高中英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)講義有答案

1、高中英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)講義一、名 詞【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】一、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成規(guī)則:1.規(guī)則變化:加-s, -es; 輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe變成ves;(1)keys , three henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; negroes; dingoes (2) 縮寫,數(shù)字,字母等在后面加s或s都可,如: some vips (vips); in his 50s / 50s; in the 1990s / 1990s; there are

2、two ts in the word “l(fā)etter”. 2.不規(guī)則變化:(1) men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;(2) 單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工廠); chinese; japanese; swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示種類);(3)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式:trousers, glasses(眼鏡);remains(遺體/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目錄); goods; customs(海關(guān)); arm

3、s(武器); (4)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law(5)表示某國人的復(fù)數(shù)形式:a:單復(fù)一樣:(chinese / japanese) b: 把man變成men : englishmen; frenchmen; c:其它加s (包括germans,humans)二、不可數(shù)名詞1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示數(shù)量的詞（組）及單位名詞（量詞），用得較多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece

4、 of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle2.不可數(shù)名詞具體化： these games are great successes; the party was a great success.三、名詞的所有格：1.表示有生命的名詞后加s, 如一樣?xùn)|西為幾人共有，則在

5、最后一個(gè)名詞后加s: jack and toms room(兩人共有的房間); jacks and toms rooms（兩人各自的房間）；表示無生命的名詞的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room;(但表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等無生命的名詞后也可加s: chinas industry; todays paper; ten minutes walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店鋪”等的名詞所有格后省略所修飾的名詞：at my aunts (house); at the doctors (office); go to the chemists (shop);3

6、.雙重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名詞+of +.s / 名詞性物主代詞（表示“部分”的概念或表示某種感情色彩，如：贊賞、討厭等）；比較：a friend of her mothers她母親的一個(gè)朋友（強(qiáng)調(diào)她母親的朋友中的一位，為雙重所有格）a friend of her mother她母親的朋友（強(qiáng)調(diào)兩人間的關(guān)系，為of所有格）a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所擁有的照片

7、中的一張，照片上不一定是他本人)a picture of his brother（他弟弟本人的一張照片，照片上就是他本人）四、名詞作定語修飾名詞：前一個(gè)名詞表示后一個(gè)名詞的材質(zhì)及用途；(1)一般前面的名詞用單數(shù)形式，復(fù)數(shù)加在后面主體名詞上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 個(gè)別名詞修飾另外一個(gè)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman與另一個(gè)名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞兩者都變復(fù)數(shù)：men/ women doctors;(2)比較名詞作定語及形容詞作定語的不同

8、意義：a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 裝灰塵的袋子/ a dusty bag布滿灰塵的袋子 a chemical change化學(xué)變化(具有化學(xué)性質(zhì)的變化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一個(gè)化學(xué)老師a gold watch 一只金表(表材質(zhì))/ a golden watch一只金黃色的表五、英語中”很多”的表達(dá):只修飾可數(shù)名詞:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of只修飾不可數(shù)名詞: a great deal

9、of / a great amount of ( great amounts of) 既可修飾可數(shù)也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of【練習(xí)】1. no regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to stick to the _of his advertisement.a. standard b. level c. message d. promise2. -what do you think

10、 of his composition? -much better, but theres still some _for improvement.a. space b. room c. area d. place3. sometimes doctors make higher _ for their work than they should.a. bills b. charges c. costs d. prices4. the _of a big snake made her frightened, so she sat there still.a. sight b. look c. v

11、iew d. scene5. no _ she fell ill, considering that she had been overworking for years.a. problem b. way c. wonder d. matter6. -how is it that you lost your way? -when i came to the crossroads, i went the wrong _.a. way b. direction c. distance d. path7. little tom asked me for small _ for his _, so

12、i gave him _.a. change; ten pennies; ten pence b. changes; ten pennies; ten pencec. change; ten pence; ten pennies d. changes; ten pence; ten pennies8. will you please tell me _you are talking about?a. which zhang yimous film b. which film of zhang yimouc. which film of zhang yimous d. zhang yimous

13、which film9. the baby broke a _which is made of _just now.a. tea cup; glass b. cup of tea; glass c. teas cup; glasses d. tea cup; glasses10. look, mother has just bought three _ and _.a. fruit; lots of vegetables b. fruits; a number of vegetablesc. fruit; a great many of the vegetablesd. fruits; a g

