英語句型結(jié)構(gòu)

1、句型結(jié)構(gòu)按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為：簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。一、簡單句：基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+系動詞+表語組成，主要用以說明主語的特征，類屬，狀態(tài)，身份等。系動詞有:1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示狀態(tài)變化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;例如：Our English teacher is thirty years old. The

2、 cake tastes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still.He was at work. She is in good health.It is beyond my ability. I was at a loss. You are under arrest。主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語加不及物的謂語動詞構(gòu)成, 常用來表示主語的動作。如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語。如: 1. The red sun

3、rises in the east.2. They had to travel by air or boat.3. She sat there alone.4. He came back when we were eating.5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu):本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語構(gòu)成。1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go ne

4、xt. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu) 主語+及物謂語動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）”組成He brings me cookies every day.但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。用for 側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring

5、, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu): 此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”構(gòu)成。賓語補(bǔ)足語用來補(bǔ)充和說明賓語的性質(zhì)和特點，若無賓語補(bǔ)足語，則句意不夠完整?？梢杂米鲑e補(bǔ)的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，分詞等。如： The sun keeps

6、 us warm. I heard him singing.They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on.My mother asked me to clean my room.The teacher made all students finish their homework on time.用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補(bǔ)+真正賓語。如：I found it very pleasant to be with

7、 your family.I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它們的區(qū)別在于第一個是簡單句第二個是復(fù)合句，意思都是一樣的。There be 句型：此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)存在關(guān)系可以稱“有存在著”。它其實是全倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實際語意。此句型有時不用be動詞，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如：There stands a hill in the mid

8、dle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如： 現(xiàn)在有 there is/are 過去有 there was/were 將來有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 過去曾經(jīng)有 there used to be 似乎有 the

9、re seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 二、并列句結(jié)構(gòu)：1.由分號連接。eg. Some people cry; others laugh.Lets start ea

10、rly; we have a long way to go.2.由并列連詞及詞組連接-and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework to do.Ive got a cold, so Im going to bed.Both my father and mothe

11、r are teachers.Its very good, yet I dont like it.三、復(fù)合句構(gòu)成：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句和從句都有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，但主句是全局的主體，從句只是全句中的一個成分，不能獨立存在。從句通常是用引導(dǎo)詞來引導(dǎo)的，引導(dǎo)詞起連接主句和從句的作用。分類：名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句），形容詞性從句（定語從句），副詞性從句（狀語從句）。名詞性從句：性質(zhì)相當(dāng)于名詞的從句.注意：1.名詞性從句的一般引導(dǎo)詞1. 連接詞 that 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時，只起連接作用，沒有任何意思，也不充當(dāng)句子成分，在賓語從句中可省略，但引導(dǎo)其他名詞

12、性從句時通常不省略。如：I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期過得好。he likes you is very obvious. 很顯然他喜歡你。2. 連接詞 whether 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句也不充當(dāng)句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，可換成 if，但引導(dǎo)其他名詞性從句時不能換成 if。如(from )：He asked whether if I would show him the way. 他問我是否可以給他帶路。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否對我們有害還要

13、看一看。(引導(dǎo)主語從句，不能用 if 代替 whether)3. 連接代詞 who(m), whose, which, what 等引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時，均有各自的意義，在從句中作主語、賓語、定語等。如：Thats why she wanted to leave. 這就是她想離開的原因。When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么時候到?jīng)]有關(guān)系。Tell me which one you like best. 告訴我你最喜歡哪一個。4. 連接副詞 when, where, why, how 等引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也各自有自己的意義，在從句中作狀語。如：The questi

14、on is how we should carry out the plan. 問題是怎樣執(zhí)行這個計劃。When shell be back depends much on the weather. 她什么時候回來在很大程度上要看天氣。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他為什么這樣做將永遠(yuǎn)是一個謎。2.名詞性從句的重要引導(dǎo)詞1. what 用于引導(dǎo)名詞性從句是一個十分重要的引導(dǎo)詞，它可引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句，但不用于引導(dǎo)同位語從句。它引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句有兩個意思是：一是表示“什么”，帶有疑問意味；二是表示“所的”，相當(dāng)于一個先行詞后

