ArgumentPPT教學(xué)課件

1、 By the end of this chapter, you should learn: 1. a good argument; 2. point and support-distinguish between a point and its support; 3. relevant support; 4. adequate support. 第1頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)A Good Argument A good argument is a rational discussion in which each person advances and supports a point of view a

2、bout some matter. In a good argument, the other person listen carefully as we state our case, waiting to see if we really have solid evidence to support our point of view. 有力的論證是一種理性的討論，每個(gè)人提出自己對(duì)某事的觀點(diǎn)，并加以論證。第2頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)There are three important things we must do as critical readers: 1 Recognize the point

3、 the author is making. 2 Decide if the authors support is relevant. 3 Decide if the authors support is adequate. 第3頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) Point and Support Point: The Beef and Burger Shop is a poor fast-food restaurant. Support:1 The burgers are full of gristle. 2 The roast beef sandwiches have a chemical taste.3 T

4、he fries are lukewarm and soggy. 第4頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)Distinguish between a point and its support To evaluate an argument, firstly, you need to recognize the point an author is making. 第5頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) Practice 1 In each group of statements, one statement is the point, and the other statement or statements are support o

5、f the point. Identify each point with a P and each statement of support with an S. Hint: if it sounds right to insert the word “because” in front of a sentence, you probably have a statement of support. 第6頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) 1. A. You have constant headaches and blurred vision. B. You should see a doctor. 2.A. A

6、 number of accidents have now occurred at that intersection. B. A traffic light is needed at the intersection. SPSP第7頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) 4.A. High schools need to teach personal finance skills. B. Many young people do not know how to budget their money. C. More and more people are getting into serious credit-car

7、d debt. 5. A. Cats refuse to learn silly tricks just to amuse people. B. Cats are more sensible than dogs. C. Dogs will accept cruel mistreatment, but if a cat is mistreated, it will ran away.PSSSPS第8頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) 6. A. Scientists have proved that acid rain harms trees and bodies of water. B. Laws should b

8、e passed to reduce acid rain. C. The damage done by acid rain is hard or impossible to undo. SPS第9頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)S 8. A. Almost half of the stores in the shopping center are empty. B. A deadly hush fills the building. C. That shopping center is a depressing place. D. Unhappy-looking store owners stare out at

9、 the few passing shoppers.SSPS第10頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)Relevant support Once you identify the point and the support of an argument, you need to decide if each piece of evidence is relevant. The critical reader must ask, “Is this reason relevant support for the argument?” A good way to develop your skill in recogniz

10、ing relevant support is to work on simple point-support outlines of arguments.第11頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) Consider the following outline. The point is followed by six “facts”, only three of which are relevant support of the point. See if you can check () the numbers of the three relevant statements.第12頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) Point: M

11、y dog Otis is not very bright. 1. Hes five years old and doesnt respond to his name yet. 2. He cries when I leave for work every day. 3. He always gets excited when visitors arrive. 4. He often attacks the back-yard hedge as if its a hostile animal. 5. He gets along very well with my neighbors cat.

12、6. I often have to put food in front of him because he cant find it by himself. 第13頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) Practice 2 Each point is followed by three statements that provide relevant support and three that do not. Choose the three relevant statements of support. 第14頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)P(yáng)oint: Wildlife can be found even in the midd

13、le of the city. A. Raccoons sometimes raid the garbage containers near urban apartments. B. Many animals have been pushed out of their homes by building development. C. Squirrels, chipmunks, and rabbits make their home in city parks. D. Heavy traffic makes it dangerous for animals in the city. E. Ma

14、ny city dwellers own a cat or a dog. F. Hawks build their nests on the window ledges of skyscrapers. Items that logically support the point：A C F第15頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)P(yáng)oint: Alcohol and tobacco are among the most dangerous drugs that Americans use today. A. Cancer from cigarette smoking kills numerous Americans

15、every year. B. During Prohibition, liquor bootleggers fought one another as drug dealers do today. C. About half of all fatal traffic accidents are due to drunk driving. D. Nothing is more annoying than trying to enjoy a restaurant meal when the people at nearby tables are smoking and drinking heavi

16、ly. E. We often dont think of alcohol and tobacco as “drugs” because they are legal. F. Alcohol abuse causes many people to become more aggressive and violent. Items that logically support the point：A C F 第16頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)P(yáng)oint: Psychologically healthy people have some general characteristics in common. A.

17、Depression, stress, or fatigue can interfere with a persons normal functioning. B. A person who is psychologically healthy is productive, doing tasks without making a big deal of them. C. The culture we live in has a great deal to do with what we consider “normal” behavior. D. People who are well-ba

18、lanced psychologically get along well with most other people. E. Psychologically healthy persons can focus their attention on people or things outside of themselves. F. Consistently inappropriate behavior can be a symptom of mental illness. Items that logically support the point：B D E 第17頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)Relev

19、ant Support in Paragraphs The point, or main idea, of the argument in the paragraph below is stated in the first sentence. One of the other sentences is not relevant for that point. 第18頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) 1Every high-school student should be required to take a class in parenting skills. 2The absence of such clas

20、ses shows how little our school do for young people. 3Numerous young people today are bearing children without having the least idea of how to be a good parent. 4Many of them have grown up in families where poor parenting was the norm. And so they have no good parenting model. 5Well-planned parentin

21、g classes could give future parents at least an idea of what responsible parenting is all about. 6The classes might then reduce future problems, including child abuse. The number of the irrelevant sentence: 2第19頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) 1National health insurance is entirely possible, as many industrialized countries

22、have proven. 2The Health Service in Great Britain provides free health care to all citizens. 3The Health Service is almost completely tax-supported. 4That doesnt help the immigrants living in Britain, however. 5In Sweden, medical care is provided by publicly funded hospitals and clinics. 6A national

23、 health insurance system reimburses the providers. 7Canadians rely on private physicians and hospitals for day-to-day care, but health care is guaranteed as a right for all citizens. 8Income taxes are used to finance Canadas public medical insurance. The number of the irrelevant sentence: 4第20頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)

24、Adequate support A valid argument must include not only relevant support but also adequate amount of support. Arguing a point that doesnt have adequate support is called “jumping to a conclusion”.第21頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) In the argument below, three supporting items are given, followed by four possible points. The

25、 evidence adequately supports only one of the points; it is insufficient to support the other three. Choose the one point you think is adequately supported, and put a check () beside it. 第22頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) Support: The first time I went to that beach, I got a bad case of sunburn. The second time I went to th

26、at beach, I couldnt go in the water because of the pollution. The third time I went to that beach, I stepped on a starfish and had to go to the emergency room to have the spikes removed from my foot. A.That beach is unsafe and should be closed. B.Ive had a string of bad experiences at that beach. C.

27、Beaches are not safe places. D.Were never going to get this planet cleaned up. The answer is B第23頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) Support: Many credit cards do not carry an annual fee. Some cards give you cash back, frequent-flier miles, or other benefits. Some credit cards charge a lower rate of interest than others. A.When

28、 used wisely, credit cards can be helpful. B.Credit cards charge high interest rates on unpaid balances. C.You need to shop around for the right credit card. D.Many people get into trouble by overusing credit cards. The answer is C第24頁(yè)/共29頁(yè) Support: Some people put off writing or calling a friend because they feel they do not have time to do it right, but a quick note or call is often better than nothing. Sometimes it makes sense to do a routine chore quickly rather