高一英語專題復(fù)習(xí)一：被動語態(tài)外研社知識精講.doc

1、高一英語專題復(fù)習(xí)一：被動語態(tài) 外研社知識精講.doc高一英語專題復(fù)習(xí)一：被動語態(tài)外研社【本講教育信息】1 .教學(xué)內(nèi)容：專題復(fù)習(xí)一：被動語態(tài)2 .重難點講解：高一英語必修三中的主要語法點有：被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式和定語從句，另外還涉及了主謂 一致、間接引語及連接詞的用法。被動語態(tài)專題復(fù)習(xí)(一)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式(1) 動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式，被動 語態(tài)由be+過去分i構(gòu)成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而 變化。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：(2) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 一般 現(xiàn)在時例 Visitors are requested not to to

2、uch the exhibits.(3) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we ' re ready to start.(4) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進行時例 A new cinema is being built here.(5) was/were done 一般過去時例 I was given ten minutes to decidewhether I should reject the offer.(6) had

3、been done過去完成時例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.(7) was/were being done 過去進行時例 A meeting was being held when I was there.(8) shall/will be done 一般將來時例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if thefactory closes.(9) should/would be done 過去將來時 例 The news would be se

4、nt to the soldiermother as soon as it arrived.(10) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(少用)例 The project will have been completedbefore July.(11) should/would have been done 過去將來完成時(少用)例 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2 .被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式(1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞+ be+過去分詞。例 The ba

5、by should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.(2)有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被 動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹?語，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹?語的是間接賓語。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.(3)當(dāng)“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變 為被動語態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語， 其余不動。例 Someone caught the

6、boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.(4)在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官 動詞 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to 要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（5）有些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如

7、 “動詞+介詞”，“動詞+副詞”等，也可以用于 被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。 其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3 .非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被動語態(tài) （一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)）。例 I don ' t like being laughed atn the public.（二）如何使用被動語態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動語態(tài)時，不僅要知道被動語態(tài)的各 種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動語1 .講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動 作的執(zhí)行者（這時可省 by短語）。例 My b

8、ike was stolen last night.2 .借助被動的動作突出動作的執(zhí)行者例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3 .為了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一 個主語就夠了）（三）It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動詞如believe, consider, expect, report, sa

9、y, suppose, think 等可 以用于句型“It+be+過去分詞+ that從句”或 “主語+ be+過去分詞+ to do sth."。有：It is said that 據(jù)說,It is reported that 據(jù)報道）It is believed that大家相信）It is hoped that 大家希望）It is well known that 眾所周知）It is thought that大家認(rèn)為,It is suggested that 據(jù)建議。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.

10、 （= The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）（四）謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動意義1 .英語中有很多動詞如 break, catch, clean, drive , lock, open, sell, read, write , wash 等, 當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常 用其主動形式表達被動意義，主語通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主動語態(tài)表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特 征，而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door won tlock.（指門本身 有毛病

11、）The door won ' t be locked.（指不會有人 來鎖門，指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因）2 .表示“發(fā)生、進行”的不及物動詞和短語， 如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動形式表示被動意義。例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些 報紙是如何引出來的呢？3 .系動詞沒有被動形式，但有些表示感受、 感官的系動詞 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等

12、在 主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。例 Your reason sounds reasonable.(五)非謂語動詞的主動形式表被動意義 在某些句型中可用動名詞和不定式的主動 形式表被動意義。1 .在 need, want, require, hear 等詞的后面， 動名詞用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當(dāng)于 動詞不定式的被動形式。例 The house needs repairing (to be repaired ).這房子需要修理。2 .形容詞worth后面跟動名詞的主動形式表 示被動含義，但不能跟動詞不定式；而 worthy 后面跟動詞不定式的被動形式。例 The picture

13、-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)3 .動詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和 名詞之間有動賓關(guān)系時，又和句中另一名詞或代 詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，不定式的主動形式表示被動 含義。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 與things 是動賓關(guān)系，與 I是 主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：I ' lgo to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此處用不定式的

14、被 動語態(tài)作定語表明 you不是post動作的執(zhí)行 者。）4 .在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語或賓語 補足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動詞不 定式的邏輯賓語時，這時常用不定式的主動形式 表達被動意義。這些形容詞有nice, easy, fit,hard）difficult ? important ,impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out . （可 看作 to work out 省略了 for me）.5 .在too to結(jié)構(gòu)中）不定式前面可加邏輯 主語，所以應(yīng)用主動形式表示被動意

