延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞

1、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞一、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞的概念 英語中，動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、動(dòng)作發(fā)生過程的長(zhǎng)短，可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 和終止性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持 久影響。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。 終止性動(dòng)詞也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、 瞬間動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞， 表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作， 這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如ope n, close, fini sh, begi n, come, go, arrive

2、, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,bi等。二、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征1. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示"段時(shí)間 "的狀語連用。表示"段時(shí)間 "的短語有：for two years, duri ng the past three years, since last year, how lor等。如：I have lear ned En glish since I came here.從我來到這兒就學(xué)英語了。2. 延 續(xù) 性 動(dòng) 詞 不 能 與 表 示 短 暫 時(shí) 間 的 " 點(diǎn) 時(shí) 間 &

3、quot; 狀 語 連 用 。 如 ： It raind at eight yesterday morning.（誤）rain 為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而 at eight 表示"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"， 前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作，可以借助come, begi n, get等終止性動(dòng)詞來表示。上句可改為：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning正）又如： -When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then you've known each other for more

4、than two years.-That's right.三、終止性動(dòng)詞的用法特征1. 終止性動(dòng)詞可用來表示某一動(dòng)作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：The train has arrived 火車至 U 了。Have you joined the computer group你加入電腦小組了嗎？2. 終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用 （只限肯定式 ）。如：（1）他死了三年了。誤： He has died for three years.正： He has been dead for three years.正： He died three ye

5、ars ago.正： It is three years since he died.正： Three years has passed since he died.（2）他來這兒五天了。誤： He has come here for five days.正： He has been here for five days.正： He came here five days ago.正： It is five days since he came here.正： Five days has passed since he came here.(1) 、(2)句中的 die、 come 為終止性動(dòng)

6、詞，不能與表示 "段時(shí)間"的狀語連用。那么， 應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢？可以采用下面的四種方法：(1) 將句中終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉幾例： leave be away, borrow keep, bu尸 have, beg in/starHbe on, die f be dead, move tc live in, fin ish be over, jo in be in/be a member of, ope n sth keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a

7、coldhave a cold。(2) 將句中表示 "段時(shí)間 "的狀語改為表示過去確定時(shí)間的狀語，如下面兩例中的第二 種正確表達(dá)方式。用句型"It is+段時(shí)間+sin ce."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá)方式。 (4)用句型 "時(shí)間 +has passed+since.表" 達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達(dá)方 式。3. 終止性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)否定式中，成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)， 因而可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard

8、 from my father for two weeks.4. 終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式與 until/till連用，構(gòu)成"not+終止性動(dòng)詞+until/till ."的句 型，意為"直到才"。如：You can't leave here un til I arrive直到我到了，你才能離開這里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我 才上床睡覺。5. 終止性動(dòng)詞可以用于 when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，但不可以用于 while 引導(dǎo)

9、 的時(shí)間狀語從句中。 when 表示的時(shí)間是 "點(diǎn)時(shí)間 "(從句謂語動(dòng)詞用終止性動(dòng)詞 )，也 可以是"段時(shí)間"(從句謂語動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。而while表示的是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間或 過程，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動(dòng)詞)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be awa為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞短語 )6. 終止性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)不可與 how long 連用(只限于肯定式 )。如：

10、誤： How long have you come here?正： How long have you been here?正： When did you come here?延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、 發(fā)生過程的長(zhǎng)短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。一. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作 ,如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, si ng, read, sleep, live, stay等。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以與表示時(shí)間段的狀語 連用。表示時(shí)間段的短語有 ：fo葉一段時(shí)間，for 2

11、 years; since從句,sinee he came here; since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)名詞,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long tim等。例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year?二. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也稱終止性動(dòng)詞， 表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作 ,這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié) 束。 如:ope

12、n, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, bu等。 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在肯定句中與表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語連用，如： two years ago; at 5 o'clock; 例:He died 5 years ago.否定的終止性動(dòng)詞可以與表示時(shí)間段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例:I have n't left here for 3 years.I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.三. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換： leave - be away, borrow - ke

13、ep, buy - have, begin/start - be on, die - be dead, finish - be over, join - be in+ 組織機(jī)構(gòu) , be a member of+組織機(jī)構(gòu),open sth - keep sth open, fall ill - be ill, get up-be up, catch a cold - have a cold, come here - be here, go there - be there, become - be, come back - be back, fall asleep - be asleep, g

14、et to/ arrive/reach - be (in), leave - be away from, get to know - know, go (get) out beoiptut on wear catch a cold f have a cold 等。 例:The old man died 4 years ago. -The old man has bee n dead for 4 years. It is 4 years since the old man died. Four years has passed since the old mandied. He joined t

15、he Party 2 years ago. He has been in the Party for 2 years. I boughtthe book 5 days ago. I have had the book for 5 days.補(bǔ)充練習(xí)：1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus for 20 minutes.A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away2. I the League for 5 years so far.A. joined B. have joined

16、 C. have been in3. The factory s i n ce the February of 1988.A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4. Mary and Rose friends since they met in 2000.A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5. You mustn't u nt i l he comes back.A. be away B. leave C. be left6. The meeting for

17、 a week now.A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over7. Miss Gao this school for nearly 5 years.A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught8. Ben a teacher for 4 years .A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I home for a week.A. have returned B. have been back C. returned10. How long he ?A

