北大光華管理學(xué)院財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)ch4

1、2021/8/51Ch4 Revenue Recognition and ReceivablesnFrom the second part of our courses, we will begin studying detailed accounting principlesn Accounts Receivablen Inventoryn Long term assetsn Liabilityn Equityn Investment2021/8/52Ch4Learning Objectives1. Revenue Recognition2. Revenue Measurement3. Ac

2、counts Receivable and bad debts4. Earnings Management 2021/8/531. Revenue Recognition收入確認(rèn)為什么成為問(wèn)題？收入確認(rèn)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù) 2021/8/54 企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)周期企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)周期Slide 5-1購(gòu)買(mǎi)原材料 將原材料轉(zhuǎn)化為產(chǎn)成品檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品從客戶(hù)處獲取產(chǎn)品訂單運(yùn)出產(chǎn)品，并向客戶(hù)交付發(fā)貨單客戶(hù)確認(rèn)收到產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)品入庫(kù)從客戶(hù)處收到現(xiàn)金2021/8/55收入確認(rèn)為什么成為問(wèn)題？經(jīng)營(yíng)循環(huán)與利潤(rùn)實(shí)現(xiàn)的“對(duì)應(yīng)”關(guān)系 1 理論上，兩者應(yīng)該具有對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，即隨著經(jīng)營(yíng)的開(kāi)展，利潤(rùn)不斷地得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。 但實(shí)際上，很難“客觀”地給出這樣

3、地對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，因?yàn)?，?jīng)營(yíng)循環(huán)是一個(gè)連續(xù)不斷的過(guò)程；如果一定要為經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程的“每一時(shí)點(diǎn)”確認(rèn)收入、費(fèi)用從而利潤(rùn)，就會(huì)很“主觀”。 2021/8/566收入確認(rèn)為什么成為問(wèn)題？(續(xù))不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)的經(jīng)營(yíng)循環(huán)過(guò)程有著不同的特征，因此，它們很難以“統(tǒng)一”的尺度作為收入確認(rèn)的依據(jù)。 2021/8/57收入確認(rèn)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)商品銷(xiāo)售收入確認(rèn)條件： （一）已將商品所有權(quán)上的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和報(bào)酬轉(zhuǎn)移； （二）既沒(méi)有保留通常與所有權(quán)相聯(lián)系的繼續(xù)管理權(quán)，也沒(méi)有對(duì)已售出的商品實(shí)施有效控制； （三）收入的金額能夠可靠地計(jì)量； （四）相關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益很可能流入企業(yè)； （五）相關(guān)的成本能夠可靠地計(jì)量。 2021/8/58收入

4、確認(rèn)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)一些特殊情形下的具體確認(rèn)標(biāo)志：1商品須經(jīng)比較“復(fù)雜”的安裝程序時(shí)通常須待安裝完畢時(shí)再確認(rèn)；2附有退貨條件的商品銷(xiāo)售如果企業(yè)不能合理地確定退貨的可能性，則在售出商品退貨期滿(mǎn)時(shí)確認(rèn)收入；如果能夠?qū)ν素浀目赡苄宰龀龊侠砉烙?jì)的，在發(fā)出商品時(shí)將估計(jì)不會(huì)發(fā)生退貨的部分確認(rèn)為收入。2021/8/59收入確認(rèn)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)3委托銷(xiāo)售（代銷(xiāo)）委托方只有在受托方賣(mài)出貨物之后才能確認(rèn)收入，受托方賣(mài)出貨物的具體標(biāo)志是將“代銷(xiāo)清單”交給委托方。4預(yù)收貨款銷(xiāo)售（訂貨銷(xiāo)售）無(wú)論是全部預(yù)收還是部分預(yù)收，都應(yīng)該在交付商品時(shí)確認(rèn)收入。 2021/8/510收入確認(rèn)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)n建

5、造合同收入的確認(rèn)：n合同結(jié)果能可靠估計(jì)時(shí)n完工百分比法 n合同結(jié)果不能可靠估計(jì)時(shí)n合同成本能夠收回的，合同收入根據(jù)能夠收回的實(shí)際合同成本加以確認(rèn)，合同成本在其發(fā)生的當(dāng)期確認(rèn)為費(fèi)用；n合同成本不可能收回的，應(yīng)在發(fā)生時(shí)立即確認(rèn)為費(fèi)用，不確認(rèn)收入。2021/8/511長(zhǎng)期合同假定某施工企業(yè)與市政府簽定了一項(xiàng)固定造價(jià)50 000 000元的合同，承建橋梁， 橋梁總成本預(yù)計(jì)為40 000 000元，具體如下：第1年，15 000 000元；第2年，20 000 000元；第3年，5 000 000元。 建造橋梁時(shí)間為3年.注意注意:：在此案例中，交貨點(diǎn)是第三年工程結(jié)束，并將工程交給市政府使用的時(shí)間。20