14、reat amount of vegetables11. if you get the job youll have to make business _every now and then.a. journeys b. trips c. travels d. voyages12. i listened to his lecture about biology, but i missed the key _.a. messages b. sense c. notes d. points13. he is always full of _as though he never knew tired

15、ness.a. strength b. force c. power d. energy14. there has been a great _ in the number of cars in our city in the past five years.a. increase b. improvement c. result d. effect15. i dont think its my _ that the tv doesnt work. i just turned it off.a. mistake b. fault c. duty d. error16. -whats the _

16、 of this pair of shoes? -500 yuan. -oh, its really too expensive. -but its comfortable, so i think its good _ for money.a. cost; value b. price; value c. price; cost d. cost; price17. how did you like the _of the interpreter(口譯員)at the conference on tv? a. performance b. achievement c. material d. w

17、ords18. she is not in good _for such heavy work.a. state b. condition c. position d. situation19. its bad _ for a man to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.a. manners b. action c. movement d. manner20. johnson is an honest businessman. our company and his has had a lot of _ in the p

18、ast few years.a. agreements b. sales c. deals d. bargains47主謂一致【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】英語句子中謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須與主語的人稱和數(shù)取得一致，這就叫做主謂一致。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。1：either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , somebody , someone , something , everything ,everybody , everyone ,no one ,

19、 nothing ,nobody  做主語時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)。neither of the two sentences is correct.everything around us is matter.(注意：none , neither, all ,any作主語時(shí)，謂語可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)，具體取決于說話人的意思。)none of them owns/own a car .neither of the boys are / is interested in geography.all are here. and all that can be done has been done

20、.2：表示“時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積”等度量的名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。five minutes is enough.four hundred francs is a lot of money.3：each and each ，every and every ;no and no ;many a and many a 等結(jié)構(gòu)由于強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體行為，因此謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。each boy and each girl has got a new english-chinese dictionary.no sound and no voice is heard for a long tim

21、e.4：從句、不定式、動(dòng)名詞或短語作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)形式。to say something is one thing, to do it is another .（to say something, to do 是不定式） “how do you do?” is not a question but a greeting .（how do you do?是句子，作主語） (注意：what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)應(yīng)注意其所指的具體內(nèi)容來確定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)。)what we need is more time, while what they need are more doctors and med

22、icines.5：one and a half 后面帶名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。one and half bananas is left on the table.6：用and 連接的兩個(gè)名詞表示單一概念時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。the headmaster and party secretary is going abroad next month.bread and butter is my usual breakfast.7 ：有些名詞呈復(fù)數(shù)形式，但并不表示復(fù)數(shù)概念。the news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built

23、 in the west of the city.8：名詞由and 或both and 連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop.9：people , public , police , cattle 做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上使用復(fù)數(shù)。the police have caught the murderer. and people are talking about the news.考點(diǎn)10：表示成雙、成套的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)。your trousers are too long, but these

24、 shoes fit you quite well.但有a pair of 連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。a pair of gloves is a nice present for her.11: 不可數(shù)名詞作主語，但前面有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。three million tons of oil are exploited every year in the oil field.12: 在or , either -or - , neither- nor - ,not only - but also - , not - but - , there be 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，采取就近原則，

25、即謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)。either the teacher or the students are to blame.not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.考點(diǎn)13 : 下列結(jié)構(gòu)用于引起一個(gè)附加的成分，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)不受附加成分的影響而于前面的主語取得一致: as well as ; rather than ; like ; except ; besides ; with ; along with ; including ; such - as- ; no

26、one but jack and mary knows about it.i as well as they am ready to help you.考點(diǎn)14：some of ; plenty of ; a lot of ; most of ; the rest of ; all(of ) ; half (of );分?jǐn)?shù)或百分之+of +名詞做主語時(shí)，以名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。a lot of students are waiting outside .and lots of the time has been wasted.more than 70% of the earths surface

27、is covered by water.ten percent of the apples are bad.the rest of the story needs no telling.he stayed at home and the rest of the boys were out at play.15：由a kind of ; this kind of ; many kinds of 和名詞+ of this kind 等以及與kind 意思相近的type, sort 等構(gòu)成的類似的短語做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與of 前的名詞取得一致。this kind of apple sells wel

28、l in china.apples of this kind are highly priced.16：more than 開頭的句子，看其后面的名詞。more than one answer is written on the blackboard.more than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle.17: 定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的形式與先行詞一致，但one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/ that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式看one 的前面是否有the (only )等修飾語，有為單數(shù)，無為復(fù)數(shù)。this is one of the