18、. died B. has, died C. has, been dead11. He at eight yesterday afternoon.A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12. He the car for a week.A. bought B. has bought C. has had13. How long you ill ? Two weeks.A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been14.Si nee 2000, hehis hometow n.A. has left B

19、. has moved away C. has bee n away from15.1 'll le nd you the book , but you can onlyit for 2 days.A. borrow B. keep C. take16. The buson the road for 2 hours so far.A. has stopped B. stopped C. has bee n17. Are youthe jacket these days?A. weari ng B. putt ing on C. dress ing D. on18. Hefoe 2 ho

20、urs.A. got up B. has got up C. has bee n up19. Tom is ill in hospital. Hea cold for several days.A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had20. How long can Ithe book?Two weeks.A. borrow B. le nd C. get D. keepKey:1-5 D C A B B; 6-10 C A A B C; 11-15 B C C C B; 16-20 C A C D D初中英語中短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法英語中，按動(dòng)

21、詞延續(xù)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短，可將動(dòng)詞分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和短暫性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如learn, study, work, play, wait等。短暫性動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，即動(dòng)作一 開始便結(jié)束的動(dòng)詞，又可稱結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞，瞬間動(dòng)詞，如come, go, begi n, start, become,join, end, die, buy, arrive, reach, borrow, le nd, get to know等。一. 短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的用法：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中用法（一）：表示發(fā)生在過去，迄今已經(jīng)完成，并對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或產(chǎn)生結(jié)果的動(dòng)作，常用ever,yet, already, just等狀語

22、，謂語動(dòng)詞既可是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可是短暫性動(dòng)詞。女口： She has just borrowed the book from the library.（borrow是短暫性動(dòng)詞）I have learned a little about Japanese. （lean是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中用法（二）：表示始于過去某時(shí)并一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示始于過去某一時(shí)刻并 一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：They have lived in Na ntong si nee 1990. （live 是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）Mr. Black has worked here since he came

23、 to China.（worl是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）I have learned English for two and a half years.（learn是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）所以，在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中用法（二）中，在表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的句子中，應(yīng)將短暫性 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為相同意義的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。初中英語中常見的有：結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞go, leave, movebe away (off), be out ofarrive, come, reachbe here , be in +某地pin, becomebe in , be a (an) + n.buy, get(得到)havefall ill (asl

24、eep)be ill (asleep)fini sh, endbe overbeg in , startbe onbeg in to lear n (work ,read, rai n)learn, work , read, raingo outbe outget upbe upborrowkeepget to knowknowdiebe deadosebe lost例如：1. His gran dfather has died for ten years.(F)His gran dfather has bee n dead for ten years.(T)2. My brother has

25、 joined the army for five years.(F)My brother has been in the army for five years.(T)My brother has bee n an armyma n for ten years.(F)3. He has gone away for a week.(F) He has bee n away for a week.(T)4. The film has begun for fifteen minutes.(F)The film has been on for fifteen minutes.(T)但是，短暫性動(dòng)詞的

26、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定形式可以表示一種延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和 表示一段的狀語連用。如：(1)Mrs. Smith has n't left her hometow n for twenty years.史密斯太太已有二十年沒有離開家鄉(xiāng)了。(2) The little girl has n't come to my home for a long time.這個(gè)小孩已有好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒來我家了。(3) I have n't borrowed the books from the library for two mon ths. 我已有兩個(gè)月沒從這個(gè)圖書館借書了。二. 在When, w

27、hile, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的運(yùn)用。 when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句都可表示"當(dāng)時(shí)"，但也有區(qū)別。when可指一段時(shí)間，也可指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，既可表示短暫性，一時(shí)性的動(dòng)作，又可表示 延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作。由when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句其謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可以是短暫 性動(dòng)詞。while只能表示延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，不能表示一時(shí)性或短暫性的動(dòng)作，引導(dǎo)的狀語 從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。as所表示的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，具有延續(xù)的含義，一般同延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。as和while可譯為一邊一邊”，正當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”。例如：(1) She came into

28、 the room whe n (while, as) the meet ing was going on .(go on 為延續(xù)性 動(dòng)詞詞語)正當(dāng)開會(huì)的時(shí)候，他走進(jìn)了房間。 (指一段時(shí)間)(2) When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.(come是短暫性動(dòng)詞) 她來的時(shí)候我會(huì)叫她等你的。 (指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，不能用 while)(3) I made many friends when (while) I lived in Beijing. (live 是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 ) 我住在北京時(shí)交了許多朋友。 (指一段時(shí)間)(4) While ( As)

29、 Helen was reading , Jack was writing.(read是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞) 海倫閱讀時(shí)，杰克在寫東西。 (指一段時(shí)間)三. (not) .till / until句式中短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的運(yùn)用。till和until這兩個(gè)詞的意思都是"直到",引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示一端時(shí)間的狀語，其后的介詞賓語或從句表明這段時(shí)間的終點(diǎn)，用法相近，但在句首只能用un til。在肯定句中，主句要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；正在否定句中， until 或 till 可以和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用， 這時(shí), until 和 before 同義， not.until 和 not.before 意思相同，表示 "直到才","在以前不 "。例如：( 1) My father kept working in the office till (until) twelve o'clock last night. 我父親昨晚在辦公室一直工作到十二點(diǎn)。(2) I waited there till (until) noon yesterday.我昨天在那兒一直等到中午。 She stood there till (until) he had passed o