6、21/8/512長(zhǎng)期合同:完工百分比法n在完工百分比法下，則公司應(yīng)在第一年確認(rèn)多少收入(單位：千元）？n年份 完工程度 收入 費(fèi)用 利潤(rùn) 1 15/40=37.5% 18750 15000 3750 2 20/40=50% 25000 20000 5000 3 5/40=12.5% 6250 5000 1250 50000 40000 10000 2021/8/513收入確認(rèn)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)勞務(wù)收入的確認(rèn) ：通常就在勞務(wù)提供時(shí)確認(rèn)收入。持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的勞務(wù)的收入確認(rèn) ：1在同一會(huì)計(jì)年度內(nèi)開(kāi)始并完成的勞務(wù)，應(yīng)在勞務(wù)完成時(shí)確認(rèn)收入。2勞務(wù)的開(kāi)始和完成跨年度，且在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日能對(duì)該項(xiàng)交易的結(jié)果

7、作出“可靠”的估計(jì)（即滿(mǎn)足以下條件：合同總收入和總成本能夠可靠地計(jì)量；取得了收款權(quán)利且無(wú)重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；勞務(wù)完成程度能可靠地確定），則應(yīng)該按“完工百分比法”確認(rèn)收入。 2021/8/514收入確認(rèn)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)3勞務(wù)的開(kāi)始和完成跨年度，且在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日不能對(duì)該項(xiàng)交易的結(jié)果作出“可靠”的估計(jì)時(shí)，如果已經(jīng)發(fā)生的成本估計(jì)能夠得到補(bǔ)償，則按已發(fā)生的勞務(wù)成本確認(rèn)收入（成本補(bǔ)償法）；否則，不應(yīng)確認(rèn)收入。 2021/8/515收入確認(rèn)的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按不同經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)n讓渡資產(chǎn)使用權(quán)收入確認(rèn)讓渡資產(chǎn)使用權(quán)收入確認(rèn)：（一）相關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益很可能流入企業(yè)；（二）收入的金額能夠可靠地計(jì)量。n(一)利息收入金額利息收入金額

8、，按照他人使用本企業(yè)貨幣資金的時(shí)間和實(shí)際利率計(jì)算確定；n(二)使用費(fèi)收入金額使用費(fèi)收入金額，按照有關(guān)合同或協(xié)議約定的收費(fèi)時(shí)間和方法計(jì)算確定；2021/8/5162. Revenue Measurement 商品銷(xiāo)售收入的計(jì)量 一般地，商品銷(xiāo)售收入=商品銷(xiāo)售數(shù)量單價(jià)。但應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：商業(yè)折扣（Trade discount）：標(biāo)價(jià)商業(yè)折扣率=成交價(jià)。商業(yè)折扣不影響銷(xiāo)售收入的計(jì)量?，F(xiàn)金折扣/銷(xiāo)售折扣(Cash discount/Sales discount)：為鼓勵(lì)客戶(hù)提前付款而給予購(gòu)貨方的價(jià)款折扣優(yōu)惠。這在會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)上有兩種處理方法。詳見(jiàn)本章 “應(yīng)收帳款”部分。2021/8/517商品銷(xiāo)售收入的計(jì)

9、量（續(xù)1）銷(xiāo)售退回(Return)：因品種、質(zhì)量等不符合合同要求而遭購(gòu)貨方退貨。故應(yīng)沖減銷(xiāo)售收入（我國(guó)規(guī)定）。 銷(xiāo)售折讓(Allowance)：因品種、質(zhì)量等不符合合同要求，在不退貨的情況下，銷(xiāo)貨方給予購(gòu)貨方的價(jià)格讓步。故也應(yīng)沖減銷(xiāo)售收入（我國(guó)規(guī)定）。 借：銷(xiāo)售退回及折讓?zhuān)ㄤN(xiāo)售收入） 貸：現(xiàn)金（應(yīng)收帳款） 借：存貨（適用于退回） 貸：銷(xiāo)售成本2021/8/518商品銷(xiāo)售收入的帳務(wù)處理商品銷(xiāo)售收入的帳務(wù)處理n商品銷(xiāo)售收入在確認(rèn)時(shí)，應(yīng)按確定的收入金額，借記“應(yīng)收帳款”、“銀行存款”等科目，按確定的收入金額，貸記“營(yíng)業(yè)收入” 科目。2021/8/519商品銷(xiāo)售收入的帳務(wù)處理商品銷(xiāo)售收入的帳務(wù)處理收入

