《環(huán)境工程導(dǎo)論》復(fù)習(xí)資料(1)

1、環(huán)境工程導(dǎo)論復(fù)習(xí)資料一、名詞解釋Environment: The surroundings of, and influences on, a particular item of interest.All the elements over which a designer has no control and that affect a system or its inputs and outputs.環(huán)境：圍繞著某一事物(主體)并對(duì)該事物會(huì)產(chǎn)生某些影響的所有外界事物(客體)。environmental issues：Environmental issues are harmful effe

2、cts of human activitity on the biophysical environment. 環(huán)境問題：由于人類活動(dòng)作用于周圍環(huán)境所引起的環(huán)境質(zhì)量變化，以及這種變化對(duì)人類的生產(chǎn)、生活和健康造成的影響。Pollution：The introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. 環(huán)

3、境污染：人類直接或間接地向環(huán)境排放超過其自凈能力的物質(zhì)或能量，從而使環(huán)境的質(zhì)量降低，對(duì)人類的生存與發(fā)展、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和財(cái)產(chǎn)造成不利影響的現(xiàn)象。 water quality：chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water.It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.水與其中所含雜質(zhì)共同表現(xiàn)出來的物理學(xué)、化

4、學(xué)和生物學(xué)的綜合特性。 chemical oxygen demand: Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water or wastewater. 在一定條件下，采用一定的強(qiáng)氧化劑處理水樣時(shí)，所消耗的氧化劑量。biochemical

5、oxygen demand,:BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.在一定期間內(nèi)，微生物分解一定體積水中的某些可被氧化物質(zhì)，特別是有機(jī)物質(zhì)所消耗的溶解氧的數(shù)量。以mg/L或ppm表示。water pollution：P

6、ollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.contamination of water bodies (e.g.lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate tre

7、atment to remove harmful compounds.排入水體的污染物在數(shù)量上超過了該物質(zhì)在水體中的本底含量和自凈能力即水體的環(huán)境容量，從而導(dǎo)致水體的物理特征、化學(xué)特征發(fā)生不良變化，破壞了水中固有的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，破壞了水體的功能及其在人類生活和生產(chǎn)中的作用biologicalwastewatertreatment:This is a brief summary of the various techniques that have been developed&#

8、160;to treat wastewater by biological means.  They accomplish what is generally called secondary bic sewage treatment: Aerobic biological treatment is performed in the presence of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms (pr

9、incipally bacteria) that metabolize the organic matter in the wastewater, thereby producing more microorganisms and inorganic end-products (principally CO2, NH3, and H2O). 好氧生物處理：在水中有游離氧(分子氧)存在的條件下，以好氧微生物為主的微生物使有機(jī)物降解的處理方法。air pollution: contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemi

10、cal, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of大氣污染由于人類活動(dòng)或自然過程引起某些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入大氣中，呈現(xiàn)出足夠的濃度，達(dá)到足夠的時(shí)間，并因此危害了人體的舒適、健康和福利或環(huán)境污染的現(xiàn)象 particulate matter（顆粒污染物）: an air pollution term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. solid waste,: common ordinary ho

11、usehold and commercial waste, called refuse or municipal solid waste.固體廢棄物是指人類在生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)、生活和其他活動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生的固態(tài)、半固態(tài)廢棄物質(zhì)（國外的定義則更加廣泛，動(dòng)物活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的廢棄物也屬于此類），通俗地說，就是“垃圾”。主要包括固體顆粒、垃圾、爐渣、污泥、廢棄的制品、破損器皿、殘次品、動(dòng)物尸體、變質(zhì)食品、人畜糞便等。有些國家把廢酸、廢堿、廢油、廢有機(jī)溶劑等高濃度的液體也歸為固體廢棄物noise: which is defined as unwanted sound-unwanted by humans. which en

12、compasses roadway noise, aircraft noise,industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.二/三、填空/選擇1.Basic physical quantity in environmental engineering在環(huán)境工程中的基本物理量In the SI system, there are seven fundamental units: kilogram, meter, second, kelvin, ampere, candela, and mole.SI制的七個(gè)基本單位：質(zhì)量kg，長度m，時(shí)間s，

13、熱力學(xué)溫度K，電流單位A，光強(qiáng)度單位cd（坎德拉），物質(zhì)的量mol2.Relation between quantitative notation and related quantities of concentration濃度定量表示法及相關(guān)量之間的關(guān)系Mass concentration ()質(zhì)量濃度：the mass of a constituent mi divided by the volume of the mixture V: Volume concentration()體積濃度：The volume of a constituent divided by the volume

14、 of all constituents of the mixture prior to mixing: Molar concentration (c)摩爾濃度：The amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture : Number concentration (C)粒子數(shù)濃度：The number of entities of a constituent in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture : Characteristics of mass balanc

15、e equation at steady state. 在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下的質(zhì)量平衡方程的特點(diǎn)Input + generation output consumption = accumulationNotes: 1. generation and consumption terms refer only to generation of products and consumption of reactants as a result of chemical reaction. If there is no chemical reaction then these terms are zero.2.

