2019年考研英語一真題及答案詳解

1、2019 年考研英語一真題及答案詳解Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word ( s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones

2、. 1of us just walkstraight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2on batteries, andbatteries can die faster than we realize. 3you get lost without a phone ora compass, and you 4 can t findnorth, a few tricks to help younavigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the landWhen you find

3、yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7area,you have to answer two questions:Which 8is downhill, in this particulararea? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9,if you head downhill, and followany H2O you find, you sho

4、uld 10see signs of people.If you ve explored the area before, keep aneye out for familiar sights you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restoreyour bearings.Another12: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 , evenin dense forest, you should be able to 14ga

5、ps in the tree line due toroads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15the woods. Headtoward these 16to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18, assuming you re lost in an area humans tend

6、to frequent, look forthe 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. ASome BMost CFew DAll【答案】C【解析】首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在一個(gè)GPS 系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序都在我們的智能手機(jī)上唾手可得的世界?？崭袼诰渲赋觯何覀冎性跊]有電話，個(gè)人GPS 或其他導(dǎo)航工具的情況下直接走進(jìn)樹林。本句有without與few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯定，根據(jù)語義應(yīng)該填入few （幾乎沒有人）

7、，符合文意。2. Aput Btake Crun Dcome【答案】C【解析】run on battery 表示手機(jī)用電池發(fā)動(dòng)，運(yùn)行。其他選項(xiàng)：Put on （穿上；使運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)）；take on （承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)）；come on （快點(diǎn)；開始），語義不通順。故正確答案為C run 。3. ASince B If CThough DUntil【答案】B【解析】空格所在句譯文：你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路，找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航文明。此處為假設(shè)的情況，故填入if （如果）符合上下文白表達(dá)。其余選項(xiàng)：Since （因?yàn)?；自從），though （雖然），until （直到）帶入后，語義

8、不通順。故正確答案為B If。4. Aformally B relatively C gradually D literally【答案】D【解析】空格所在句譯文：你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路，找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航文明。 此處 literally 表示確實(shí)地，真正地，帶入原文語義通順：你的確找不到北方。其余選項(xiàng)：Formally （正式地），relatively （相對(duì)地），gradually （逐漸地）帶入后，語義不通順。故正確 答案為 D literally.5. A back B next C around D away【答案】 A【解析】空格所在句譯文：你在沒有電

9、話或指南針的情況下迷路，找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航 文明。前文講10st （迷路），此 處填入back （回到）文明之地相互呼應(yīng)，故正確答案為 A back。6. A0nt0 B0ff Cacr0ss Da10ne【答案】B【解析】空格所在句的句意為：當(dāng)你路徑，但不是完全的區(qū)域，你需要回答兩個(gè)問題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪兒條路是下坡？哪兒里有最近的水源？通過后半句的問題，能夠了解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時(shí)候。B 選項(xiàng)off （遠(yuǎn)離，離開）符合語義要求；A選項(xiàng)onto （在之上），C選項(xiàng)across（穿過，橫穿），D選項(xiàng)alone （獨(dú)自地，單獨(dú)地）帶入空格后，語義不通順，均排

10、除。故正確答案為B 選項(xiàng)off。7. Aunattractive B uncrowded Cunchanged Dunfamiliar【答案】D【解析】空格所在句的前一句說迷失蹤跡，偏離軌道?？崭袼诘暮蟀刖鋌ut開頭， 所填入的形容詞詞需要和前面構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，雖然偏離軌道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。只有D選項(xiàng)unfamiliar （不熟悉的，不常見的）符合要求；A 選項(xiàng) unattractive （不吸引人的），B 選 uncrowded （不擁擠的，寬敞的），C 選項(xiàng) unchanged （未改變的，無變化的）帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為 Dunfamiliar 。8. Asite

11、 Bpoint Cway Dplace【答案】C【解析】空格所在句的句意：你需要回答兩個(gè)問題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪兒個(gè)是下坡？哪兒里有最近的水源？空格處所需的名詞需要符合上下文語境。C選項(xiàng)way （道路）符合語義要求；A選項(xiàng)site （地點(diǎn)，位置，場(chǎng)所），B選項(xiàng) point （要點(diǎn)），D選項(xiàng)place （地方，地點(diǎn)）帶入空格后，語義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為C 選項(xiàng)way。9. ASo BYet CInstead DBesides【答案】 A【解析】空格所在句的前一句指出：生活在山谷中的人，基本都靠淡水為生。后面也就是空格所在句： 如果你下山，沿著水走，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的跡象 很明顯空格處所填入的

12、連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果的邏輯關(guān)系，只有A選項(xiàng)So （所以，因此）符合要求；B選項(xiàng)Yet （但是，然而），C選Instead （代替,反而），D 選項(xiàng) Besides （此外，而且）帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為ASo。10. Aimmediately B intentionally Cunexpectedly D eventually【答案】D【解析】 空格所在句的句意：所以如果你下山，沿著你找到的水一直走，你 會(huì)看到人類的跡象，空格處所需的副詞需要符合本旬語境并是句子語義通 順。 D 選項(xiàng) eventually （最后，終于）符合語義要求；A 選項(xiàng) immediately （立即，立刻），B選