10、的會(huì)計(jì)處理一般情況： 借：銀行存款(現(xiàn)金、應(yīng)收賬款、應(yīng)收票據(jù)) 貸：營(yíng)業(yè)收入（銷(xiāo)售收入）結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)成本： 借：營(yíng)業(yè)成本（銷(xiāo)售成本） 貸：庫(kù)存商品（存貨）2021/8/520勞務(wù)收入的確認(rèn) 一般按合同或協(xié)議規(guī)定的金額確認(rèn)。 一個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)年度內(nèi)開(kāi)始并完成的勞務(wù)，一次確認(rèn)入帳，金額即為合同金額?？缒甓鹊膭趧?wù)，則按完工百分比法計(jì)算各年應(yīng)確認(rèn)的收入，方法如下：本年收入=勞務(wù)總收入至本年末完工程度-以前年度累計(jì)已入帳的收入。 2021/8/521長(zhǎng)期合同收入的計(jì)量 當(dāng)期確認(rèn)的收入=（合同總收入完工進(jìn)度）-以前年度累計(jì)已入帳收入完工進(jìn)度的測(cè)量方法通常有二：1 完工進(jìn)度 = 累計(jì)已發(fā)生成本 / 合同預(yù)計(jì)總成本；2完工進(jìn)

11、度 = 累計(jì)已完成工作量 / 合同預(yù)計(jì)總工作量（注：此法通常適用于工作量較好確定的道路工程、建筑工程等建造合同）。2021/8/5223. Accounts receivable and bad debts貨幣性資產(chǎn) 現(xiàn)金 應(yīng)收賬款 2021/8/523貨幣性資產(chǎn)貨幣性資產(chǎn)：指貨幣及將以固定或基本可確定金額收取貨幣的權(quán)利性資產(chǎn)，具體包括：現(xiàn)金、應(yīng)收賬款、應(yīng)收票據(jù)、應(yīng)收股利、應(yīng)收利息、其他應(yīng)收款、以及準(zhǔn)備持有至到期的債券投資。2021/8/524應(yīng)收賬款 應(yīng)收賬款：亦稱(chēng)應(yīng)收銷(xiāo)貨款，是指企業(yè)在經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中因賒銷(xiāo)商品、產(chǎn)品、材料或提供勞務(wù)等而應(yīng)向客戶(hù)收取的款項(xiàng)。 核算方法：總價(jià)法與凈價(jià)法 2021/8

12、/525應(yīng)收賬款n總價(jià)法：以未扣減現(xiàn)金折扣前的發(fā)票總金額作為應(yīng)收賬款的入帳金額；實(shí)際收取的金額與應(yīng)收賬款總額之差額即為“銷(xiāo)售折扣”，或作為“財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用”處理（我國(guó)采用此法），或作為銷(xiāo)售收入的減項(xiàng)（如同銷(xiāo)售退回及折讓的列示方式一樣）。2021/8/526應(yīng)收賬款(總價(jià)法)例：某月某日，A公司銷(xiāo)售商品一批，發(fā)票金額為10000元，規(guī)定的現(xiàn)金折扣條件為2/10，1/20，N/30。則應(yīng)做的會(huì)計(jì)分錄為：1賒銷(xiāo)發(fā)生時(shí)，借：應(yīng)收賬款 10000 貸：銷(xiāo)售收入 100002如在10天內(nèi)付款，借：銀行存款 9800 財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用 200 貸：應(yīng)收賬款 100002021/8/527應(yīng)收賬款(總價(jià)法)3如在10天之后

