biyelunwen論文必備學(xué)習(xí)

1、永城職業(yè)學(xué)院語(yǔ)言文化系商務(wù)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文美式論文、報(bào)告寫作技巧 編者按：美式教育的特點(diǎn)即是課程內(nèi)容強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生參與及創(chuàng)新運(yùn)用，因此，報(bào)告便成了常見的考核學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)成果的方式，比如實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、學(xué)期報(bào)告、專題報(bào)告、研究報(bào)告及論文（含畢業(yè)論文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的機(jī)會(huì)更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占學(xué)期成績(jī)很大比例。如何完成報(bào)告、論文同時(shí)得到良好的成績(jī)，是本文提供給有志留學(xué)的有心人參考的目的。 美國(guó)大學(xué)生由於自小已養(yǎng)成自動(dòng)尋找答案習(xí)慣，在啟發(fā)式的教育環(huán)境下，寫報(bào)告、論文對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)比較不陌生，雖然專業(yè)知識(shí)上美國(guó)學(xué)生不見得比外籍學(xué)生強(qiáng)，但是表達(dá)能力由於自小培養(yǎng)，加上英語(yǔ)能力的

2、優(yōu)勢(shì)，常比外籍學(xué)生在報(bào)告、論文方面有較隹的利基。反之中國(guó)學(xué)生比較缺乏報(bào)告寫作的訓(xùn)練，因此如果在留學(xué)過(guò)程中無(wú)法適應(yīng)美式教育會(huì)比較辛苦，其實(shí)論文、報(bào)告的寫作要領(lǐng)其實(shí)不難，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常論文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及參考資料(References)三部分構(gòu)成；而這三大部分各自內(nèi)容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 謝詞(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目錄(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主體，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、節(jié)

3、(Section) 、以及注釋 (Footnotes) (三)參考資料： 參考書目(References or Bibliography) 附錄資料(Appendix)。 進(jìn)行論文或報(bào)告寫作之前，先要確定想要表達(dá)的主題，主題確定后，將其具體表達(dá)，即為題目。題目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范圍 三.資料搜集的范圍 四.預(yù)期研究成果 通常在確定題目之後就開始找資料從事研究，建議在找資料之前最好去問(wèn)教授有哪些參考資料來(lái)源可供參考引用。構(gòu)思為確定寫作大綱或 Proposal 的先前步驟， 大綱是論文、報(bào)告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架構(gòu)、流程及范圍的說(shuō)明書。如何構(gòu)思大綱或Pro

4、posal為論文、報(bào)告寫作前的必要準(zhǔn)備工作。好的論文或研究報(bào)告，要基于在完整、詳實(shí)的資料上，而參考資料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的來(lái)源就是圖書館了，一般參考資料來(lái)源可分成教科書或手冊(cè)、政府機(jī)構(gòu)的報(bào)告、科技或商業(yè)方面的雜志，及會(huì)議性質(zhì)的資料。此外現(xiàn)代的電腦資料庫(kù)也可幫助收集資料，在國(guó)外可利用學(xué)校的電腦連線資料庫(kù)尋找自己需要的資料。當(dāng)一切準(zhǔn)備就緒，即可開始著手寫報(bào)告，一般報(bào)告還分大報(bào)告如期末、專題等報(bào)告，及小報(bào)告如 Seminar 式的報(bào)告。 就算是小報(bào)告，也至少應(yīng)含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主題名稱、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的結(jié)論 (三)Introduction：包

5、括理論背景及內(nèi)容 (四)Technical Sections：是論文的主體，為最重要的部份應(yīng)再細(xì)分為 幾個(gè)片斷。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的結(jié)論 (六)Appendixes：復(fù)雜公式的導(dǎo)引及叁考資料和電腦程式的報(bào)表可附加在 此項(xiàng) 美式報(bào)告的撰寫通常要打字，兩行式，行間若有未拼完的字要以音節(jié)來(lái)連接。寫報(bào)告通常需要用到電腦，如有計(jì)算數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表的需求，也常會(huì)用到程式軟體如PASCAL、LOTUS，統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟體如SAS，也是不可或缺的，電腦繪圖在今日已成為工商界及學(xué)術(shù)界的重要工具，文書處理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了頗受歡迎

