高考英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法Word版

1、 語(yǔ)法專題十一 構(gòu)詞法考點(diǎn)解析一. 轉(zhuǎn)化法即兼類詞， 在不同的語(yǔ)境中， 名詞動(dòng)用，動(dòng)詞名用等。 例如：Cook was the first to map the east coast. 庫(kù)克是第一個(gè)畫東部海岸地圖的人。they beached the ship on the shore where they could repair the damage他們把船靠岸， 在那里進(jìn)行修理。In July they set sail again and headed south and west in search of a new land.七月份，他們又揚(yáng)帆起航了，為尋找新大陸向南方和西方航行。

2、像這樣的轉(zhuǎn)化詞在我們高中英語(yǔ)教材中可以找到許多， 你也許只學(xué)過(guò)其中的一種詞類的用法， 但根據(jù)詞類的轉(zhuǎn)化， 你不難看懂這些句子。再如下列例子中畫線部分均為兼類詞。The house can house many people.這房子可以住下好多人。The mountain areas in the south are heavily forested.南部山區(qū)森林茂密。He had a bad headache and needed quiet.他頭痛得厲害，需要安靜。二， 合成法英語(yǔ)的合成詞有合成形容詞，合成名詞， 合成動(dòng)詞， 合成副詞， 合成代詞等。 具體看結(jié)構(gòu)巧建圖表。三。派生法亦稱詞綴法

3、或綴合法， 具體看結(jié)構(gòu)巧建圖表。這是三種構(gòu)詞法中最活躍的一種， 大約有三分之二的英語(yǔ)單詞都是用這種方法構(gòu)成的。因此， 掌握一些常用派生詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律對(duì)于我們正確拼寫單詞和在閱讀中猜詞能力的培養(yǎng)就顯得尤為重要。 在英語(yǔ)的派生詞中， 詞根決定詞的根本意義， 前綴改變?cè)~義， 后綴引起詞類的改變（個(gè)別后綴還會(huì)改變?cè)~義）。 如：a-后跟名詞或動(dòng)詞， 常構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)形容詞， 有些也可作副詞用如：alone, aside, ahead, aloud. “in-“在 “m”之前變體為 “im-“， 在 “ l”之前作 “il-”， 在 “r”之前作 “ir-“； “non-“ 和 “en-“則常加在名詞或形容詞之前

4、。 但前者所構(gòu)成的詞仍然是名詞或形容詞， 而后者卻構(gòu)成了動(dòng)詞。 “un-“常用于動(dòng)詞或形容詞之前。 其派生詞仍為動(dòng)詞或形容詞。 有時(shí)候，你在閱讀中會(huì)碰到既有前綴又有后綴的派生詞， 只要你確認(rèn)它的詞根， 你就可以猜到她的含義。 如：independent, disorderly, inattention, rebroadcast, non-communism, nonconductor, undeveloped, intercultural, unrealizable. unrecognizable, etc.構(gòu)詞法圖表祥解：合成詞合成名詞raincoat, wheelchair, earthq

5、uake, seaweed, necklace, etc.合成形容詞world-wide, world-famous, well-known, low-lying, man-made, warm-hearted, life-long, wide-open, etc.合成動(dòng)詞underline, whitewash, overthrow, dumbfound, etc.合成副詞however, maybe, wherever, whenever, beforehand, etc.1 / 5合成代詞himself, everyone, nobody, something, etc.前綴派生詞前綴意

6、義例詞a-n./ v在上； 向；在狀態(tài)中asleep, alone, ahead, afraid, alive, aloud, aside, awake, etc.dis- v.否定， 除去， 分開disappear, dislike, disagree, discover, disappoint, etc.in-, il-, im-, ir-+adj.不， 非incorrect, impolite, impossible, illegal, irregular, etc.mis- v.誤mistake, misunderstand, mislead, misread, etc.re- v.重

7、復(fù)， 再rewrite, retell, reunite, rebuild, remarry, etc.non- +n. /adj.非。 無(wú)。 不non-stop, non-smoker, non-smoking ,etc.un- adj不unwell, unsafe, unable, unhealthy, unknown, unfair, er- +n. /adj.在內(nèi)， 相互，之間international, inter-factory, etc.en- n. adj.置于之中， 使之enjoy, encourage, enlarge, enable, etc.micro-

8、n.微， 小microcomputer, etc.mini- n.小， 少minibus, miniskirt, etc.后綴派生詞后綴意義例詞名詞v. er/ or表人或用具farmer, baker, visitor, cooker, cutter, etc.n. -ese某國(guó)， 某地人chinese, Japanese, Portugese, etc.n. -ian某國(guó)， 某地人； 某種職業(yè)或地位的人musician, Egyptian, Asian, Russian, etc.n. -ist某種主義或職業(yè)者artist, scientist, communist, etc.v. -me