16、 Apply to a system3. Apply to total mass and component massChemical kinetics: （化學(xué)動(dòng)力學(xué)）Kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical processes in an effort to understand what it is that influences these rates and to develop theories which can be used to predict them（動(dòng)力學(xué)是一門研究利率的化學(xué)過程,以理解這些利率是什么影響和發(fā)展理論可

17、以用來預(yù)測）. -化學(xué)反應(yīng)的方向和限度問題。若可能進(jìn)行，多長時(shí)間能實(shí)現(xiàn)？微觀上如何進(jìn)行的？ -反應(yīng)速率和機(jī)理問題。 reaction order, : Reaction order is always defined in terms of reactant (not product) concentrations.The order of a reactant is not related to the stoichiometric coefficient of the reactant in the balanced chemical equation.first-order reacti

18、on一級(jí)反應(yīng)的特征：(1) 反應(yīng)速率與濃度的一次方呈正比(2) 反應(yīng)速率系數(shù)k的單位：s-1 或min-1 (3) ln ct 呈直線，斜率= k (4) 半衰期與起始濃度c0無關(guān)(5) 半衰期t1/2: 當(dāng)cA=c0 /2時(shí)所需的時(shí)間 zero-order reaction, 零級(jí)反應(yīng)：c與t 成直線關(guān)系 t1/2與c0成正比 second-order reaction, 二級(jí)反應(yīng)特點(diǎn) 1 速率系數(shù)k單位: mol-1 · dm3 · s-1 2 1/c t作圖為直線，斜率為k;半衰期t1/2與起始濃度呈反比。 Chmical reactor: 化學(xué)反應(yīng)器：charact

19、eristics of ideal reactor models, including batch reactor, PFR and CSTR. 理想反應(yīng)器模型的特性，包括間歇反應(yīng)器CSTR，PFR。包括間歇反應(yīng)器CSTR : Substrate is continuously fed to a reactor and immediately mixed with the entire reactor content. 基板連續(xù)送入反應(yīng)堆立即混合反應(yīng)堆整個(gè)內(nèi)容No gradients of concentration with respect to location. 不隨位置的濃度梯度Eff

20、luent concentration equal to the reactor concentration. 出水濃度等于反應(yīng)器濃度PFR: Perfect mixing in the radial dimension (uniform cross section concentration) 完美的徑向尺寸混合（截面濃度）No mixing in the acial direction, or no axial dispersion (segregated flow) 沒有混合在軸線方向，或無軸向色散（分離流）Water quality: 水的質(zhì)量： conventional water

21、quality index, including suspended solids(SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chmical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), TOC, et al. 常規(guī)水質(zhì)指標(biāo)，包括固體懸浮物（SS），溶解氧（DO），化學(xué)需氧量（COD），生化需氧量（BOD），TOC，et al.。Chinas water quality standard中國的水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Water pollution control: 水污染控制：Objectives for primary, secon

22、dary and tertiary sewage treatment. 目標(biāo)為初級(jí)，二級(jí)和三級(jí)污水處理。processes in priliminary sewage treatment, clarifier, 在初步的污水處理工藝，澄清池，Typical processes for suspended growth system and attached growth system懸浮生長系統(tǒng)的典型流程和附著生長系統(tǒng)(附著生長系統(tǒng)) :trickling filters(滴濾池), biotowers(塔式生物濾池), and rotating biological contactors(生

23、物轉(zhuǎn)盤), where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface.附著生長系統(tǒng):微生物群體在處理設(shè)備內(nèi)呈懸浮狀態(tài)生長，并和污水接觸使之凈化的方法Air pollution control空氣污染控制Methods for removal of particulate matters and gaseous air pollutants. 對(duì)顆粒物和氣態(tài)空氣污染物的去除方法。 顆粒物的去除方法Dust collector除塵器（除塵裝置）Wet scrubbers濕式除塵器/洗滌式除塵器 Inertial

24、separators Fabric filters Wet scrubbers Electrostatic precipitators Unit collectorsChinas ambient air quality standard中國的環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 規(guī)定的控制項(xiàng)目包括化學(xué)性、物理性、生物性和放射性污染 規(guī)定了13種化學(xué)性污染的濃度限值。Solid waste management固體廢物管理Category of solid waste. 固體廢物的分類。分工業(yè)固體廢物 生活垃圾 危險(xiǎn)廢物 .Principles for solid waste management固體廢物管理的原則