15、義。例 This book is too expensive （for me） to buy.6 .在there be句型中）當(dāng)動詞不定式修飾名 詞作定語時，不定式用主動式作定語，重點在人， 用被動形式作定語，重點在物。例 There is no time to lose （to be lost）.（用 to lose可看成 for us to lose;用 to be lost,誰 lost time不明確。）7 .在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用 主動表主動，被動表被動。然而，由于古英語的 影響，下列動詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的 主動形式表示被動意義。例 Wh

16、o is to blame for starting the fire?（六）介詞in, on, under等+名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語 表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用， 含被動之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被 動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。1. “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進行 中”。常見的有：under control （受控制），under treatment （在治療中）,under repair （在修理中） under discussion （在討論中）,under construction（在施工中）。例 The building is under cons

17、truction （is being constructed ）.2. "beyond+名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)，"出乎勝過、范圍、限度”。常見的有：beyond belief （令人 難以置信），beyond one' s reach鞭長莫及）， beyond one' control （無法控制）,beyond our hope.我們的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief（=can' t bebelieved）.3. “above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“（品質(zhì)、行為、 能力等）超過、高于”。例 His honest c

18、haracter is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be praised enough.4. “for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示 “適于、 為 著”。如：for sale （出售）,for rent （出租）等。例 That house is for sale. （= That house is to be sold）.5. “in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“在過程中或 范圍內(nèi)”常見的有：in print （在印刷中）in sight （在視野范圍內(nèi)），等。例 The book is not yet in print. （=is not yet

19、printed ）6. “on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“在從事 中”。 常見的有：on sale （出售）on show （展出）,on trial （受審）。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum （= are being showed）.7. “out of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；表示“超出 之 外“）常見的有：out of control（控制不了）out of sight （超出視線之外）out of one ' s reach（夠不著）,out of fashion （不流行）等。例 The plane was out of cont

20、rol （can' t be controlled ）.。8. “within+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“在內(nèi)、不超 過”。例 He took two days off within the teacher ' s permission.（七）被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”作被動語態(tài)時表示主語 承受的動作；作系表結(jié)構(gòu)時表示主語的特點或所 處的狀態(tài)時，be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng) 于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：1 .如果強調(diào)動作或句中有介詞 by引導(dǎo)出動作 的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動語態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié) 構(gòu)。例 The glass is broken.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The glass

21、was broken by the boy.（被動語 態(tài))2 .如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一 般為被動語態(tài)。例 The door is locked.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The door has already/just been locked. (被動語態(tài))3 .被動語態(tài)除用于一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)外， 還可以用于其他各種時態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動 詞be只有一般時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)。例 The machine is being repaired.【典型例題】1 .高考對謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查例析(1) In some parts of the world, teawith milk and sugar.

22、(NMET1993 )A. is serving B. is served C. servesD. served(2) This is Ted ' s phone. We miss him a lot.He trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002 )A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing(3) Have you moved into the newhouse?一Not yet, the rooms. (NMET1991 )A. are being painted

23、B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting(4) When and where to go for the on-salaryholiday yet.(上海春 2003)A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided(5) The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets.(上海春2

24、001)A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were booked D. have been booked答案：BCADB2.高考對非謂語動詞語態(tài)的考查當(dāng)非謂語動詞的邏輯主語為動作的承受者 時，須用被動式。弄清非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語 之間的執(zhí)行與承受關(guān)系是掌握非謂語動詞語態(tài)的關(guān)鍵(1) Having a trip abroad is certainly goodfor the old couple, but it remains whether they will enjoy it. ( NMET2002 )A. to see B. to be seen C.

25、 seeing D. seent really(2) While shopping, people sometime s can ' help into buying something they donneed.(上海 1996)A. to persuaded B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded(3) I feel it is your husband who for thespoiled child.(上海 2002)A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed

26、 D. should blame 答案：BCA練一練：1. The computers on the table Professor Smith.A. belongs B. are belonged toC. belongs to D. belong to2. 一What do you think of the book? Oh, excellent. It ' worth a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read3. The squirrel was lucky that it just misse

27、dA. catching B. to be caughtC. being caught D. to catch4. This page needed again.A. being checked B. checkedC. to check D. to be checked5.many times, the boy still didn ' know how to do the exercisesA. Having taught B. Having been taughtC. taught D. Teaching答案：DCCDB【模擬試題】1. If city noises from i

28、ncreasing ) peopleshout to be heard even at dinner.A. are not kept ; will have toB.arenot kept; haveC. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are and perfected now.A. developedB.havedevelopedC. are being developedD. will have

29、been developed3.the sports meet might be put off.Yes, it all depends on the weather.A. I ' ve been told B. I ' ve toldC. I ' m told D. I told4. I need one more stamp before my collectionA. has completed B. completesC. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests and burned at such a

30、speedthat they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge by the endof last month.A. has been designed B. had been designedC. was designed D. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. had been bro