作為第一行。如果寫信人的單位沒有門牌號(hào)碼和街名，則第一行可寫上所在班級(jí)或?qū)I(yè)組的名稱；第二行寫系、科、室名稱；第三行寫學(xué)校名稱；第四行寫市（縣）、?。ㄖ荩┟Q；然后再寫郵政編碼、國名、電話號(hào)碼、發(fā)信日期等項(xiàng)。如果使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，則在每行末尾加逗號(hào)，最后一行的末尾加句號(hào)。但當(dāng)前的信件中行末大都不加標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，但在每行之內(nèi)該用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的地方，仍要用標(biāo)點(diǎn)。特別要注意的是，門牌號(hào)碼和街名之間要加逗號(hào)。月份和日期之間不可用逗號(hào)。在西方國家，城市名稱之后往往寫有字母或數(shù)字（如 New York, 103），表示城市的郵政編碼。關(guān)于發(fā)信日期的寫法，應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：年份

5、應(yīng)完全寫出，不能簡(jiǎn)寫。月份要用英文名稱，不要用數(shù)字代替。月份名稱多用公認(rèn)的縮寫式。但 May, June, July, 因?yàn)檩^短，不可縮寫。寫日期時(shí)，可用基數(shù)詞1，2，3，4，5，28，29，30，31等，也可用序數(shù)詞 lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31lst等。但最好用基數(shù)詞，簡(jiǎn)單明了。日期可有下列幾種寫法： Oct. 20, 2004 10 May., 2004 3rd June, 2004 Sept. 16th, 2004其中，最為通用。2.信內(nèi)地址（Inside Address, Introductory Address）信內(nèi)地址

6、收信人的姓名和地址，寫在信紙的左上角，從信紙的左邊頂格開始寫，低于寫信人地址和發(fā)信日期一二行，也分并列式和斜列式兩種，但應(yīng)與信端的書寫格式保持一致。其次序是，先寫收信人姓名、頭銜和單位名稱，占一二行，然后寫地址，可占二至四行，例如：并列式Ms. Joanna KerryPeking UniversityHaidian District, 100871BeijingChina斜列式Ms. Joanna KerryPeking UniversityHaidian District,100871BeijingChina3.稱呼（Salutation）對(duì)收信人的稱呼應(yīng)自成一行，寫在低于信內(nèi)地址一二行的

7、地方，從信紙的左邊頂格開始寫，每個(gè)詞的開頭字母要大寫，至于末尾處的符號(hào)，英國人用逗號(hào)，但美國和加拿大英語則多用冒號(hào)。稱呼用語可視寫信人與收信人的關(guān)系而定。給外國人寫英文信時(shí)，稱呼用語要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：對(duì)沒有頭銜的男性一般稱呼 Mr. 。Mr. 用在姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，不可只用在名字之前，例如對(duì)的稱呼，應(yīng)該是：Mr. 或 Mr. White, 不可是：Mr. Phil。若稱呼多個(gè)男性，則在姓名前用 Mr. 的復(fù)數(shù)形式 Messrs. 。對(duì)一般以人名為名稱的公司和企業(yè)常用這種稱呼，例如：Messrs. Black and Brothers 布萊克兄弟公司。對(duì)女性一般稱呼 Mrs.， Madam

8、 或 Miss。Mrs.用在已婚女子的丈夫的姓氏之前，或姓氏和名字之前，一般不用在名字前 Madame 此詞可以單獨(dú)使用或加在丈夫的姓名之前 Mrs. 沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。若稱呼多個(gè)女性，則在姓名前用 Mme. 的復(fù)數(shù)形式 Mmes. 而對(duì)以女子名字為名稱的公司、企業(yè)可用 Mesdames 稱呼。 Miss 多用于未婚女子，此詞可縮寫為 Ms ，用于姓氏之前或姓氏和名字之前，一般不用于名字之前。對(duì)收信人的稱呼，也可用頭銜或職位的名稱，不分性別。例如 Professor （縮寫為 Prof.），Doctor （縮寫為 Dr.）， General (縮寫為 Gen.) 。這些稱呼都放在姓氏之前或姓氏和名

