英語國家概況總結

1、Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. The flag of Britain : Union Jack （英國國旗中沒有顯示出Welsh旗）2. The basic information of each country:CountryCapitalAreaMemoEnglandLondon最大1. 最不會把自己的“英格蘭文化區(qū)別于其他文化”2. 一個高度城市化的國家，80%居住在城市，20%工作于農業(yè)。ScotlandEdinburgh愛丁堡，此名源于愛爾曼語（But the largest city is Glasgow in

2、 Scotland）第二大1. 英國最不平坦的部分。（the Highlands in the north and the Southern Uplands in the south）2. Not conquered by the romans or the Anglo-Saxons.WalesCardiff（加的夫）第三大（但在British Mainland上是最小）1. It had rich coal deposits.(儲存)2. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the

3、union.3. It also retains its own language, Welsh.4. Unlike England it did not fall to the Anglo-Saxon invaders of the 5th century.Northern IrelandBelfast（貝爾法斯特）最小None3. The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the

4、 Union. 4. Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:l British Isles: the island of Great Britain the island of Ireland surrounding islesl UK=Great Britain + Northern Irelandl Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales 5. The four major invasions in the history of Great Bri

5、tain : At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire. Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into Englan

6、d, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亞瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被稱為“王者之劍”的圣劍）, drove the Saxons back.關于亞瑟王的一些名詞：Excalibur: 被稱為“王者之劍”的圣劍;亞瑟王之魔劍Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰

7、爾) in Cornwall: Tintagel傳說為亞瑟王的誕生地，這是一個與亞瑟王傳奇有關的地方。Knight：騎士Camelot:卡米洛，傳說中亞瑟王宮殿所在地。the Vikings invaded. (From the late 8th century on)Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England, which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus(對抗；與 . 相對) "Dane". P

8、S:此時出現(xiàn)的歷史人物是：King Alfred the Great：阿爾弗雷德國王，英國歷史上的著名國王，領導英國抗擊北歐海盜的入侵。the Normans(from northern France, who were descendants(后代) of Vikings) , William of Normandy invaded this country.Result: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invadingPS:與此時有關的歷史人物是：Willi

9、am of Normandy (known as “William the Conqueror”)：征服者威廉，1066年通過英吉利海峽（English Channel）對英格蘭宣戰(zhàn)，打敗了哈羅德國王，獲全勝。同年圣誕節(jié)威廉在威斯敏斯特教堂(Westminster Abbey)加冕成為英格蘭國王，史稱威廉一世。（William the First of England）Westminster Abbey: 威斯敏斯特教堂坐落在倫敦泰晤士河北岸，原是一座天主教本篤會隱修院，始建于公元960 年，1045年進行了擴建，1065年建成，1220年至1517年進行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在1540年英王

10、創(chuàng)建圣公會之前，它一直是天主教本篤會（天主教的隱修院修會之一）教堂。1540年之后，成為圣公會教堂。King Harold:哈羅德國王，英格蘭最后一位撒克遜民族國王，在關鍵的Hastings戰(zhàn)斗中被殺。The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st C., made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people)When Who Where from Which part conquered43 ADAD.5th CLatin-speaking RomanMediterranean countriesEngland an

11、d Wales (not Scotland or Ireland)AD.5th C1066Angles and Saxons(the forefathers of the English; the founders of England)GermanyEastern and Southern Britain (not Wales and most of Scotland )mainly EnglandLate AD.8thC AD 10th C.the ferocious VikingsScandinavia (北歐：瑞典、挪威一帶。丹麥、芬蘭、冰島等)Northern and Eastern

12、 England, ScotlandAD 11th C(1066)Norman French (William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, and built the Tower of London)Normandy(northern France)The next few hundred years, joining various parts of the British Isles under English rule (England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland)6.

