非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(最新原創(chuàng)高考專題復(fù)習(xí))

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(the Non-Finite Verbs) 一.定義：不能做句子謂語(yǔ)，但是能做其他成分的詞，叫作-。 二.分類： 1.不定式：(to) do 2.動(dòng)名詞：Ving 3.分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞（Ving）和過(guò)去分詞（done）考點(diǎn)一.不定式和動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ) 規(guī)則1：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)， It is human nature to want sth better; 規(guī)則2：動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作， 而不定式作主語(yǔ)則表示具體的、某一次的行為。如： Smoking is forbidden in public places.(習(xí)慣性的) It is impo

2、ssible to go swimming this afternoon.(具體的) 規(guī)則3：不定式及動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換成it作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Its very hard to learn an art. It was no use sending him to a hospital. 規(guī)則4：帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以和主語(yǔ)從句之間相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如： His being elected our team leader made us all very excited.That he was elected our team leader made us all very e

3、xcited. 他被選為我們的隊(duì)長(zhǎng)，使我們都很興奮。 規(guī)則5：“adj.for sb to do sth”與“adj.of sb to do sth”。 若形容詞僅僅是描述事物，不是對(duì)不定式行為者的品格進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，用for sb，這類形容詞有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous, (im)possible等；若形容詞是對(duì)人物性格、特性等的描述，則常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，這類形容詞有brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good,

4、 nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, wicked, wrong等。如： Its very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. It is kind of you to lend me so much money.考點(diǎn)二不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) 規(guī)則1：以下動(dòng)詞只接to do: decide to do, expect to do,manage to do ,happen

5、to do , 規(guī)則2：以下動(dòng)詞只接doing: Consider doing, devote (oneself) to doing, be used to doing(注意與be used to do 的 區(qū)別) ，cant help doing(注意與cant help to do 的區(qū)別); 規(guī)則3: 接動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)意義有別的動(dòng)詞： (1)forget to do sth忘記要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing sth忘記做過(guò)某事(此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生) (2)stop to do sth停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing sth停止正在

6、做的事 (3)remember to do sth記住去做某事(未做) remember doing sth記得做過(guò)某事(已做) (4)regret to do sth對(duì)要做的事遺憾(此類動(dòng)詞常為say, tell, inform等) regret doing sth對(duì)做過(guò)的事后悔 規(guī)則4:作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞和不定式，它們的完成式表示該動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。如： I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 我非常感激兩年前獲得了一個(gè)出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。 By all appearanc

7、es, my choice of careers seems to have worked out. 規(guī)則5：特殊句型： 1.allow/permit doing與sb to do sth 的區(qū)別（高考考點(diǎn)：sb be allowed/permitted to do sth）; 2.Sb need to do sth, 區(qū)別與 sth need doing/to be done; 3.Be worth doing/n. 規(guī)則6：(1).如果做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，要用it作形式賓語(yǔ)： The found it hard to learn Chinese. (2) 如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是no

8、 good(no use,no need)時(shí)，真正的賓語(yǔ)用動(dòng)名詞：、 I think it no good doing it in that way; (3)介詞的賓語(yǔ)一般多用動(dòng)名詞而動(dòng)詞不定式只是在個(gè)別介詞后面“連接詞+不定式”的形式表示： He is fond of swimming. He has his own idea of how to do it. 注意： He told us what to do.=He told us what we should do. 規(guī)則7: 固定句型 (1)There is no good/point/sense/harmdoing sth.做某事不

9、好/沒用/沒意義/沒有害處。 (2)have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun(in)doing (3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth (4)cannot help but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative but to do表示“不得不”。 (5)“Why not動(dòng)詞原形”表示向某人提出建議，意為“為什么不？” (6)“would rather/had better(not)動(dòng)詞原形”意為“寧愿/最好(

10、不)做某事”。 規(guī)則8：為避免重復(fù)，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse 等動(dòng)詞后面再次出現(xiàn)相同的不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常出現(xiàn)單獨(dú)使用的to，而把曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have, have been時(shí)，要保留這些詞。如： John didnt pass his driving test, but I expected him to. 約翰沒有通過(guò)他的駕照考試，但我希望他通過(guò)。考點(diǎn)三 不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ) 規(guī)則1:不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示

11、具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性的行為。如： What I would suggest is to start work at once. His hobby is collecting stamps. 規(guī)則2: interesting, exciting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等現(xiàn)在分詞式形容詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)外在的表象，意為“令人的”；interested, excited, disappointed, encouraged

12、, worried, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, pleased等強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀的感受，意為“感到的”。 規(guī)則3: get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系動(dòng)詞后都可跟done，表示被動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。如：remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/ stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等?？键c(diǎn)四 不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語(yǔ) 規(guī)則1:不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：to do/to be done作定語(yǔ)一般表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作；done表示已經(jīng)完成的或表被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；bei