9、字之前，如 Prof. （Phil）White等。對(duì)外公函中對(duì)收信人的稱呼，可用 Gentlemen （而不是 Gentleman），Dear Sir (s)和 My dear Sir(s)等。Gentlemen 之前不能加 Dear， 后面也不能帶姓名。用 Sirs 時(shí)，前面常用 Dear 一詞，但也可單獨(dú)用 Sir。若收信人是婦女，則無論已婚或未婚，都可單獨(dú)使用 Madam 或其復(fù)數(shù) Mesdames。對(duì)外國高級(jí)官員的稱呼，如國家元首、政府首腦、部長(zhǎng)、大使、公使和特使等，可用（Dear）Sir， （Dear）Mr. Chairman，（Dear）Mr. Premier， （My dear）

10、Mr. Ambassador，Your Excellency （復(fù)數(shù)為 Excellencies）。對(duì)君主制國家的國王和皇帝等男性君主，可以 Sir 稱呼，對(duì)女王、女皇和皇后等女性君主，可用 Madam 稱呼。有時(shí)也用 Your Majesty 稱呼以表示?？蜌夂妥鹁碮our Majesty 可兼指男性和女性，其復(fù)數(shù)為 Your Majesties。對(duì)王室成員，如太子、王子、親王和公主等，一般可用（Dear）Sir 或（Dear）Madam 但在正式尊稱時(shí)，一般用 Your Highness (復(fù)數(shù)為 Highnesses)。收信人稱呼先生（男人）Mr./Esq.夫人（已婚）Mrs.小姐（未婚

11、）Miss夫人、小姐統(tǒng)稱Ms.夫婦倆人Mr.and Mrs.兩位或兩位以上男子Messrs兩位或兩位以上女子（已婚）Mesdames兩位或兩位以上小姐（未婚）Misses常見的頭銜（漢英對(duì)照）如下：教授Professor博士Doctor(Dr.,Ph.D.)醫(yī)學(xué)博士Medical Doctor(M.D.)總統(tǒng)或校長(zhǎng)President主席或董事長(zhǎng)Chairman副主席或副董事長(zhǎng)Vice Chairman副總統(tǒng)或副校長(zhǎng)Vice President首相Prime Minister總理Premier省長(zhǎng)或州長(zhǎng)Governor市長(zhǎng)Mayor參議員Senator大使Ambassador秘書長(zhǎng)Secreta

12、ry General一秘First Secretary二秘Second Secretary院長(zhǎng)Director,Dean副院長(zhǎng)Vice Director系主任Dean,Head,Chair館長(zhǎng)Chief Librarian,Curator閣下Excellency神甫Father4.信的正文（Body of the Letter）信的正文每段第一行應(yīng)往右縮進(jìn)約四五個(gè)字母。在寫事務(wù)性信件時(shí)，正文一般開門見山，內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單明了，條理清楚。在寫私人信件時(shí)，信寫好之后若有什么遺漏，可用 P. S.表示補(bǔ)敘。5.結(jié)束語（Complimentary Close）結(jié)束語是寫信人表示自己對(duì)收信人的一種謙稱，只占一行

13、，低于正文一二行，從信紙的中間或偏右的地方開始寫。第一個(gè)詞的開頭字母要大寫，末尾用逗號(hào)。結(jié)束語視寫信人與收信人的關(guān)系而定例如寫給機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體或不相識(shí)的人的信，一般用：Yours (very) truly, Yours (very) faithfully,Yours (very) sincerely， 等等。寫給上級(jí)和長(zhǎng)者的信一般可用：Yours (very) respectfully, Yours (very) obediently, Yours gratefully, Yours appreciatively, Your obedient servant, 等等。寫給同志或同事的信一般可用：F