13、 Main cities of EnglandLondonBirmingham（伯明翰）second largest city of England. Liverpool（利物浦）second largest port of EnglandManchester（曼徹斯特） industrial and commercial centre.其他名詞解釋：1.London: London is in the south of the country, and is dominant（主要的，主宰的） in the United Kingdom in all sorts of ways. It is

14、 by far the largest city in the country, with about one seventh of the nation population; it is the seat of government(倫敦是英國政府所在地); it is the cultural centre, home to all the major newspapers, TV stations, and with far and away the widest selection of galleries（畫廊，美術館）, theatres and museums. Also it

15、 is the business centre, headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies; it is the financial centre of the nation, and one of the three major international financial centres in the world.Londons function= Beijing + Shanghai + Guangzhou=New York+ Washington +Los AngelesLondon Attrac

16、tions: (1).Big Ben（大本鐘（英議會大廈上的報時鐘） and the Houses of Parliament（英國的國會大廈）. (2).The Tower of London（倫敦塔(倫敦古堡,在泰晤士河北岸,古代曾作宮殿及監(jiān)獄,現(xiàn)為兵械庫和博物館)），由威廉一世建造。(3). Tower Bridge（倫敦塔橋，是一座上開懸索橋，位于英國倫敦，橫跨泰晤士河，因在倫敦塔附近而得名，是從泰晤士河口算起的第一座橋（泰晤士河上共建橋15座），也是倫敦的象征。該橋始建于1886年，1894年6月30日對公眾開放，將倫敦南北區(qū)連接成整體。） (4). St Paul's Ca

17、thedral (圣保羅大教堂, 巴洛克風格建筑的代表，以其壯觀的圓形屋頂而聞名，是世界第二大圓頂教堂，它模仿羅馬的圣彼得大教堂，是英國古典主義建筑的代表。)(5).the River Thames(泰晤士河It is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn.)(6). The English Royal Family reside in London at Buckingham Palace(白金漢宮(英國王宮) whe

18、re you can see the famous 'Changing of the Guard' and much more. (7). Hadrians Wall: 哈德良長城。羅馬人保衛(wèi)不列顛北疆的屏障，長118公里。2. the Commonwealth of Nations/the British Commonwealth（英聯(lián)邦國家）：Its a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was established in 1931, repla

19、cing the former British Empire. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special power. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation .At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.3

20、.British Empire（大英帝國）: （an empire in which the sun never set”（日不落帝國）About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the worlds people and one fourth of the worlds land area. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The

21、British colonies became independent one after another. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.4. the European Union(歐洲聯(lián)盟，歐盟): The UK has been a member since 1973.6.Robin Hood：羅賓漢，英國傳說中一位著名撒克遜族綠林好漢，在森林里盤踞，以劫富濟貧、殺貪官污吏為宗旨。7.Macbeth:麥克白，莎士比亞創(chuàng)造的四大

22、悲劇之一。現(xiàn)實生活中的麥克白在1040年殺死堂兄，自立為蘇格蘭國王。1057年在一場戰(zhàn)爭中被蘇格蘭支持的一方殺死。8.William Wallace:威廉·華萊士，蘇格蘭最偉大的民族英雄之一。1298年7月3日，愛德華一世的軍隊入侵蘇格蘭。華萊士率領蘇格蘭人民奮起反抗，但被愛德華的軍隊打敗。之后，他繼續(xù)帶領其隊伍在蘇格蘭各地與英軍對抗，1305年被捕，后在倫敦被處決。未收錄：9.Robert the Bruce:羅伯特·布魯斯，14世紀蘇格蘭爭取國家獨立的斗士，1306年成為蘇格蘭國王。1314年大敗英格蘭軍隊，迫使英格蘭承認他的地位。根據北安普頓條約，英王承認他為蘇格蘭國

23、王并完全放棄英格蘭隊蘇格蘭主權的要求。10.the Battle of Bannockburn:班諾克本戰(zhàn)役，蘇格蘭歷史上的一次大決戰(zhàn)。由Robert the Bruce率領。通過這次戰(zhàn)爭，蘇格蘭重獲獨立。11.Queen Elizabeth the First:伊麗莎白一世，英格蘭歷代最偉大的君主之一。她不愿發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭，因而保證國家穩(wěn)步走向繁榮。伊麗莎白時代是英國最輝煌的時代，以莎士比亞戲劇為標志的英國文學達到頂峰。此時航海業(yè)也開始發(fā)展。伊麗莎白實行了一系列強國政策，使英國成為海上霸主，走上了殖民主義道路。12.James the Sixth of Scotland(also became J

24、ames the First of England): 蘇格蘭詹姆斯六世。因為伊麗莎白無子嗣，他可繼承英格蘭王位。1603年，在伊麗莎白逝世后，立即繼承英格蘭王位。P7關于England的最后一段。13.the Battle of Culloden: the last battle on British soil14.Auld Lang Syne:著名的蘇格蘭民歌友誼天長地久15.Walter Scott：沃爾特·司各特，蘇格蘭小說家，歷史小說的首創(chuàng)者。16. Prince of Wales:威爾士親王。 Edward the First named his son the Prin