6、的工具。此外在英文語(yǔ)法、文法上的潤(rùn)飾與修改，如能請(qǐng)老美幫忙會(huì)比較好。 論文、報(bào)告完成后有時(shí)會(huì)需要做解說(shuō)(Presentation)，用英文來(lái)講演對(duì)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)算是一大挑戰(zhàn)，通常課堂講演時(shí)間為十五分鐘到三十分鐘，若是論文囗試則至少一小時(shí)。投影機(jī)及麥克風(fēng)的使用對(duì)講演的效果有很大幫助，正式講演前多預(yù)習(xí)幾次，時(shí)間宜控制適中，上臺(tái)時(shí)忌諱低頭拿著報(bào)告照念，需留意聽眾的反應(yīng)，切中主題，避免太多數(shù)字的導(dǎo)引。The differences between Chinese culture and American culture in terms of their etiquetteName : 李金錦 Numbe

7、r: 071031228 Major : 商務(wù)英語(yǔ) Tutor : 宋健 Date : The differences between Chinese culture and American culture in terms of their etiquetteAbstract:Since different countries have different histories and cultures, there are a lot of differences in the habit of conducts and the ceremonies, especially between

8、 China and the America, the jokes and the mistakes caused by misunderstanding are not unusual. This shows that the understanding of the different etiquettes between Chinese and the Americans is absolutely necessary. On the one side, to understand each others etiquette will be conducive to the exchan

9、ges between the countries both in politics and business. On the other side, a person who understands others rituals and folk customs can be seen as respecting for others and can be easier to make a good impression on the counterparts. Along with the constant development of Chinese culture and the Am

10、erican culture, Chinese ritual and the American ritual have absorbed a lot from each other. Americans have accepted the reasonable factors in Chinese culture, such as emphasizing on the human relationship. Chinese people have gradually accepted the advanced civilization of the American culture and e

11、tiquette style. However, in real life, the etiquettes impacts due to cultural differences between China and American still exist. Therefore this paper tries to find out the differences between Chinese culture and American culture in terms of their etiquette, to explore the root of these differences

12、and the ways to deal with these differences. .It aims at letting people understand and respect the difference between countries in cross-culture communication; avoiding the culture conflicts, then realizing the successful cooperation; meanwhile, enhancing our sensibility to the culture difference, f

13、orecasting the counterparts reaction and then , making effective and efficient communication. Moreover, it also tries to eliminate the out-of-date part of our culture and enrich the advanced part.Key Words：Etiquette; Difference; Chinese etiquette; American etiquette摘 要 由于各國(guó)的歷史和文化底蘊(yùn)不同，各國(guó)人民在進(jìn)行禮尚交往時(shí)的習(xí)慣

14、也有不少差異。特別是中美之間，禮儀上的差異很大，因?yàn)椴涣私膺@些差異而引起的誤會(huì)和笑話也不少見。往大處來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)國(guó)家無(wú)論是在政治上，還是在經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易中，了解對(duì)方國(guó)家的禮儀習(xí)慣，將有利于各國(guó)之間的交往。從小處來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)人了解對(duì)方的禮儀和民間習(xí)慣，是對(duì)對(duì)方的尊重且容易給對(duì)方留下好印象，以便交往的順利進(jìn)行。隨著中美文化的不斷發(fā)展，中美的禮儀正在相互融合，美國(guó)人逐漸接受了中國(guó)文化中重情感等合理因素，中國(guó)人也逐漸接受了美國(guó)化中先進(jìn)文明的禮儀和交往方式。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，由于中美文化的差異對(duì)禮儀產(chǎn)生的影響還很多，因此本文從禮儀角度探索了中美的文化差異，并找出這些差異深刻根源。目的是：在跨文化交際中能夠理解和尊重

15、國(guó)與國(guó)之間的差異，避免文化沖突，實(shí)現(xiàn)平等交往，成功合作。 增強(qiáng)對(duì)文化差異的敏感性和對(duì)他文化的適應(yīng)力，幫助我們預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)方的交際行為，做好相應(yīng)的心理準(zhǔn)備，從而提高交際效率。同時(shí)能夠剔除我國(guó)文化中不合時(shí)宜的封建糟粕，結(jié)合時(shí)代變化發(fā)展的實(shí)際，豐富發(fā)展關(guān)鍵詞：禮儀；差異；中國(guó)的禮儀；美國(guó)的禮儀ContentsAcknowledgements.IContent.IIAbstract in English. IVAbstract in Chinese.VI1. Introduction  .12. The Concept of Etiquette and Value of Studying Etiq

16、uette .2     2.1 The Definition of Etiquette .2     2.2 The Important Role of Etiquette 3 2.3 The Value of Studying the Chinese Etiquettes & American Etiquettes .43. The Differences between Chinese Etiquettes and American Etiquettes .7 3.1 Addressing 