25、 產(chǎn)生-收集-運(yùn)輸-利用-貯存-處理Noise control噪聲控制Strategies for reduction of noise. 用于降低噪音的策略1噪聲源的控制2聲音傳播途徑上的控制3保護(hù)接受者Chinas noise-related standards中國的噪聲相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)四、計(jì)算題Application of mass balance equation at steady state.Caculation of biochemical oxygen demandTransformation from quantitative notation to related quantiti

26、es of concentrationfor air pollutants, vice versa. 1.靜態(tài)平衡4.1一家腌制品加工企業(yè)產(chǎn)生含鹵素廢水。廢水中NaCl濃度13,000 mg/L，排放量400L/min。受納河流上游來水流量5×106 L/d，NaCl濃度20 mg/L。廢水匯入點(diǎn)下游有一重要的垂釣場，其中魚類對(duì)鹽的耐受濃度上限為200 mg/L。A.排放廢水中鹽的濃度應(yīng)為多少才能保證河流中的鹽濃度低至200 mg/L？Solution 4.2污水處理廠初次污泥和二次污泥的固體濃度分別為4%和0.5%，流量分別為80 L/min和96 L/min，試求混合后污泥中的固

27、體濃度？混合污泥濃縮后的固含量為8%，假設(shè)濃縮池中污泥沉降充分，試求濃縮后的污泥量（L/min）和溢流水量？SolutionThe mass of water per liter is 1 kg, so that the concentrations of solids in primary sludge and secondary sludge are 40 g/L and 5 g/L, respectively.Thus, the concentrations of solids in mixed sludge is, the concentrations of solids after

28、compression is 8 g/L,Thus, 2.BOD的計(jì)算例題：9.1 BOD測試結(jié)果如下：DO濃度（培養(yǎng)前）8mg/L，DO濃度（培養(yǎng)后）0mg/L稀釋倍數(shù) 1:10試求a. BOD5濃度？b. 最終的BOD濃度？Solution a. BOD5 =I-F BOD5=8-0=8 mg/L b.BOD=(8-0)10=80 mg/L3.大氣從定量法對(duì)空氣污染物濃度的相關(guān)物理量的轉(zhuǎn)換，反之亦然12.11solutionSO2=(150*10-6/64)*24.44*10-3=5.7×10-8NO2 =(80*10-6/46) *24.44*10-3=4.3×10-

29、8五、問答題The arrangement and process of activated sludge system and fixed film system.activated sludge system：曝氣池、二沉池、曝氣系統(tǒng)、污泥回流及剩余污泥排放The remainder called surplus activated sludge or waste activated sludge is removed from the process and sent to sludge processing by digestion, either under anaerobic or

30、 aerobic conditions prior to disposal in order to maintain a relatively constant concentration of microorganisms in the system. 由初次沉淀池流出的廢水和從二次沉淀池底部回流的活性污泥，同時(shí)進(jìn)入曝氣池，混合液在曝氣的作用下，得到足夠的溶解氧并使活性污泥和廢水充分接觸，廢水中的可溶性有機(jī)污染物為活性污泥所吸附，并為存活在活性污泥上的微生物群體所分解，使廢水得到凈化。在二次沉淀池內(nèi)，泥水分離。處理水排放，活性污泥在污泥區(qū)內(nèi)進(jìn)行濃縮，并以較高的濃度回流曝氣池。由于活性污泥不斷

31、地增長，部分污泥作為剩余污泥從系統(tǒng)中排出，也可以送往初次沉淀池，提高初沉效果。Fixed-film/attached growth systems(附著生長系統(tǒng)) trickling filters(滴濾池), biotowers(塔式生物濾池), and rotating biological contactors(生物轉(zhuǎn)盤), where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface.微生物附著在惰性介質(zhì)上生長形成生物膜，污水通過膜表面得到凈化的方法。滴濾池：A trickling filter cons

32、ists of a fixed bed of rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag,polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat moss, ceramic, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and causes a layer of microbial slime (biofilm) to grow, covering the bed of media.生物轉(zhuǎn)盤：In the case of the RBC, the support med

33、ia are slowly rotating discs that are partially submerged in flowing wastewater in the reactor.Oxygen is supplied to the attached biofilm from the air when the film is out of the water and from the liquid when submerged, since oxygen is transferred to the wastewater by surface turbulence created by

34、the discs' rotation. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the rotating discs in the sewage. Effluent from the RBC is then passed through a secondary clarifier where the sloughed biological solids in suspension settle

35、as a sludge.The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further treatment.六、論述題個(gè)人對(duì)當(dāng)今一些主要大氣環(huán)境和水環(huán)境問題的認(rèn)識(shí)和看法。Air pollutionthe release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere.Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides pro

36、duced by industryand motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5. Ozone Layer DepletionOzone layer is a layer of gas that sits 25-30 km above earth's surface. It mainly contains contain ozone which is a naturally occurring molecule containing three oxygen atoms. This la