14、raternally yours, Comradely yours，等等。寫給熟人或朋友的信可用：Yours, Ever yours, Yours affectionately, As ever, Yours sincerely Yours devotedly, (Most) Fondly yours, Yours excitedly, Intimately yours，等等。寫給親屬或摯友的信一般用：Yours, Ever yours, Yours as ever, As ever, Yours affectionately, Lovingly yours, (Much) Love, Wit

15、h Love,Lovingly, Your loving son, Your most affectionate, Your devoted friend, Devotedly, 等等，意即：“您的”、“永遠(yuǎn)是您的”、“您的親愛的”、“您的愛子（孩子、姐妹、侄、侄女、祖母）” 、“您的摯友”等。寫給摯友的信有時(shí)也可用：Yours hurriedly, Yours hastily, Yours in haste, 等等。寫信給摯友，表示歉意時(shí)，可用：Contritely yours, Regretfully yours, Yours in (with) regret, Yours in (wit

16、h) deep remorse 等。在歐洲一些國家里，多把Yours 放在 sincerely等詞的前面。在美國和加拿大等國，則多用，把 yours 放在 Sincerely 等詞之后。Yours 一詞有時(shí)也可省略。6.簽名（Signature）信末的簽名一般低于結(jié)束語一二行，從信紙中間偏右的地方開始寫。若寫信人是女性，與收信人又不相識(shí)，則一般在署名前用括號(hào)注上 Miss, Mrs.或 Ms.，以便對(duì)方回信時(shí)知道如何稱呼。有的還有署名后寫上自己的職稱、職務(wù)或頭銜7.附件（Enclosure）信件若有附件，應(yīng)在左下角注明 Encl. 或 Enc.。若附件不止一個(gè)，則應(yīng)寫出2（或3，4，5等）En

17、cls.，例如：Enc: ResumeEncls:Grade Certificate8.再啟（Postscript, 縮寫為 P. S.）再啟部分用于補(bǔ)敘正文中遺漏的話，一般應(yīng)盡量少用，正式的函件中更應(yīng)避免使用。二、注意事項(xiàng)首先，寫信者應(yīng)設(shè)身處地想到對(duì)方，尊重對(duì)方的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。其次，英文信應(yīng)該行文流暢、言簡(jiǎn)意賅，避免冗長(zhǎng)。這就是說，寫信者應(yīng)用盡可能少的文字表達(dá)其必須傳遞的信息，而且寫信者應(yīng)將其所需傳遞的信息表達(dá)清楚，以免對(duì)方產(chǎn)生誤解。書信交往，同樣需要以禮待人。因而在寫信過程中，要避免傷害對(duì)方感情，措辭上多選用些禮貌婉轉(zhuǎn)詞語。最后，除了避免語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤外，信中所引用的史料、數(shù)據(jù)等也應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確

18、無誤。三、常用句式常用的起首語有：1）Thank you for your letter dated Dec.22,1969.2)Many thanks for your letter of Sept.5，1997.3)A thousand thanks for your kind letter of June 5,1997.4)Your kind letter of November 22th arrived this morning.5)Your letter which arrived this morning gave me great comfort.6)In reply to yo

19、ur letter dated 4th July,I want to say7)Thank you very much for your letter of August 2 and the gift you sent me on Christmas Eve.8)What a treat to receive your kind letter of May 5th!9)It is always a thrill to see your nice handwriting.10)First of all I must thank you for your kind assistance and h

20、igh attention to me .11)With great delight I learn from your letter of this Sunday that 14)I am very much pleased to inform you that my visit to your country has been approved.15)I wish to apply for teaching position you are offering.16)I am too excited and delighted at your good news.17)I am very o

21、bliged to you for your warm congratulations.常用的結(jié)束語有：1）Awaiting your good news,2)Looking forward to your early reply,3)Hoping to hear from you soon,4)We await your good news.5)I hope to hear from you very soon.6)We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.7)I look forward to our next m

22、eeting there in Los Angeles.8)Your early reply will be highly appreciated.9)Any other particulars wanted we shall be pleased to send you.10)The help you give me is sincerely valued.11)I hope everything will be well with you .12)Please let us know if you want more information.13)I hope you always enj