13、但20天之內(nèi)付款，則： 借：銀行存款 9900 財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用 100 貸：應(yīng)收賬款 100002021/8/528應(yīng)收賬款(凈價(jià)法)凈價(jià)法：以發(fā)票金額扣減最大可能現(xiàn)金折扣后的余額作為應(yīng)收賬款的入帳金額；如果客戶(hù)過(guò)了折扣期而放棄現(xiàn)金折扣，則將其作為“利息收入”沖減“財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用”。 承上例，1賒銷(xiāo)發(fā)生時(shí) 借：應(yīng)收賬款 9800 貸：銷(xiāo)售收入 9800 2021/8/529應(yīng)收賬款(凈價(jià)法)2若10天內(nèi)付款，借：銀行存款 9800 貸：應(yīng)收賬款 98003若20天內(nèi)付款，借：銀行存款 9900 貸：應(yīng)收賬款 9800 財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用 100420天后付款，借：銀行存款 10000 貸：應(yīng)收賬款 9800 財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)

14、用 200 2021/8/530應(yīng)收賬款 壞帳n壞帳：因客戶(hù)失去信用能力而不能收回的應(yīng)收賬款。n壞帳損失的會(huì)計(jì)處理：n直接轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)法(Direct write-off Method)n備抵法(Allowance method)2021/8/531壞帳確認(rèn)壞帳的一般依據(jù)有三：1自然人死亡,遺產(chǎn)不夠清償；2法人破產(chǎn)且資不抵債； 3法人雖無(wú)破產(chǎn)，但財(cái)務(wù)狀況嚴(yán)重惡化，應(yīng)收賬款已被拖欠3年以上。（注：壞帳核銷(xiāo)應(yīng)有嚴(yán)格的控制制度和審批程序） 2021/8/532直接沖銷(xiāo)法直接沖銷(xiāo)法n發(fā)生壞帳時(shí)，直接沖銷(xiāo)應(yīng)收帳款，將壞帳損失確認(rèn)為當(dāng)期管理費(fèi)用，計(jì)入當(dāng)期損益n優(yōu)點(diǎn)：帳戶(hù)處理簡(jiǎn)單n問(wèn)題是？2021/8/533Dir

15、ect Write-Off MethodThis method makes no attempt to match revenues with the expense of uncollectible accounts.GENERAL JOURNALDateAccount Titles and ExplanationPR DebitCreditJune 15 Uncollectible Accounts Expense$Accounts Receivable (X Customer)$2021/8/534備抵法備抵法n備抵法優(yōu)點(diǎn)：n符合配比原則n避免虛盈實(shí)虧預(yù)計(jì)不能收回的應(yīng)收賬款作為壞賬損失及

16、時(shí)計(jì)入費(fèi)用n如實(shí)反映財(cái)務(wù)狀況使應(yīng)收賬款實(shí)際占用資金接近實(shí)際,消除了虛列的應(yīng)收賬款2021/8/535GENERAL JOURNALDateAccount Titles and ExplanationPR DebitCreditUncollectible Accounts Expense$Allowance for Doubtful Accounts$Reflecting Uncollectible Accounts in the Financial StatementsAt the end of each period, record an estimate of the uncollecti

17、ble accounts.Contra-asset accountSelling expense2021/8/536The Allowance for Doubtful AccountsThe net realizable value is the amount of accounts receivable that the business expects to collect.Accounts receivableLess: Allowance for doubtful accountsNet realizable value of accounts receivable2021/8/53

18、7Writing Off an Uncollectible Account ReceivableWhen an account is determined to be uncollectible, it no longer qualifies as an asset and should be written off.GENERAL JOURNALDateAccount Titles and ExplanationPR DebitCreditJan. 5 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts500Accounts Receivable (J. Clark)500202

19、1/8/538Before Write-Off After Write-OffAccounts receivable10,000$ 9,500$ Less: Allow. for doubtful accts.2,500 2,000 Net realizable value7,500$ 7,500$ Notice that the $500 write-off did not change the net realizable value nor did it affect any income statement accounts.Perfect!Writing Off an Uncolle

20、ctible Account Receivable2021/8/539Monthly Estimates of Credit Losses At the end of each month, management should estimate the probable amount of uncollectible accounts and adjust the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to this new estimate.Two Approaches to Estimating Credit LossesIncome Statement Appr

21、oachBalance Sheet Approach2021/8/540Uncollectible accounts percentage is based on actual uncollectible accounts from prior years credit sales.Estimating Credit Losses The Income Statement Approach2021/8/541GENERAL JOURNALDateAccount Titles and ExplanationPR DebitCreditDec. 31 Uncollectible Accounts