15、接一個關(guān)系代詞。如：I dont know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。I dont know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是這個。2. what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時可用作限定詞，其后修飾名詞。如：I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的書都給他了。He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身邊帶有的錢全給了我。注：what 后的名詞可以是復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，但通常不能是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，并且后接不可數(shù)名詞時，有時可有l(wèi)ittle修飾，兩者的區(qū)別是：what+不可數(shù)名詞

16、=所有的都，what little+不可數(shù)名詞=雖少但全部。如：What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在國外。We gave him what (little) help we could. 我們給了他我們力所能及的幫助。3. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，其意分別為“所的一切事或東西”、“任何的人”、“的任可人或物”等。如：Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要這書都可拿去。Ill do whatever I can to help

17、him. 我們將盡我們所能來挽救他。Buy whichever is cheapest. 買最便宜的。注意以下受漢語意思影響而弄錯的句子：任何人來都?xì)g迎(from )。誤：Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome.正：Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome.另外，它們也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，其意為“無論”、“不管”，其意相當(dāng)于 no matter who what, which。如：Whatever happens, you mus

18、t be calm. 不管發(fā)生什么情況，你都必須鎮(zhèn)靜。(whatever = no matter what)He won't eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是誰，他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who)注：whoever 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時既用作主格也用作賓語；作賓語時不宜用 whomever，因為在現(xiàn)代英語中 whomever 這個已幾乎廢棄不用。4. why 與 because 的用法區(qū)別。兩者均可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但前者強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因。如：I had a cold. Thats why I didn

19、9;t come. 我感冒了，因此我沒來。I didnt come. Thats because I had a cold. 我沒有來，那是因為我感冒了3名詞性從句的語序名詞性從句的詞序與陳述句語序相同，尤其注意那些由連接代詞who(m), whose, which, what 和連接副詞 when, where, why 等引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不要受它們在特殊疑問句中用法的影響而誤用疑問句詞序。如：Why was she crying? 她為什么在哭？I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她為什么哭。4名詞性從句的時態(tài)問題1. 當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是過去式時，賓語從

20、句若不是一個客觀事實或真理，其謂語動詞也必須用某種過去時態(tài)。如：She said that she didn't want to know. 她說她不想知道。I asked her whether she would agree. 我問她是否會同意(from )。2. when, if 這兩個詞既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也可引導(dǎo)狀語從句。當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且表示將來意義時，要直接使用將來時態(tài)；但當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)狀語從句且表示將來意義時，則必須用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義。如：I dont know when he will come, but when he comes, Ill call you.

21、 我不知道他什么時候，但當(dāng)他來的時候，我會打電話給你。句中第一個when 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，故用將來時態(tài)表示將來意義；第二個when 引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句，故用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來意義。主語從句(Subject Clause):一個句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)一個主語,那么這個句子就是主語從句。句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. Who will

22、 be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. Whom we must study for is a question of great importanceWhat caused the accident remains unknown. Whatever you did is right. Whose watch was lost is unknown. What we need is time.小結(jié):（1)引導(dǎo)主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)連詞位于句首不能省略（3)主語從句大多數(shù)情況下視為三人

23、稱單數(shù)。注意：為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末It is certain that he will win the match.It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.It is strange that he should do that.It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) It is known to all that the gun

24、powder was first invented by the Chinese. It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小結(jié):（1)以that 引出的主語從句,常以形式主語it引導(dǎo). It is +形容詞/名詞/某

25、些動詞ed + that 從句.（2) 在有些that從句中要用虛擬語氣 (should+do/should+have done)總結(jié)：1that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時，that 沒有意義，但不能省略。It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的頭發(fā)正在變白，這使她很不安。that引導(dǎo)主語從句，it 作形式主語，that 不能省略。That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 眾所周知，她是個富有的女人。這是that 引導(dǎo)主語從句，that不能省略。這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語的句型。請同