13、ng done 表示正在被做的動(dòng)作；doing表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時(shí))的狀態(tài)；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不作定語(yǔ)。體會(huì)： (1)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ) The problem to be discussed(which will be discussed) at the meeting is very important.會(huì)上將要討論的問(wèn)題非常重要。 The problem discussed (which was discussed) at the meeting is very important. 會(huì)上討論過(guò)的問(wèn)題非常重要。 The problem being discuss

14、ed(which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.會(huì)上正在討論的問(wèn)題非常重要。 (2)主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ) The professor to give us a lecture(who will give us a lecture) tomorrow comes from Beijing University.明天要給我們做講座的是來(lái)自北大的一位教授。 The professor giving us a lecture(who is giving us a lecture) now comes from Beijing Uni

15、versity.正在給我們做講座的是來(lái)自北大的一位教授。 The professor who gave us a lecture yesterday comes from Beijing University.昨天給我們做講座的是來(lái)自北大的一位教授。 規(guī)則2:使用to do/to be done作定語(yǔ)的情況 (1)下列詞語(yǔ)后常接不定式作定語(yǔ)：chance, wish, right, courage, need, promise, time, opportunity, way, the first, the second, the last, the only等。如： Who was the f

16、irst one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? (2)不定式作定語(yǔ)和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。如： There is no one to look after her. (3)不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如： I have a lot of work to do. (4)如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如：He is looking for a room to live in. 規(guī)則3：分詞做定語(yǔ)： （1）及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞：doing(正在做)，being done(正在被做)； eg. Look! The b

17、ridge being built is for the villagers. 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞：done(被做，完成). eg.Things lost never come again.(覆水難收). （2）不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞：doing(正在進(jìn)行)； 不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞：done(完成)。 eg.boiling/boiled water, falling/fallen leaves.考點(diǎn)五 不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ) （1）不定式作狀語(yǔ)： 規(guī)則1:不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)，有一般式和完成式，也有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)。完成式表示該動(dòng)作比謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作先發(fā)生。當(dāng)前后主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，可以按照下列形式選擇使用： (1)t

18、o do表示目的或結(jié)果(to doin order to do/so as to do, 其中so as to do不能放在句首)； (2)only to do表示意想不到的結(jié)果；thus doing表示自然而然的結(jié)果。如： We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.(意想不到的結(jié)果) A terrible storm hit the area, thus causing great damage to the crops.(自然而然的結(jié)果); (2)分詞做狀語(yǔ)： 1.基本原則： 1.1 分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致； 1.2

19、 分詞必須和句中主語(yǔ)存在邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，否則不行； 2.形式選擇： doing-分詞與句中主語(yǔ)為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生； done-被動(dòng)關(guān)系， having done-”主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生； being done-被動(dòng)關(guān)系，與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā) 生，一般作原因狀語(yǔ)，置于句首； Having been done-被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生； 例句：Hearing the news, they got excited.（同時(shí)發(fā)生） The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(被動(dòng)) Not

20、having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.（主動(dòng)，且先于decided發(fā)生） Being repaired, the car cannot be used today.（同時(shí)發(fā)生，且被動(dòng)） Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistakes.(先于repeated發(fā)生，且被動(dòng))； 3.注意: 有些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)已經(jīng)游離出來(lái)，成為固定短語(yǔ)，當(dāng)作插入語(yǔ)使用。此時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)與它們不存在邏輯上的一致關(guān)系。如： (1)to tell you th

21、e truth說(shuō)實(shí)話， needless to say不用說(shuō)， to be honest/frank老實(shí)說(shuō)/坦白說(shuō)， to be more exact更確切地說(shuō)， to make things worse更糟的是，say that假設(shè)，not to mention更不用說(shuō) (2)generally/frankly/roughly speaking一般說(shuō)來(lái)/坦白說(shuō)/粗略地說(shuō)；considering鑒于/考慮到；judging by/from從來(lái)看，依據(jù)來(lái)判斷；supposing/suppose that假定；providing that假定；according to依據(jù)；including包括；

22、owing to由于；talking/speaking of談及 (3)given考慮到， provided that如果考點(diǎn)六，不定式和分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 規(guī)則1:感官動(dòng)詞帶賓補(bǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)公式(以see為例)： see+賓語(yǔ)+do (全過(guò)程或經(jīng)常性) see+賓語(yǔ)+doing（主動(dòng)的，正在做） see+賓語(yǔ)+done（表示完成的、被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作(如果是不及物動(dòng)詞則只表示完成的動(dòng)作）， 例句：1.1 I saw her run to the school. 1.2 I saw r crying in the corner. 1.3I saw her scolded by her mother. 注

23、意:此類句型可變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式（高考考點(diǎn)）Sb +be seen to do/doing/done. eg.She was seen to enter/entering the room. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year. 此類動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)有：see, notice, watch, observe, catch(sight of), listen to, h