29、 best books that have appeared this year.she is the only one of those women who doesnt know a thing about knitting(編織) .18: population; company ; class . team ; family ; group ; nation ; world ; government等詞做主語時(shí)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)組成成員，謂語動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)。our family has a reunion every year.his family are wai

30、ting for him.19 ：the +形容詞，表示一類人，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);若指單數(shù)，則用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。the rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it.the true is to be distinguished from the false.真實(shí)應(yīng)與假相區(qū)別。(the true / the false表單數(shù)概念)20：a number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。the number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如：a number of people were killed and injured in

31、 the explosion.the number of people who were killed in the tsunami(海嘯) has grown to 160,000. 注：“many a + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)?！揪毩?xí)】1.have you heard that tian liang, along with his parents, _ to canada?really? no wonder i havent seen him these days.a. has been b. has gone c. have been d. have gone2. ov

32、er three-quarter of the city _ destroyed in the iraq war.a. is b. are c. were d. was 3. this kind of stories _ instructive while stories of that kind _ harmful to children.a. is ; seems b. are ; seem c. is ; seem d. are ; seems 4. everybody in our hometown, men and women, young and old, _ sports and

33、 games.a. are fond of b. joins c. enjoys d. go in for 5. the whites family, which _ rather a large one , _ very fond of their house .a. were ; were b. was ; were c. were; was d. was ; was6. not his son but his two daughters _ to canada, never to be seen again.a. has gone b. have gone c. has been d.

34、have been 7. when the injured _ to the hospital, they came to _.a. was rushed ; life b. were rushed ; life c. rushed ; lives d. were rushed ; lives 8. despite much research , there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that _ not fully understood .a. are b. were c. is d. was 9.

35、_ visitors to hong kong were asked by newspaper reporters what their impressions of the people were.a. the number of b. a numbers of c. numbers of d. any numbers of 10. though small , the ant is as much as a creature as _ all other animals on earth .a. are b. is c. do d. have 11. between the two row

36、s of trees _ the teaching building .a. have b. has c. stands d. are 12. every possible means _ tried but without much result .a. have been b. had c. has d. has been 13. the rest of the story _ no telling . half of the students _ no interest in it .a. need ; has b. needs ; have c. needs ; has d. need

37、 ; have 14. john and mary, _ sure to come to our party this evening.a. be b. are c. is d. to be15. this is the only one of the books on the subject _ ever been written in english .a. that has b. which have c. that have d. which is 16. every boy and every girl as well as some teachers who _ to visit

38、the museum_ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.a. are, are b. is , is c. are, is d. is , are17. a great many people_ present at the meeting . but many a man _ late for the meeting because of the traffic jam .a. are; are b. is; is c. were ; was d. was ; are 18. he is the only o

39、ne of the children who often _ ill of others behind their backs .a. have spoken b. were speaking c. speaks d. speak 19. its i who _ the christmas gift to you .a. has sent b. have sent c. is going to fetch d. are going to fetch 20. what were your problems a year ago _ mine now .a. has become b. have

40、become c. becomes d. became二、介 詞【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】一、基本知識(shí)：介詞又叫前置詞，是一種虛詞。介詞分為三種，一種是簡單介詞，如at, in, on, beside, to , for等；另一種是短語介詞，即由兩個(gè)以上的詞組組成的短語，如in front of, because of, out of, instead of等；還有一種叫二重介詞，如until after, from behind等。（一）介詞的句法功能介詞不能獨(dú)立在句中做成份，介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成份，表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。1、作定語：the

41、 book on the table is mine.2、作狀語：we have breakfast at seven.（表時(shí)間）；they were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）；they started the machine by pressing the button.（表方法）3、作表語：my dictionary is in the bag.4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語：i found him in the office.（二）主要介詞之間的區(qū)別1、表示時(shí)間的at, in, on：at表示片刻的時(shí)間，如：at 8 oclock

42、 ，常用詞組有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at christmas, at new year等。in表示一段的時(shí)間，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in october, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on總是跟日子有關(guān)，on monday, on christmas morning, on

43、the following, on may day, on a warm morning等。2、表示時(shí)間的since和from：since表示從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間的過程，常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。from表示從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始，不涉及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。一般多與現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過去時(shí)、將來時(shí)連用。如：i hope to do morning exercises from today./ we have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示時(shí)間的in和after：兩者都表示“在（某個(gè)時(shí)間）之后，區(qū)別在于in表示“在（一段時(shí)間）之后”，而after則表示“在（某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后）”