26、學(xué)們改寫：It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.2.從句作主語時，多數(shù)情況下由 it 作形式主語，而把主語從句放在后面，尤其是謂語部分（包括賓語）較短的情況下。It wasnt very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。It is important that he should come on time. 他按時來是很重要的3whether 既可以引導(dǎo)主語從句也可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，但if不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。whether 后面可以加or not而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞賓語時不用if.如：Whe

27、ther I knew John doesnt matter. = It doesnt matter whether I knew John. 我是否認(rèn)識約翰沒有關(guān)系Whether or not shell come isnt clear. = Whether shell come or not isnt clear. = It isnt clear whether她是否來還不清楚It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 這是主語從句還是賓語從句？it 是形式主語嗎？it 是代詞，whether 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，作介詞on

28、 的賓語，不能用if引導(dǎo)。請翻譯這句話。這完全取決于我們是否能得到他們的合作I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 賓語從句，介詞賓語，不能用if 引導(dǎo)。請翻譯這句話。She asked me whether/if you were married. 賓語從句，既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引導(dǎo)。注意時態(tài)的對應(yīng)。賓語從句: 在句子中起賓語作用的從句構(gòu)成:帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句就是用連接詞把一個主句和一個賓語從句連接在一起。連接詞有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, wheth

29、er, how.He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day.賓語He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm. 間接賓語 直接賓語He told me where he was going to travel that summer.間接賓語 直接賓語He told that he would go to the college the next year.I dont know if there will be a bus any more.Nobody

30、knew whether he could pass the exam.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?I dont know whom you should depend on.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?He didnt tell me when we should meet again.Could you please tell

31、 me how you read the new book?None of us knows where these can be bought.注意：1.用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句動詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語的時候,則需要用it做形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.I have made it a

32、rule that I keep diaries. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 有些動詞帶賓語從句時需要在賓語與從句前加it這類動詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.He will have it that our plan is really practical.We take it that you will agree

33、 with us.2.介詞的賓語從句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.有時候except,but,besides三個介詞后可見到that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.3.形容詞的賓語從句常用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句的形容詞有

34、: sure, certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.4. if,whether在賓語從句中的區(qū)別whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.在不定式前只能用whether.I cant decide whether to stay.避免歧異時,我們常

35、用whether而不用if.5.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移動詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來,其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致.I dont think he will come to my party.而不能說成I think he wont come to my party.I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問句要用肯定形式

36、.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?6.賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序當(dāng)主句為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r的時候,賓語從句的時態(tài)一般不受主句的時態(tài)所影響.當(dāng)主句為過去時的時候,從句用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.H

37、e told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.如果從句是一個客觀真理,那么從句的時候不根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)而變化The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.當(dāng)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑問時,不能按正常語序安排,經(jīng)

38、常將這類引導(dǎo)詞置于句首Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?7.建議 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 決定 decide; 命令 order、command; 堅決主張 insist;等動詞后跟賓語從句，用（should）+v（虛擬語氣） eg I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at on

39、ce 同位語從句一、在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。如： I heard the news that our team had won I had no idea that you were here二、可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able

40、 to see you this afternoon三、英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。）如： l have no idea When he will be back He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 四、有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming t

41、o inspect them The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city注意：同位語從句的that 只是引導(dǎo)詞，沒有其他語法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定語從句中的that 除了引導(dǎo)定語從句外，還是定語從句的一個成分，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時不能省略，作賓語時可以省略The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense.有些民族優(yōu)越于其他民族這種想法簡直荒謬。（請辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。）（同位語從句）T

42、he idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense. 他在會議上提出的這個想法簡直荒謬。（請辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。）（定語從句）No one is happy with the fact that he found out. 沒有人對他發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實感到高興。（請辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。）（定語從句）No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.沒有人對他將成為他們的老板這一事實感到高興。（請辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。）（同位語從句）表語從句