25、ce of Wales.17.Owain Glyndwr:歐文·格林道瓦爾，自稱威爾士王子。率威爾士人反抗英格蘭的通知但未成功。18. Plaid Cymru:威爾士黨Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom1. The old Monarchy(君主政體) (ruled by the King )(1) The oldest institution of government(2) King Egbert (埃格伯特國王): The ancestor of the present Queen Elizabeth II. United E

26、ngland under his rule in 829.(3) Divine(神授的；天賜的) right of kings (君權神授): The ancient doctrine（教義；主義） held that the sovereign（元首；君主） derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.（臣民） This was used by the kings as an excuse for abusing power. And the dispute over the power of the king and the

27、parliament led to the civil war.(4) the Civil war（內戰(zhàn)）：Caused by a dispute（爭辯） over the power of the king against Parliament in the 17th C. The Republican “roundheads”, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeate

28、d and King Charles I was executed in 1649.u Roundheads:以Oliver Cromwell奧利弗·克倫威爾為首的圓顱黨人，因剪短發(fā)而得名。支持國王的一派成為“騎士派”（The Cavaliers）u Charles I:查理一世，英國斯圖亞特王朝國王，因對抗國會、壓迫清教徒而引起內戰(zhàn)，被圓顱黨人大敗，被國會處以死刑。(5) Magna Carta(大憲章) : A medieval（中世紀的）Latin name meaning “Great Charter”. In 1215, King John was forced by a

29、group of feudal(封建的) barons and the Church to grant them a charter（憲章）of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the kings ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britains key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.（王權）2. The Prime Minister

30、 and Cabinet(內閣)(1) the Cabinet- a group of important Parliamentarians met with regularly by the king or queen to ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament.(2) the Prime Minister- King George I was “imported” from Germany in 1714 and was not interested in politics, so he left the job of cha

31、iring cabinet meetings to one of his cabinet ministers, called the prime minister. Later in 1832, elections replaced appointment. The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government and the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.3. The British government today:(1) Britain is

32、both a parliamentary democracy（代議民主制） and a constitutional monarchy. （君主立憲制）(2) Australia, Canada, New Zealand and India have the same government. All but India recognize the Queen as their head of state, and have the Governor-General (總督) as a representative of the Crown.(王權)4. The Constitution :Br

33、itain, like Israel, has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British State are laid out in statute law(成文法), which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws(普通法,判例法), which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions(習慣法), which are rules and practices

34、 not existing legally, but regarded as vital to the workings of government.5. The Parliament and the government(1) the Great Council(大議會)- in medieval times, this referred to a group of leading, wealthy barons who were summoned by the king several times a year to give the king some extra money. By t

35、he 13th C., representatives of counties, towns and cities were also included in order to raise more money. This was the beginning of what we know as Parliament today.-Two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons- In 1407, Henry IV, decreed that all money grants should be considered and ap

36、proved by the Commons(2) William of Orange and the Bill of Rights of 1689 (權利法案)- In 1688, King James IIs daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. After th

37、is Glorious Revolution, the Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.6. The power and functions of ParliamentFunctions:(1) Passes laws(2) Provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation(3) Scrutinize government

38、 policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.Power: (Parliament is supreme(最高的;至上的) in the British State because:)(1) It alone has the power to change the terms of The Constitution.(2) There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It can make or change laws and

39、change or overturn established conventions or even prolong its own life without consulting the electorate.(修改或推翻已成定規(guī)的習慣法,甚至可以不用征得選民同意而推遲選舉日期)7. The Role of Monarchy todayThe roles of it：(1). Symbolize the tradition and unity of the British State(2). Legally head of the executive, (行政部)(3). An integr

40、al part of the legislature(立法機關)(4). Head of the judiciary(司法部)(5). Commander in chief of the armed forces(6). “Supreme governor” of the Church of EnglandMost Britons felt the Queens important jobs were:(1). Represent Britain at home and abroad(2). Set standards of good citizenship and family life8.

