翻譯參考材料

1、翻譯參考材料翻譯部分17、中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日以中國的農(nóng)歷為依據(jù)。農(nóng)歷年的歲首稱為春節(jié)，俗稱 過年” 有祈年等多種習(xí)俗，是中國人民最隆重的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，象 征團(tuán)結(jié)興旺。其他主要的節(jié)日有元宵節(jié)、清明節(jié)、端午節(jié)、七夕節(jié)、 中秋節(jié)、重陽節(jié)、冬至節(jié)、臘八節(jié)等等。各個(gè)節(jié)日都有其來源講究和 風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日與農(nóng)歷中的二十四節(jié)氣不同。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日是中華民族凝聚力和生命力的體現(xiàn)。17. Traditio nal Chi nese FestivalsTraditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to the lunar cale ndar. J

2、anuary 1 st on the lunar cale ndar has bee n desig nated as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc. Some other sig nifica nt Chin ese festivals in clude the Lantern Festival, the Tomb-Sweep

3、i ng Day, the Drag on Boat Festival, the Double-Seve nth Festival, the Mid-Autu mn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Mon th, etc. Each festival has its own unique origi n and custom. These Chinese festivals that follow the lunar calenda

4、r are different from the 24 solar terms in the lunar calendar. They embody China ' s cohesion and vitality.18、中國茶文化茶是中華民族的舉國之飲，發(fā)端于神農(nóng)，興盛于唐宋(618-1279)。 開門七件事，柴米油鹽醬醋茶，是中國人民日常生活的寫照。茶文化 是茶的自然和人文雙重屬性的引申與概括。 中國的茶道精神將 儒釋道 三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助飲茶藝術(shù)來修煉身心，體悟大道，提升人生境界。18. Chi nese Tea CultureAs a traditional drin

5、k for Chinese people, Chinese tea is believed to have first started with Chinese Emperor Shen Nong, and flourished in the Tang and So ng Dyn asties (618AD-1279AD). Mak ing tea is considered one of the seven basic daily necessities along with fuel, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar, while drink

6、ing tea is an apt portrayal of daily life in China. Tea culture is the extension and gen eralizati on of the scie nee and the huma nities character of tea. In China, the tea spirit ble nds the thoughts of Con fucia ni sm, Buddhism and Taoism, and it aims to help people cultivate both mind and body,

7、comprehend the truth, and elevate the realm of life through the art of drinking tea.19、中國畫中國古代四大藝術(shù) 琴棋書畫”的 畫”特指國畫。其繪畫形式是用 毛筆蘸水、墨、顏料作畫于絹、帛、宣紙之上，古代稱之為水墨丹青。 為區(qū)別于西方的油畫而稱之為中國畫” 簡稱 國畫”其題材有人物、山水、花鳥等。技法可分為工筆和寫意。國畫的藝術(shù)特征在于 筆 墨”強(qiáng)調(diào)以形寫神，畫盡意在。國畫在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上反映了中華民族 的審美意識(shí)和情趣。19. Traditio nal Ch in ese Pai ntingThe four ar

8、t forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penman ship and pain ti ng, and painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is pain ted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient China, it was called “ inkpain

9、ting.Inorder to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “ traditional Chinese painting "(abbreviated to “ Chinesepainting ” T)h e subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, Iandscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and tech niq ues

10、 employed by the Chin ese pain ters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “ thewriting brush and ink. 'Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feeli ngs of the pain ter. Eve n though a painting is a finished p

11、roduct, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the artistic creation, traditionalChinesepainting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sen time nt of the Chin ese people.20、中國酒文化中國是酒的故鄉(xiāng)。古人將酒的作用歸納為治病、養(yǎng)生、禮儀三類。酒文化是中國飲食文化的重要組成部分，它的精神文化價(jià)值體現(xiàn)在社 會(huì)政治生活、文學(xué)藝術(shù)乃至人生態(tài)度、審美情趣等諸多方面。無酒不 成宴，酒

12、籌文化是中國合餐制的產(chǎn)物。宴席上的酒令五花八門，猜拳、文字令、籌令等都富有豐富的文化內(nèi)涵，若胸中無數(shù)，則難以自如20. Chi nese Wine and Spirits CultureIt isChina is the home of wine and spirits. The fun cti ons of wine and spirits were classified by the an cie nts in to three kin ds: treat ing patients, keeping in good health, and showing politeness and re