22、Expense600Allowance for Doubtful Accounts600In the current year, EastCo had credit sales of $60,000. Historically, 1% of EastCos credit sales has been uncollectible. For the current year, the estimate of uncollectible accounts expense is $600. ($60,000 .01 = $600)2021/8/542Estimating Credit Losses T

23、he Balance Sheet Approach Year-end Accounts Receivable is broken down into age classifications. Each age grouping has a different likelihood of being uncollectible. Compute a separate allowance for each age grouping.2021/8/543長(zhǎng)虹電器股份有限公司2021/8/544Estimating Credit Losses The Balance Sheet ApproachAt

24、December 31, the receivables for EastCo, Inc. were categorized as follows: 2021/8/545GENERAL JOURNALDateAccount Titles and ExplanationPR DebitCreditDec. 31 Uncollectible Accounts Expense850Allowance for Doubtful Accounts850EastCos unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $500.Per the previous

25、computation, the desired balance is $1,350.500 850 1,350 Allowance for Doubtful AccountsEstimating Credit Losses The Balance Sheet Approach2021/8/546Recovery of an Account Receivable Previously Written Off Subsequent collections require that the original write-off entry be reversed before the cash c

26、ollection is recorded.GENERAL JOURNALDateAccount Titles and ExplanationPR DebitCreditAccounts Receivable (X Customer)$Allowance for Doubtful Accounts$Cash$Accounts Receivable (X Customer)$2021/8/547備抵法備抵法n采用這種方法，一方面按期估計(jì)壞賬損失記入“資產(chǎn)減值損失”；一方面設(shè)置“壞賬準(zhǔn)備”科目，待實(shí)際發(fā)生壞賬時(shí)沖銷(xiāo)壞賬準(zhǔn)備和應(yīng)收賬款金額，使資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表上的應(yīng)收賬款反映扣減估計(jì)壞賬后的凈值。n提取壞帳

27、準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，借記“資產(chǎn)減值損失”，貸記“壞帳準(zhǔn)備”n發(fā)生壞帳損失時(shí)，借記“壞帳準(zhǔn)備”，貸記“應(yīng)收帳款”n收回已確認(rèn)并沖銷(xiāo)的壞帳時(shí)，應(yīng)按收回金額，借記“應(yīng)收帳款”，貸記“壞帳準(zhǔn)備”；同時(shí)，借記“銀行存款”，貸記“應(yīng)收帳款”2021/8/548Management of Accounts ReceivableExtending credit encourages customers to buy from us but it ties up resources in accounts receivable. Factoring Accounts Receivable Credit Card Sales

28、 2021/8/549Earnings managementnViolation of GAAPnWithin GAAPnAccounting methodsnAccounting estimatesnTiming of EventsnKatherine Schipper:盈余管理是企業(yè)管理人員為了獲得私利，從而有目的地干預(yù)對(duì)外財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告過(guò)程的一種管理行為，稱(chēng)為“披露管理”2021/8/550When do manager manipulate earnings? To avoid reporting losses2021/8/551When do manager manipulate ea

29、rnings? To avoid earnings decreases2021/8/552Widespread Earnings Manipulation (Jiang and Wang 2005)2021/8/553與壞帳準(zhǔn)備有關(guān)的EMn采用“備抵法”核算壞帳對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表的影響？n利潤(rùn)表：利潤(rùn)減少。n現(xiàn)金：沒(méi)有變化n資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表：資產(chǎn)減少、所有者權(quán)益減少n真的利益減少了嗎？2021/8/554How might earnings be legally manipulated? Sears Roebuck(1)nSuppose you are Arthur Martinez in 1993. Yo

30、u just became CEO of Sears Roebuck.You want to show that you are THE man!nSo you want to have increases in earnings over the next few years. What can you do from account receivables perspective?2021/8/555Sears Roebuck(2)nSears Roebuck has a large credit card division (in the U.S., many large retaile

31、rs have credit card divisions). For Sears Roebuck, credit cardholders unpaid account balances are account receivables.nSo Sears has to estimate bad debt expenses.nShortly after Mr. Martinez took the helm, Sears increased its allowance for bad debts to $2 billion,a far bigger amount than other retailers.2021/8/556Sears Roebuck(3)nOf course, when Sears increased allowance, it had to debit bad debt expense, which in turn vastly decreas