13、項(xiàng)intentionally （故意地，有意地），C選項(xiàng)unexpectedly （意外地，出乎意料地）帶入空格后，語義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為D 選項(xiàng)eventually 。11. Asurprised Bannoyed Cfrightened Dconfused【答案】 A【解析】空格所在句提到：If you ve explored the area before, keep an eye outfor familiar sights you may be surprised how quickly spotting a distinctive rock or tree can res

14、tore your bearings （如果你之前去過這個(gè)地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或許會(huì)快速識(shí)別出一塊特征明顯的巖石或樹木能幫助你恢復(fù)記憶）。此句明顯體現(xiàn)了積極褒義的感情色彩，根據(jù)這個(gè)線索，可直接確定A選項(xiàng)surprised為正確答案，即：你或許會(huì)感到驚訝 12. A problem BoptionCview Dresult【答案】B【解析】本文第一段提到：“如果你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路了，而且你真的找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你回到文明社會(huì)”?？崭袼谔幪岬剑毫硪粋€(gè)_: 登到高處尋找有人類住所的標(biāo)志，因此此處的another_ 應(yīng)該與 tricks 構(gòu)成總分關(guān)系，即，空格

15、處所填的名詞應(yīng)與tricks 語義相近。只有B 選項(xiàng)option （選擇，辦法）符合要求。13. A Above all BIn contrast C On average D For example【答案】D【解析】 空格前提到“另一個(gè)辦法就是登高來尋找有人類居住的標(biāo)志 ”， 關(guān)鍵詞為：look for signs; 空格后提到“在茂密森林里，你應(yīng)該能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)由于道路、電纜、火車軌道和人們?cè)跇淞种虚_辟的其他道路而造成的樹木之間的空隙”，關(guān)鍵詞為：spot gaps 。而 look for 與 spot 語義相近，signs 為抽象名詞，gaps 為具體名詞，因此空格前后表是例證關(guān)系或總分關(guān)系，

16、故D 選項(xiàng) for example （例如）為正確答案。14. Abridge Bavoid Cspot Dseparate【答案】C【解析】 本題空格所在句是對(duì)前面句子的例證，故主題一致，因此空格處需填入的動(dòng)詞需和look for語義相近，故選擇spot （識(shí)別，發(fā)現(xiàn)）。15. A from B through Cbeyond D under【答案】B【解析】空格處需填入介詞來和前面的動(dòng)詞carve 及后面的名詞woods 構(gòu)成順暢的語義搭配。Carvewoods: 在森林中開辟道路，B 選項(xiàng) through 用法最恰當(dāng)，故為正確答案。16. A posts Blinks Cshades D

17、breaks【答案】D【解析】本題空前有一個(gè)指示代詞these,通過語義，"these 16指代上文的 “ roads, train tracks, and other paths ，并由定語從句 ”“ people carve through thewoods”（人們?cè)谏种虚_辟的 ）修飾。從語義上來看，breaks最合適。17. A artificial B mysteriousC hidden D limited【答案】 A【解析】本空所處的句子“scanfor 17 light sources ,與本段開頭“l(fā)ook fosign of human habitation 結(jié)構(gòu)

18、一致，語義相關(guān)，空格處所填形容詞和 ”human意思相近，選擇artificial 人造的 “ ”。除此之外， 17 題后面 “ such as fires andstreetlights, 所列舉的兩種光源的共同特點(diǎn)就是 ”artificial 。18. A Finally B Consequently C incidentally D Generally【答案】D【解析】空后為條件狀語從旬"assuming you與上文的“If yoU成順接遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)中，只用finally 表順接。19. A memories B marksC notes D belongings【答案】B

19、【解析】空后的定語從句“ we leave on the landscape ，由語義得知此處應(yīng)該填 ”“標(biāo)記 ”，所以選marks。20. A restrict B adoptC lead D expose【答案】C【解析】所填動(dòng)詞需要與主語“ tire blazes, tire tracks and other fearures 輪胎，輪胎痕跡和其他標(biāo)記），賓語you ，以及不定式to civilization （文明）之間構(gòu)成完整語義，所以此處填lead “引導(dǎo) ”最合適。【試題點(diǎn)評(píng)】完型填空為了測(cè)試考生實(shí)際應(yīng)用英語的能力和語感。具體說來，是從語篇的角度綜合測(cè)試考生的閱讀理解能力、詞匯的

20、掌握和對(duì)英語習(xí)慣用語的熟悉程度、 以及語法規(guī)則的靈活運(yùn)用。這部分大家一定要注重思路和尋找線索能力的訓(xùn)練， 一般做題的基本思路是，根據(jù)已知信息去填空，根據(jù)空前后的線索來選擇填什么。比方說，題目讓考生填主句的內(nèi)容，那么從句中就會(huì)有相應(yīng)的說明。題目讓考生填動(dòng)詞，原文常常在別的地方出現(xiàn)這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的同義詞。那么如何判斷呢？首先根據(jù)需要填寫動(dòng)詞后面出現(xiàn)的賓語，找到有同一賓語的句子，該句中的動(dòng)詞就是所需填寫詞的同義詞。具體相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)和解題思路在考研教育網(wǎng)強(qiáng)化階段英語強(qiáng)化班的完型填空部分有重點(diǎn)講解。Section H Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the