43、 表語從句就是用一個句子作為表語。The problem is puzzling.主語 連系動詞 形容詞作表語The problem is when we can get a pay rise.主語 連系動詞 一個句子作表語-表語從句連接表語從句的連接詞有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.He has become a teacher.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.She has remained there for an hour.She has r

44、emained where I stood yesterday for an hour.His suggestion is good.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.The question is confusing.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Why he cried yesterday.How I can persuade her to join us in the party.注意

45、：1.表語從句一定要用陳述語序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.2.不用if，而用whether 連接表語從句(as if 例外）。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked

46、as if he had understood this question.3.像賓語從句，在有表語從句的復(fù)合句中，主句時態(tài)和從句時態(tài)可以不一致。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.4.that 在表語從句中不能省掉。表語從句位于主句的連系動詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。Thats not what I want. 那不是我要的  Thats why I have come.那就是

47、我為什么來了My opinion is that things will improve.我的意見是事情會好起來的The problem is who is to pay and when we can start.問題是誰來付帳、我們又何時開始What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.使我感到吃驚的是他英語講得那么好What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們此外，表語從句還可由as if

48、 （好像）引導(dǎo)； It looked as if it was/were going to rain. （虛擬語氣）形容詞后的that 從句that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句還可以用在一些形容詞后面。這種句型一般都用人作主語，所用的形容詞都是表示思想狀況或感情色彩的形容詞，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried，glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等I am sure/certain that h

49、es at home now.我肯定他現(xiàn)在在家He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同樣的錯誤，他生氣了He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他會贏She is aware that I cant help her. 她知道我?guī)筒涣怂拿 am glad that youve come. 你來了我很高興I am afraid that I cant promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保證什么We were rather disappointed that

50、you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你沒能來我們有點失望I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有點擔(dān)心她做不成這件事情六、what 從句的小結(jié)1  意思是“所.的事/物”, 相當(dāng)于the thing(s) that, that which, 或those which 可以用于以下情況：(1)     引導(dǎo)主語從句      What she saw frightened her

51、. 她看到的事情嚇了她一跳What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了事實What Im afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他們帶他到那地方去What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我們擔(dān)心的是她的幼稚But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最傷我們感情

52、的是法官的私下評論What will be, will be. 要發(fā)生的事總是要發(fā)生的（諺語）   What is gone is gone. 過去的事就過去了(2)     引導(dǎo)表語從句      Thats what I hope. 那就是我希望的I should like to be a teacher. Thats what I want to be. 我想當(dāng)老師，那是我想干的事Times are not what they used to be. 時代不同了  He

53、s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是幾年前的他了Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身體應(yīng)該更好(3)     引導(dǎo)賓語從句，包括介詞賓語  He could not express what he felt. 他不能表達(dá)他的感受   Well, Ill do what I can. 好吧，我盡力I cant do what youve just asked of me. 我不能做你剛才要求我的事And having got what h

54、e wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的東西，他拿上帽子就走了As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作為你的朋友，我想告訴你我所聽到的The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父親開始批評男孩所做的事She was not happy at what he had said. 她對他說的話不高興The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 這座城市

55、和十年前不同了It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和現(xiàn)在比起來，它那時候是個小地方I dont care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金錢或者別人所謂的地位They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state   他們能掙來的東西，百分之五十交給了國家2  用作插入語，指代后面的成分。這和非限定性定語從句正好相反，非限定性定語從句指代的是前面的成分T

56、hen I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Marys niece. 后來我發(fā)現(xiàn)，他妻子原來是Mary的侄女，這對我是個新聞He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river他從來不參加男孩子通常做的體育活動，更奇怪的是，他從來不坐船出去到河上面去Hes an interesting speaker, and, what is more important

57、, he knows his subject thoroughly.他講話生動有趣，更重要的是，他對課題了如指掌He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking.他去參加了會議，而且更糟糕的是，他堅持要發(fā)言It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 這是本很有用的書，再說也不貴Youll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, whats more, youll get no sympathy from anybody.你怪不著別人，只能怪你自己；還有，你得不到任何人的同情。3  引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，