17、 .7 3.2 Greetings and Partings .9 3.3 Apologies and Responses .12 3.4 Thanks and Responses .13 3.5 Invitation and Saying Good-Bye .144. The Reasons of These Differences .16 4.1 The origins of Chinese Etiquette and American Etiquette .17 4.2 The Impact of the American Culture and Chinese Culture on E

18、tiquette .18 4.3 Comparison of Chinese Etiquette Education and American Etiquette Education.22 5. How to Deal with the Difference .27 5.1 Establish a Right Attitude toward Cultural Differences .27 5.2 Reading Extensively for Cultural Information .27 5.3 Attend Lectures on Culture .28 5.4 Communicate

19、 With Native Speakers .296. Conclusion .30Bibliography.31IntroductionEtiquette is the process and means to show respect to each other in interpersonal relationship by certain common procedures. The etiquette can be said to be a persons external appearance of inward cultivation and quality. Firstly,

20、it can help people promote their self-cultivation. Secondly, it will promote social interaction and improve peoples interpersonal relationship. It also can purify the society. Since different countries have different historical and cultural backgrounds, there are a lot of differences in the ceremony

21、, especially between China and America, therefore the understanding of the differences between Chinese etiquette and the American etiquette are absolutely necessary. Especially in modern society, it seems that the world is getting smaller and smaller, people are very active with frequent exchanges.

22、Many countries are paying much attention to combine international etiquette with national etiquette creatively. Etiquette is the common wealth of Chinese civilization and the American civilization.2. The Concept of Etiquette and Value of Studying Etiquette2.1 The definition of etiquette When asked “

23、What is the definition of etiquette?”, Naomi Polson, who received her etiquette certificate in Washington D.C. and is the founding director of The Etiquette Company, replies, “Etiquette has to do with good manners. Its not so much our own good manners, but making other people feel comfortable by the

24、 way we behave. So its more or less thinking of others and how others perceive us, so that everyone knows the rules for doing things and everyone is in a very comfortable position in society.” She continues, “Thats what I do; thats my bread and butter. I teach individuals and I go into very large co

25、mpanies and teach in groups.” Therefore, has etiquette changed much over the years? Certain aspects of it yes, but the basic definition of it remains unaltered. “Believe it or not, etiquette or good manners, if you like that phrase better, is one of those basic principles. Rules of good behavior hav

26、e been built up over hundreds of years; worthless ones are continually being discarded and those proven to be useful are kept and improved upon.”, which was quoted from the book “The Emily Post Book Of Etiquette From Young People” written by Elizabeth L. Post, and published in 1967 by Funk & Wag

27、nall,:     Many experts say that etiquette is simply showing respect for others and yourself at the same time. So, even though aspects of good manners do vary from place to place and some rules may be added or “tweaked” to keep up with technology or lifestyles, the foundation of

28、etiquette, its meaning, will forever remain strong.      Need further proof? Lets exam the first few paragraphs of the preface to a book entitled “Todays Etiquette”, published in 1941 by Doubleday Doran and written by Lillian Richler. It reads: “Good manners are not only ind

29、ispensable in society, but they have a very practical value in the business world. Breeding is an essential part of the equipment of anyone who wishes to go far in his particular work or profession. No doubt many failures can be traced to boorishness, to lack of consideration for ones fellows, to ne

30、glect of the courtesies essential to civilized living. In both social and business life we seek the people with whom we can be at ease, the people whose manners do not offend us and in whose company we feel entirely comfortable. There is, indeed, nothing that costs less and at the same time is of mo

31、re value to you than good manners. However, it must be remembered that just as words die from our language and others are born into it, just as skirts so far to the knees in one season and tumble to the ankles the next, so do the formalities and outward gestures of etiquette vary according to the ti

32、mes. Although the spirit of etiquette remains always essentially the same, the expression of etiquette, the rules of conduct which govern social life and our associations with one another are forever adjusting themselves to new conditions. Therefore, in other words, learn the definition of etiquette

33、 early. Take in all the basic knowledge that you can now, so that you too can adjust to our ever changing world, especially in todays world.                          