13、spect to others. China ' w ine and spirits culture is an important part of Chinese food culture, and it embodies its values in many aspects, such as in social and political life, literature and art, life philosophies, aesthetics, and so on. There is an old say ing which goes,not abanq uet withou

14、t wine. ” Un der the custom of hav ing dinner together in Chi na, drinking games were therefore in troduced. There are many kinds of banquet betting and drinking games, like the morra (a figure-guessing game), wine/spirits words, wine/spirits chips (a drinking game), all with rich cultural connotati

15、ons. In reality, it is difficult to win uni ess you have a card up your sleeve.21、中國石窟中國石窟主要反映的是佛教文化藝術(shù)。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽龍門石窟、天水麥積山石窟，號(hào)稱中國四大石窟藝術(shù)景觀。 佛教石窟隨山雕鑿、彩繪，形象生動(dòng)自然，將崇高美與世俗情融為一 體，把天然造化與人工創(chuàng)造有機(jī)結(jié)合，是由建筑、繪畫、雕塑等組成 的博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術(shù)殿堂。其藝術(shù)成就為世界所矚目,已成為重要的世界文化遺產(chǎn)。21. Chi nese GrottoesChinese grottoes mainly refle

16、ct the art of Buddhist culture. In China, there are four major art Iandscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tian shui. Carved and pain ted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sub

17、limity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearanee. They embody the systematic comb in ati on of both the excepti onal artistry of great n ature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist grottoes are regarded as a profo und and stunning gen

18、 eral art gallery, which are composed of architecture, painting, sculptures, etc. The artistic achieveme nts of Chin ese grottoes have attracted the atte nti on of the world, and have become important international culture heritage.22、中國古典文學(xué)名著中國古典文學(xué)包括詩歌、散文、小說以及詞、賦、曲等多種文體， 藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法豐富各異。而小說中的三國演義、水滸傳、西游

19、 記、紅樓夢(mèng)則被稱為中國四大古典文學(xué)名著，至今在國內(nèi)外都有著廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。研讀四大名著能夠了解中國傳統(tǒng)人文社會(huì)、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、處世為人策略與智慧的重要途徑。22. Chi nese Classical LiteratureChin ese classical literature in cludes poetry, prose, ficti on, and ci(new lyrics written to preexisting tunes),fu ( “descriptive poems” ofprose-poetry), qu (a freer form based

20、on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other styles. Its artistic expressions are various in techniques. Four classics of Chinese literature are Roma nee of the Three Kin gdoms, Water Margi n, Journey to the West, and Dream of Red Mansions, which have extensive and far-reaching signi

21、ficanee both on a national and international level. Through reading“ the four famous novels ”carefully, you can experieneetraditional Chinese society and human culture, and folklore customs.And it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of traditional Chi nese culture as well as to pick up st

22、rategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.23、中草藥中藥主要由植物藥(根、莖、葉、果)、動(dòng)物藥(內(nèi)臟、皮、骨、 器官)和礦物藥組成。因以植物藥為主，故也稱中草藥。中藥的應(yīng)用 理論獨(dú)特，認(rèn)為中藥有四氣五味。四氣”指藥性的 寒熱溫涼”，五味”指藥物的 辛酸甘苦咸”。中國人探索中草藥已有幾千年的歷史，如今中醫(yī)藥及其診療方法已傳播到世界各地。23. Chi nese HerbalMedici neTraditi onal Chin ese medici ne mai nly con sists of pla nt medici ne (r

23、oots, stems, leaves, fruits), animal medicine (viscera, skins, bones, orga ns), and min eral medic ine. Chin ese herbal medic ine is based on plant medicine. According to the unique application theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains “ four natures and five flavors ”

24、“.Fournatures "refer to the properties of“ coldness, heat, mildness, and coolness,” while “ five flavorsthe properties of being“ pungent, sour, sweet, bitter, and salty.said that Chin ese people have bee n con duct ing research into herbal medicine for thousands of years. Nowadays, traditional Chinese medic ine and its therapeutic methods h