23、oy yourself.14)I wish you very success in the coming year.15)Please remember me to your family.16)With best regards to your family.17)All the best.18)With love and good wishes.四、分類舉例1）私人介紹信（Private Letter of Introduction）例1Directions: One of your classmates and friends Li Fang will go to a universit

24、y in New York to study for several months. Please write a letter to an American friend in New York and introduce Li Fang to him/ her.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Mrs Mark，I am giving Miss Fang Li, a classmate of mine, this note of introduction to you and

25、 Mr. Mark, when she goes to visit New York City. Miss Li is my good friend. She is invited by a university to study there for a few months. She is a kind young lady. I believe you will enjoy meeting and knowing each other and become friends. It is my hope that you will kindly invite her to stay in y

26、our house for a few days.Kind regardsVery affectionately,*It is my hope that . 是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，意同 I hope that.stay in your house 表示在你家小住。例2Directions : Your friend Mary Brown will go to Washington D. C. next month. Write a letter to Tony who is there and introduce Mary to him. You should write about 100 wor

27、ds and do not need to write the address.Dear Tony,This letter will introduce my best friend Mary Brown of whom youve often heard me mention. She is going to be in Washington D. C. next month to lecture. I want very much to have her meet you there.And this seems like an excellent chance for you to me

28、et each other. I think both of you will have a lot in common. So far as I know, you both are interested in modern literature. Once you meet her, you will really enjoy her company. Any kindness to her will be duly appreciated by me.Yours affectionately,* 這是一個(gè)向朋友介紹朋友的介紹信。Tony 和 Mary都是寫信人的朋友，在他看來，他們志同道

29、合，有共同愛好，所以希望他們相識(shí)，信中說“you both are interested in modern literature once you meet her, you will really enjoy her company”。2）應(yīng)聘信（Accepting Request for an Interview）例1Directions: You have just received a letter from a company, which replied your application for a job and asked you to go to the interview

30、 on August 30. Please write a reply which is about 100 words and you do not need to write the address.Dear Mr. Wang,Thank you for your reply of August 20 about my application for a position. It came to hand this morning as a pleasant surprise. I am glad to tell you that I will attend the interview a

31、t the time you set for the morning of August 30. I will bring along full details of my testimonials as you suggested.I would like to introduce myself to the company and hope to be a member of it. I would certainly spare no effort to acquit myself to your satisfaction.Yours respectfully,*come to hand

32、 表示收到。set 表示設(shè)定時(shí)間。 spare no effort 不遺余力。3)推薦信(Letters of Recommendation)例1Directions:You are preparing to introduce your student to sb. Write a letter about 100 words and express your opinion clearly.1) what the referee want to obtain2) the reason you want to introduce him or her.3) the opinion and s

33、uggestion of yourself.You do not need to write the address.Dear Professor Smith,It is my pleasure to recommend my student Mr. Wang Gang for admission to your department for pursuing a master degree in accounting.I am engaged in accounting teaching at a university in Beijing China, I enjoy my work an

34、d all of my Chinese students, who are so clever and friendly. However Mr. Wang Gang excels almost any others. He is not only outstanding in the field of accounting but also gifted for the English language, for he seems to understand almost every word I say in class. As concern as his personality, I

35、find him honest, responsible, and cooperative. I bet youll like him too.I recommend him enthusiastically. If you need further information regarding Mr. Wang Gnag, do not hesitate to contact me.Best regards,Sincerely yours,*be engaged in 表示從事（工作），as concern as關(guān)于、提及例2Directions:You are asked to write

36、a recommendation of your student for a position of marketing clerk about 100 words please express your reason clearly.You do not need to write the address.Dear Mr. Manager,I am writing this letter to recommendate my student Wang Gang who is seeking the position of marketing clerk of your company.He