21、following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （ 40 points ）Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives co

22、uld be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation forwrongdoing. The main purpose of this“ clawback ” rule is to hold bankersaccountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decisi

23、on-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“ Shor-termism ” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicl y traded companies, says the Bank of England s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economie

24、s, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like“ Children who pick the plums out of theirpudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seve

25、n years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm s efforts to invest in lo-tnegrm research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “ quarterly capita。 lism”In addition, new digital technologies have allo

26、wed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “ There seems to be a predominance of sh-otertrm thinking at the expense of long- term investing, ” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission

27、in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “ sh-toertmism. ” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal fin ds that “ a substantial part ” of

28、executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “ -tloernmgism, ” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a c

29、ompany.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Brita in s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term bu

30、t for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the.A. enhance banker s sense of repsonsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives【答案】 A【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“ paragraph 1 和 ”

31、 “ one motive in imposing the new rule回文定位在第一段第三句“ The main purpose of this clawback rule is to holdbankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. 可以得出答案。 ”22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. g

32、overnments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “ sho-rttermism ” in economics activities【答案】D【解析】根據(jù)題干中的“Alfred Marshall回文定位在第二段最后一句"AlfredMarshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like , 可以得出答” 案。23. It is argued that the influenc

33、e of transient investment on public companies can be.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary23【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“ Transient investment 定位第三段第二句， ”“ Transientinvestors, can hinder a firm ' s efforts to invest-tnrmnesearch or to build up customer loyalty 可以得出答案。 ”24. The US and France examples a

34、re used to illustrate.A. the obstacles to preventinghort-“stermism ”。B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting“-telormngism ”。D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.【答案】C【解析】根據(jù)題干定位到第五、六段，第五段為美國的例子，第六段為法國的例子， (第五段中美國延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績(jī)效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解“短期主義 ”盛行的現(xiàn)狀；第六段在法國持股兩年以上者擁

35、有更大的選票權(quán)。)第六段首句承前啟后講到“ Much more could be done to encourage -lotenrgmism ”促進(jìn) “長(zhǎng)期主義 ”還有很多做法?？梢缘贸龃鸢浮?5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking

36、Bankers【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞best title 可知這是一道典型的主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可以得出答案。Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs ( grade-point averages ) over the past few decades is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But anot

37、her, related force a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “ grade forgiveness is h” elping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a stu

38、dent s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school ( and paying tuition ) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to

39、 give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emph

40、asize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“ Untimely, ” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University s registrar, “ we see studentachieve more

41、 success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time. ”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges ownneeds as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their su

42、ccess on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill feel they ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,

43、 which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who

44、 are as qualified as possible or at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation? A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges neglect of GPAS. D.The influence of consumer

45、culture.【答案】D【解析】根據(jù)題干信息詞定位到首段第一句，句子主干“ Grade inflation is oftencons idered a product of a consumer era in higher education 可以得出答案。 ” 27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates fo

46、r a challenging future.D. To increase universities income from tuition.【答案】 A【解析】根據(jù)題干要求定位到第三段第二句。該句中的this practice 對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的 grade forgiveness ， first started 對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的original ， 而不定式短語to givethem （freshmen ） a second chance if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses （如果大一新生在都向大學(xué)課程的過渡中

47、有問題的話在給他們一次機(jī)會(huì)）為目的，對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的purpose,故正確答案應(yīng)為A選項(xiàng)To help freshmen adapt to college learning （幫助大一新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)）。28 . According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments needs【答案

48、】 A【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“ paragrph 5，以及 ”“ grade forgiveness 和 ”“ colleges定位到第五段第一句話?？梢缘贸龃鸢浮?9 .What does the phrase “ to be alig(neLdine 5”, Para.6 ) most probably mean? A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.【答案】C【解

49、析】根據(jù)題目定位到第6 段最后一句：On this, students and collegesincentives seem to be aligned. 解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this 指代的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. 可以得出答案。30

50、.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effects【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)題干，表面上問作者通過什么論述方式來探討grade forgiveness的實(shí)踐操作，其實(shí)是考全文的主旨寫作手法，屬于主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可以得出答案。Text 3This year marks exactly

51、 two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.T

52、oday the rapid growth of artificial intelligence ( AI) raises fundamental questions: ” What is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What makes humans humans? ”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Y

53、et humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “ Westworld ” and “ Hum。 ans”Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagl

54、eman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.“ Weare just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there. ”But that doesn t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren t at hand. Thecoming use of autonomo

55、us vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “ vision ” today is not

56、 nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“ you quickly get into a lot ofethical questions, ” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapo-rbeased agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India release