德國應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)化困境

1、    德國應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)化困境    應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)提高學(xué)術(shù)地位的主要途徑是提高應(yīng)用研究和技術(shù)開發(fā)水平，而不是“科學(xué)”研究水平。如果將兩者混淆，帶來的不僅僅是學(xué)術(shù)漂移的不利影響，而且還可能導(dǎo)致不同類型高校的同質(zhì)競爭。從長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展角度看，比提升學(xué)術(shù)地位更重要的是擴(kuò)大應(yīng)用型高校在經(jīng)濟(jì)界的影響力，盡管這些指標(biāo)很難反映在英美主導(dǎo)的國際高校排名中。因?yàn)榘凑者@些排名，擁有頂尖高校最多的美國和英國恰恰是實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭力不強(qiáng)的、屬于“低技能均衡”（low-skills-equilibrium）的國家。43這說明，現(xiàn)有大學(xué)評(píng)估指標(biāo)體系并不適用于應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)，應(yīng)當(dāng)調(diào)整高校質(zhì)

2、量指標(biāo)體系，公正對(duì)待應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)所承擔(dān)的特殊社會(huì)使命，如關(guān)注應(yīng)用型高校與本地中小企業(yè)和公共部門的聯(lián)系等。44參考文獻(xiàn)：140kyvik s, lepori b. research in higher education institutions outside the university sectorm/kyvik s, lepori b. the research mission of higher education institutions outside the university sector: striving for differentiation. dordrecht: s

3、pringer netherlands, 2010: 3-21.2teichler u. the end of alternatives to universities or new opportunities?m/taylor j s, ferreira j b, machado m d l, et al. non-university higher education in europe. dordrecht: springer netherlands, 2008: 1-13.3kehm b m, teichler u. higher education and employmentj.

4、european journal of education, 1995, 30（4）: 407-422.4525gellert c, rau e. diversification and integration: the vocationalisation of the german higher education systemj. european journal of education, 1992, 27（1/2）: 89-99.61723333738kulicke m, stahlecker t. the role of research in german universities

5、 of applied sciencesm/kyvik s, lepori b. the research mission of higher education institutions outside the university sector: striving for differentiation. dordrecht: springer, 2010: 155-174.7statistisches bundesamt. hochschulen nach hochschularteneb/ol. 2019-04-10. 8statistisches bundesamt. studier

6、ende nach bundesländerneb/ol. 2019-04-10. 914152641klumpp m, teichler u. german fachhochschulen: towards the end of a success story?m/taylor j s, ferreira j b, machado m d l, et al. non-university higher education in europe. dordrecht: springer netherlands, 2008: 99-122.10杭州大學(xué)中德翻譯情報(bào)中心.聯(lián)邦德國及巴伐利亞

7、州高等教育法規(guī)選編m.杭州：杭州大學(xué)出版社，1991：42.1135vogel m p. the professionalism of professors at german fachhochschulenj. studies in higher education, 2009, 34（8）: 873-888.12hochschulrektorenkonferenz. higher education institutions in figures 2018eb/ol. （2018-05-22）2018-12-31. 13rollwagen i. project economy approa

8、ches for higher education: diversifying the revenue base of german universitiesj. higher education management and policy, 2010, 22（3）: 1-21.16弗里德里希·包爾生.德國大學(xué)與大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)m.北京：人民教育出版社，2009：163.18schomburg h. higher education and graduate employment in germanyj. european journal of education, 2000, 35（2）:

9、 189-200.1920212224schomburg h. bachelor graduates in germany: internationally mobile, smooth transition and professional successm/schomburg h, teichler u. employability and mobility of bachelor graduates in europe: key results of the bologna process. rotterdam: sensepublishers, 2011: 89-110.27augst

10、ein f. gepanschter eintopf. süddeutsche zeitungeb/ol. （2018-04-19）2018-12-31. 28pritchard r m o, klumpp m, teichler u. diversity and excellence in higher education: can the challenges be reconciled?m. rotterdam: sensepublishers, 2015: ix-xiii.29teichler u. higher education and graduate employme

11、nt: changing conditions and challengeseb/ol. 2018-12-26. http:/www.uni-30landesrecht hessen. hessisches hochschulgesetzeb/ol. （2015-10-12）2018-12-26. 31鄧澤民，董慧超.德國應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)研究m.北京：科學(xué)出版社，2017：15.32lutz b. education and employment: contrasting evidence from france and the federal republic of germanyj. euro

12、pean journal of education, 1981, 16（1）: 73-86.34ramm m, multrus f, bargel t, et al. studiensituation und studentische orientierungen: 12. studierendensurvey an universitäten und fachhochschulen （langfassung）r. berlin: bundesministerium für bildung und forschung （bmbf）, 2014.36kulicke m, st

13、ahlecker t, mitarbeit von w, et al. forschu ngslandkartefachhochschulenpotenzialstudier. bonn: federal ministry of education and research （bmbf）, 2004.39daimer s, dehio j, rothgang m. knowledge triangle policies and practices in germanyr. essen: leibniz institute for economic research （rwi）, 2017.42孫善學(xué).高校轉(zhuǎn)型的語境整合與路徑選擇j.中國職業(yè)技術(shù)教育，2016（18）：5-11.43ertl h, frommberger d. comparative vet research-methodological considerations, results and current que