37、says you are satisfied with his presentation at the interview and require recommendation to be attached to his exceptional academic performance in the college.As his political instructor, I think Mr.Wang is well qualified for the position he seeks. He always ranks among the top five in his grade, ha

38、s passed CET-6 and obtains a certificate of intermediate computer skills. Mr. Wang is a studious, selfless, and aspiring young man, and he is awarded the title of Three Good Activist by the college every year.I believe he is a good candidate worthy of your consideration.Your sincerely,*interview即面試，

39、 be well qualified表示完全具有資格、很合格例3Directions:You are going to write a recommendation for sb. as you will introduce him or her a job. Please express your idea clearly about 100 words.You do not need to write the address.Dear Sirs,I take delight in recommending Mr Wang Gang to the Education Department o

40、f your university.Mr Wang is a conscientious and strong-minded young man. He was first trained for two years in Beijing Normal University and assigned to work as a high school teacher. His desire, however, was to instruct English in a university. Then he entered the Beijing Institute of Education to

41、 study English for another two years . His academic record was exceptionally good, especially in American literature course.Now, He has graduated from the institute and hopes to study further abroad, which will benefit his future employment prospect and may help fulfil his desire.I should appreciate

42、 it very much if you would consider him.Yours sincerely,*take delight in表示很樂于（做某事）。例4Directions: Your are asked to write a recommendation for a student. Please give your suggestions and express your opinions clearly about 100 words.You do not need to write the address.To Professor Zhang,I have the p

43、leasure of writing this letter of recommendation for Mr. Li Ming, who is a student of mine. He wishes to be considered an applicant for the MS course of biology at your college.Mr. Wang is a gifted young man. He has devoted his heart to his study and research. Not only has he obtained As in all majo

44、r subject areas, but he has also published several articles in the school journal, illustrating his originality and his deep understanding of science. For his competence, he is respected by everyone who knows him.I feel sure that, if he is accepted by your college, he will be able to develop his tal

45、ent to its fullest potential. I sincerely hope you will give him favorable consideration.Yours cordially,* 推薦信經(jīng)常使用一些褒獎(jiǎng)的形容詞來描述被推薦人。以下是一些常用的描述品行和能力的詞語，供大家參考：bright, clever, capable, gifted, talented, ingenious, outstanding, prominent, diligent, assiduous, industrious, conscientious, hardworking, humor

46、ous, good-humored, cooperative, compromising, competent, original, innovative, ambitious, creative, original, innovative, inventive, imaginative, firm, persistent, persevering, resourceful, kind-hearted, generous, honest, helpful, cheerful, considerate, devoted, dedicated, committed, promising, far

47、beyond the average person等。以上各詞應(yīng)根據(jù)語意選擇，但不要過于堆砌。4）祝賀信（Letters of Congratulation）例1Directions: Please write a letter of about 100 words to congratulate your friend Li Ming, who did well in the passed college entrance exam and has been enrolled in Peking University.You do not need to write the address.

48、Dear Ming,We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.You have all along been working hard at your professional studie

49、s, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results.We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you. Wish you greater achievements in your college education.Yours cordially,*對(duì)朋友高考勝利的祝賀信應(yīng)包括對(duì)其所付出努力的肯定，對(duì)其成績(jī)的祝賀和對(duì)未來的祝福。例2Directions:Your frie

50、nd Steven and Jenny have just had a new baby boy. Please write a letter of about 100 words to congratulate them.You do not need to write the address.Dear Jenny:How happy you must be to have a beautiful new baby boy.The happiness in my heart is just the same with you. Now youve experienced the joy th

51、at only a new mother knows as her baby is put into her arms for the first time.I am sure that the little stranger must look like his father and some years later he will be a smart fellow.May the years ahead be filled with good health and good fortune for you and Steven and your little Whats-his-name.Best wishes to all of you!Very sincerely yours,*慶賀孩子出生的信一般都寫給孩子的母親例3Directions:Your high school classmate Zhanghong has just graduated from Cambridge University. Please write a letter to congratulate her.You should write about 100 words and do not need to write the address.Dear Z