41、 The House of Lords and the House of CommonsThe House of Lords: Consists of the Lords Spiritual(上議院的神職議員), who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent（顯著的；杰出的） bishops（主教）of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal(上議院的世俗議員), which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat fr

42、om their forefathers(called hereditary peers) or they have been appointed(by the sovereign, at the suggestion of the Prime Minister and were called life peers(終身貴族). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.The House of Commons:The real center of British political

43、 life which consists of about 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected by the people to represent them. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should make and debate policy in the interests of the people who vote for them.Unlike the Lords, MPs receive a salary of about 64766 a year. They

44、also receive allowances(津貼，補貼) for secretaries and researchers, travel and so on.Most MPs belong to political parties-the Labour Party, the Conservatives Party and the Liberal Democrats.The Prime Minister is of course the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election.

45、The House of Commons is the real centre of British political life.9. Three institutions（體系）:The Queen, the House of Lords and the House of CommonsParliamentQueen/KingThe House of Lords(729 Lords in October 2009)The House of Commons(646 MPs)Lords Spiritual(神職議員)Lords Temporal(世俗議員)Most prominent(主要的)

46、 bishops(主教) of the Church of EnglandArchbishops（大主教，主教長）Unit4 Politics, Class and Race1. Brief Introduction to the General Elect.(1)Introduction: UK is divided into 651 “constituencies”（選區(qū)；選區(qū)的選民）,which are represented by 651 members of parliament. The party which holds a majority of those “seat” in

47、 parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister.(2)Why the general elect is important?The election is seen as an opportunity to influence future government policy- or, less positively, that whatever else the failing of the political system, at least the election provide

48、s the opportunity to “kick the rascals out”! (把無賴趕出去)2. When do Elections Occur?After a government has been in power for 5 years, it has to resign and hold a General Election, in which all British adults are given the chance to vote for their constituencys MP. A Government cannot stand for longer th

49、an 5 Years except in exceptional cases (e.g. war).3. Who can stand for election as an MP?Anyone who is eligible（有資格的，合適的） to vote can stand as an MP. If you make a deposit of 500 pounds, you are eligible to be a candidate.4. What happens in an election?Electorates(選民): Everyone on the “electoral reg

50、ister” receives a voting card in the mail with details of when and where to vote. The political parties: Parties get their electoral campaign under way-advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets, “party electoral broadcasts” on the television.5. The Politic

51、al Parties in UKl The Conservative party(保守黨)OriginsThe origins of the Conservative Party can be traced to the 'Tory' faction which emerged in the later seventeenth century. (1)The Conservative Party is the party that spent most time in power.(p.54)(2)The Conservative Party is the party of i

52、ndividual.(3)The Conservative Party is intended to protect the individuals right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, and so favouring economic policies which businessman prefer, such as low taxes.l Labour Party (工黨) The Labour Party is the newest of the three. The Labour Party was set

53、 up in 1900 to fight for representation for the Labour movement - trade unions and socialist societies - in Parliament. Its first leader was James Keir Hardie, one of the earliest Labour MPs.l Liberal Democrats(自由民主黨)Liberal Democrats is the third biggest party .It is a party of the “middle”- many p

54、eople see them as comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of individual and the social.注：如今三大黨以變化為：保守黨，工黨，蘇格蘭民族黨。6. Recent Political Trends(1)Thatchers（撒切爾夫人）time (1979-1990)The Rise of ThatcherismIn opposition during 1975-1979 the new leader developed a radical（激進的）agenda（議事日程） founde

55、d upon the 'free market', rolling back government intervention（介入；干預） and leaving as much as possible to individual initiative（主動權；第一步）. This was the core of Thatcherism. Thatcher led the Conservatives to three successive victories in 1979, 1983 and 1987. She was the dominant political perso

56、nality throughout the 1980s, especially after securing victory in the Falklands war of 1982. She is widely credited with restoring Britain's status as an enterprise-based economy and as a significant influence on the international stage.Margaret Thatcher(瑪格麗特撒切爾) thus became the UKs first woman

57、Prime Minister.(2)John Majors time (1990-1997)The successor to emerge from this contest was the relatively unknown figure of John Major, the candidate thought most able to unify a divided party. Major abandoned the 'poll tax' and continued Thatchers policies and support for the Conservatives

58、 improved enough for him to hold on to a narrow majority in the general election of April 1992. But in 1997 election he was defeated by Tony Blair from Labour Party. (3)Tony Blairs time Your family better off: low inflation, and mortgages as low as possible, more people off benefit and into work, a rising minimum wage and more help for first time buyers. Your child achieving more: modern schools for all, strong discipline, and a guaranteed place in training, sixth-form or an apprenticeship.Your children with the best start: more