34、0;                                       2.2 The important role of etiquette As mentioned in the previous part

35、, etiquette is an important part of human life; it plays an important role in human society. From the aspect of communication, interpersonal etiquette can be regarded as a kind of art, a method of communication. It is a common respect for person and a friendly practice in interpersonal relationships

36、. From the perspective of transmitting, interpersonal rituals can be roughly divided into chief etiquette, business etiquette, service etiquette, social etiquette, foreign etiquette and several other major branches. Firstly, it can help people to raise their self-cultivation. Secondly, it will promo

37、te social interaction and improve peoples interpersonal relationship. It also can purify the ethos of society. From the point of view of collectivity, etiquette can create the image, improve the customs ultimately and achieve the purpose of enhancing the economy and social benefits. Etiquette, which

38、 is an important part of the companys culture and the entrepreneurs spirit, is a major attachment of groups image. Almost all international enterprises have a high standard of etiquette and regard etiquette as an important part of groups culture. At the same time, it also can be regarded as the impo

39、rtant software to obtain international fame. Therefore, studying etiquette is the trend of the times and the actual need of enhancing the competition.2.3 The value of studying the Chinese etiquettes & American etiquettes Since different countries have different histories and cultures, there are

40、a lot of differences in the habit of conduct and the ceremony, especially between China and the West, the jokes and the mistakes caused by misunderstanding is not unusual.Here is a typical example to show the embarrassment and misunderstanding caused by etiquette difference. An officer of high statu

41、s in China and his wife went to the airport to meet a consultant from the United States. After the meeting, the consultant said “Your wife is really beautiful!” The officer felt embarrassed and replied : “ 哪里，哪里！” It is just a polite way which is very common in China for the kind of the words he add

42、ressed. But the clumsy interpreter translated : “ 哪里，哪里！”  like “where, where?” American consultant couldnt understand, he thought “I just praised his wife, and why he asked me where his wife is beautiful”. Then, he said: “she is beautiful from head to toe.” This joke is due to the lack of etiq

43、uette knowledge about the differences between China and the America. This shows that the understanding of the differences of the American etiquettes and Chinese etiquettes is definitely necessary. To the officials, to understand each others customs will be conducive to the exchanges between the diff

44、erent countries. A person who understands others rituals and folk customs can be seen as respecting for others and can be easier to make a good impression on the other side. Along with the constant development of Chinese and the American cultures, Chinese rituals and the American rituals have absorb

45、ed a lot from each other. Americans have accepted the reasonable factors in Chinese culture Chinese people have gradually accepted the advanced civilization of the American culture and etiquette style. However, in real life, the etiquettes impacts due to cultural differences between China and Americ

46、an still exist. Therefore, this paper tries to find out the differences between Chinese culture and American culture in terms of their etiquette and to explore the   root of this difference. Our purpose is to let people understand and respect the difference between countries in cross-cultu

47、re communication; to avoid the culture conflicts, then to realize the successful cooperation; meanwhile, to enhance our sensibility to the culture difference, to forecast the counterparts reaction and then to make effective and efficient communication. Moreover, it aims at eliminating the out-of-dat

48、e part of our culture and enriching the advanced part. 3. The Differences between China Etiquette and American Daily EtiquetteEtiquette is the product of social civilization. It is the norm created by human beings to formulate the social behaviors. As long as there is human connection and commu

49、nication activities, people need etiquettes to express their feelings and respect. China is well known for her rich culture since ancient times, hospitality and courtesy are the traditional virtues of our country. As the development of globalization, especially after China successfully holding the O

50、lympic Games as well as the upcoming Shanghai Exposition, China is exposed to the outside world more and more, and the world also begins to understand China in a new way, therefore, not knowing the cultural difference between countries will cause misunderstanding and hinder the communication and con

51、nection. Sometimes, there are some behaviors we do not mind. However, they appear to be rude and offensive in the eyes of the foreigners, thus knowing the cultural difference between Americans and Chinese is very important.3.1 Addressing Both Americans and Chinese people have two kinds of personal n

52、ames: a surname and a given name. But the order and the use of these names in the two languages are somewhat different. In Chinese, the surname comes first and then the given name. And people like to add“小”(Xiao) before their family name. Such as“小王”(Xiao Wang)、“小鄭”(Xiao Zheng)、“小李”(Xiao Li )、“小徐”(X

53、iao Xu) and so on. While American names are written and spoken with the given name first and the family name last. So John Smiths family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as “Mister” (abbreviated as “Mr.”), married women as “Misses” (abbreviated as “Mrs.”), and unmarried wome

54、n as “Miss” (abbreviated as “Ms.”). These days many women prefer to be addressed using the abbreviations “Ms.” or “M.”, pronounced “miz.” If the person has an M.D. or Ph.D., they will often be addressed as “Doctor” (abbreviated as “Dr.”). Faculty is addressed as “Professor” (abbreviated as “Prof.”).

55、 In an informal situation, Americans will introduce each other by first name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you are introduced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an

56、 important position, such as the university president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed using their title and last name (e.g., “Professor Smith”). When in doubt, use the formal manner of address. It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Another difference is about the form of addressi