9、nt行為或其狀態(tài)government, movement, achievement, etc.adj. -ness性質(zhì)， 狀態(tài)illness, sadness, carelessness, etc.v. -tion行為， 狀態(tài)invention, liberation, organization, etc.v. /adj.-ance/ ence抽象； 行為。 性質(zhì)。 狀態(tài)importance, appearance, absence, existence, difference, performance, presence, etc.n. -th性質(zhì)， 情況depth, length, wid

10、th, etc.n. -ful（滿的）量handful, spoonful, mouthful, etc.adj. -ability抽象； 性質(zhì)。 狀態(tài)possibility, disability, etc.形容詞n. al屬于的physical, national, political, etc.n. -an屬于某地方的American, African, Italian, etc.n. -ern方向及性質(zhì)southern, northern, eastern, western, etc.n. ful/ less（沒(méi)）有的helpful, useful, hopeful, harmful,

11、 careless, homeless, hopeless, etc.n. -ble具有性質(zhì)的reasonable, terrible, changeable, etc.n. -ish如的foolish, English, Spanish, selfish, etc.v. -ive有傾向的active, expensive, attractive, etc.n. -y多的cloudy, windy, dirty, snowy, stormy, etc.n. -en由制成的golden, wooden, woolen. etc.n. -ous有（性質(zhì)）的famous, dangerous, po

12、isonous, etc.動(dòng)詞-fy.化beautify, satisfy, terrify, etc.-ize使成為apologize, realize, recognize, etc.-en使變成thicken, deepen, widen, etc.副詞-ly狀態(tài)， 程度badly, truly, angrily, perfectly, etc.-ward(s)向towards, forward, outward, upwards, etc.數(shù)詞-teenfourteen, eighteen, thirteen, etc.-tyforty, fifty, sixty, fifty, et

13、c.-thtwelfth, Twentieth, etc.高考示例【例一】2005 北京春季高考We asked John and Jerry, but _of them could offer a satisfactory explanation. A. either B. none C. both D. neither提示：本題題意是：我們問(wèn)了John和Jerry， 但是他們都不能提供滿意的解釋。 “兩者都不”用neither表示。 none表示 “三者或三者以上都不”。答案：D【例二】2005 全國(guó)高考IIThe poor young man is ready to accept _he

14、lp he can get. A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever提示： 此題考查名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞， 該引導(dǎo)詞必須引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句而用作從句中g(shù)et的賓語(yǔ)。 B。D 兩項(xiàng)在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用。 A項(xiàng)必須體現(xiàn)具體范圍。 答案：C【例三】2005 安徽高考My _of this weekends activity is going out with some good friends. A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought提示： opinion側(cè)重于某事的 “看法， 意見”； mind為想法， 感覺(jué)”； th

15、ought為 “思考。 觀念”； idea為 “想法， 計(jì)劃，念頭”。答案：A【例四】2005 浙江高考I am sure David will be able to find the libraryhe has a pretty good _of direction. A. idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense提示： have a good idea of意思為 “對(duì)非常了解”； feeling為 “感覺(jué)”； experience為 “經(jīng)歷， 經(jīng)驗(yàn)”； sense為 “感知， 感應(yīng)”。 have a good sense of direction意思為

16、 “有很好的方向感”。答案：D?！纠濉?004 上海高考The environmentalists said wild goats _on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance提示： escape意思為 “逃跑”；absence 意思為 “不在， 缺席”； attendance為“出席， 到場(chǎng)”； appearance意思為 “露面, 出現(xiàn)”. 此句話的意思為“環(huán)保主義者說(shuō)野山羊在草地上的出現(xiàn)，

17、是環(huán)境變好的跡象”。答案：D觸類旁通1 When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem, Jack looked _about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely2. The children playing under the tall tree live in a village _. They come here almost every day. A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near by3.

18、The black people were strongly against slavery and fought for their _bravely. A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees4. Mr. Black is an _in the army, not an _in the government. You can not easily find him in his _. A. official; officer; office B. officer; official; official C. official; official; offi

19、cial D. officer; official; official5. Dianna has got the job because she had the _over others of knowing many languages. A. advance B. advancing C. advantages D. advanced6. The story that Thomas had told before you arrived sounded _but in fact it was untrue. A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason7. You cant imagine how _Robert is! He is always acting _. He is really a _. A. foolish; foolishly; fool B. fool;