44、，in短語和將來時(shí)態(tài)連用，after短語和過去時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)連用。如：well be back in three days./ after seven the rain began to fall./ what shall we do after graduation?注意：after有時(shí)也可以表示在一段時(shí)間之后（常用在過去時(shí)里）。如：after two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的in, on, to：in表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外。如：changchun is in the northeast of china./ mongolia

45、 is on the north of china./ japan is to the east of china.5、表示“在上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如：there is a book on the piece of paper./ there is an interesting article in the newspaper./ he dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿過”的through和across：through表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in 有關(guān)；across則表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過，與on有關(guān)。如： w

46、ater flows through the pipe./ the old man walked across the street.7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：in the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的內(nèi)面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是內(nèi)面，也不是外面，而含內(nèi)外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角處”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：the lamp stands in the corner of the room./ i met with him at the street cor

47、ner./ he sat on the corner of the table.8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of：in the end作“最后”、“終于”解，可單獨(dú)使用，后不接介詞of；at the end of 表示“在末梢”，“到盡頭”，既可指時(shí)間，也可以指地上或物體。不可單獨(dú)使用；by the end of 作“在結(jié)束時(shí)”，“到末為止”解，只能指時(shí)間。不可單獨(dú)使用。如：in the end they reached a place of safety./ at the end of the road stands a beautiful

48、 garden./ they decided to have an english evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.9、表示“關(guān)于”的about 和on：兩者都有“關(guān)于”的意思，不過前者為一般用詞，而后者為較正式的“論述”。如：he came to tell me about something important./ he wrote a book on science.10、between, among：一般說來，between表示兩者之間，among用

49、于三者或三者以上的中間。如：you are to sit between your father and me./ he is always happy among his classmates.注意：但有時(shí)說的雖然是三個(gè)以上的人或東西，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是兩兩相互間接關(guān)系，適用于between。如：agreements were made between the different countries. 在談到一些事物或一組事物，而把它們視為分居兩邊時(shí)用between。如：the little valley lies between high mountains.。在談事物間的差別時(shí)，總是用betw

50、een。如：they dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.11、besides, except, but, except for：besides指“除了還有，再加上”。如：all went out besides me.；except指“除了，減去什么”，不能放在句首。如：all went out except me.；but 與except意思近似，表示“除了外”經(jīng)常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑問詞后面。如：i never saw him reading a

51、nything but the newspaper.；except for表示“如無就，只是”表明理由細(xì)節(jié)。如：his diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。12、表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、單位、語言、聲音等的“用”，用in。如：he is writing a letter with a pen./ he wrote the letter in pencil./ we measured it in pounds./ read the text in a loud voic

52、e./ tell me the story in english.13、in charge of和in the charge of：兩者都表示“由誰負(fù)責(zé)、照顧、管理”。區(qū)別在于：in charge of后接被照管的人或物，而in the charge of后面則跟照管的人。如：who is in charge of the project?/ the project is in the charge of an engineer.。14、as, like：as作“作為”、“以地位或身份”解。如：let me speak to you as a father.（事實(shí)是父親）；like作“象一樣”

53、解。如：let me speak to you like a father.（事實(shí)上不是父親）。15、in front of 和in the front of：in front of = before，是“在前面”的意思（不在某物內(nèi)）； in the front of則是“在前部”的意思（在某物內(nèi)）。如：there is a desk in front of the blackboard./ the boy sat in the front of the car.。16、in, into：into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置。如：we walked into the park.；in通常表示位

54、置。如：we walked in the park；in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等終止性動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，也可以表示動(dòng)向。如：i have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬幣放進(jìn)衣袋。二、復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要把握三點(diǎn)：（一）要注意理解情景意義：同一介詞可表達(dá)多種意義，同一場合意義不同則介詞不同。he hasnt come for a month .(for 持續(xù)時(shí)間)the day is warm for april .（for 就而言）（二）要突破幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵介詞in , on , at , with , by , from , of ,

55、 to , for .1 . 表示時(shí)間的：at; in ; on , since , from , to , after , within , during , throughout , towards , over , by , till ;2 . 表示穿越的:through , across , over 3表示地理位置的：in ; on; to ;4表示原因、目的的：for ;with ; from ;5. 表示關(guān)于的:about , concerning , regarding , with regard to , as for ,as to ;6. 表示根據(jù)：on ; according to ;7. in the corner ;on the corner , at the corner 的區(qū)別8between 和among 9