英語翻譯課程要求、翻譯概論、英漢語言的對比

1、第一單元 課程要求、翻譯概論、英漢語言的對比（2學(xué)時）Teaching ObjectivesStudents will be able to1. understand the basic requirement for the course2. understand the basic concepts and principles of translation studies3. grasp the differences between English and Chinese4. conduct a series of reading and writing activities cent

2、ered on the theme of the unit. Teaching ApproachesCommunicative approach, translation approach, listening and speaking approach Teaching Focus1. Explain the basic requirement for the course in detail2. Study carefully basic concepts and principles in translation studiesdefinition of translation, tra

3、nslation classifications, translation criteria, requirements for translator3. Make the difference between English and Chinese in terms of words and sentencesClass Hour: 2Time AllotmentPart I Basic requirement for the course (20 mins)Part II Brief Introduction to Translation Studies (40 mins)1. Defin

4、ition of translation (10 mins)2. Translation classification (5 mins)3. Translation criteria (15 mins)4. Requirements for translator (10mins)Part III Contrast between English and Chinese (39 mins)1. Differences between two languages in terms of structure (19 mins)2. Differences between two languages

5、in terms of grammar and Logic (20 mins) Part IV Assignments (1 min)Teaching ProceduresPart I Basic requirement for the course (20 mins)1. Brief introduction to this course（教師可先講英文然后讓學(xué)生翻譯，教師在此基礎(chǔ)上進行講評）Translation Practice is a selective course required for non-English-major undergraduates. It is desig

6、ned to develop students ability of translation, namely, the ability of language analysis and application, the ability of aesthetic judgment and expression and the ability of two-way conversion and logical analysis. It also contributes to enhance students consciousness of autonomous translation learn

7、ing and improve students translation skills.This course is a schema with the contents of basic translation theories and skills through repeated practice to cultivate students fundamental translation skills.翻譯實踐是為非英語專業(yè)本科生開設(shè)的限選課程。其目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的翻譯能力，即語言分析和運用能力，審美判斷和表達能力，雙向轉(zhuǎn)換和邏輯分析能力，增強學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)翻譯意識, 提高學(xué)生的翻譯技能。本

8、課程是以傳授基本的翻譯理論和常用的翻譯技巧，并通過反復(fù)實踐，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生基本的翻譯技能為主要內(nèi)容。2. Teaching Contents本課程共分十五個單元，30學(xué)時第一單元 課程要求、翻譯學(xué)概論、英漢語言的對比（2學(xué)時）第二單元 翻譯技巧（一）：詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯法（2學(xué)時）第三單元 翻譯技巧（二）：加詞法和減詞法（2學(xué)時）第四單元 翻譯技巧（二）：加詞法和減詞法（1學(xué)時）翻譯技巧（三）：轉(zhuǎn)換法和順序調(diào)整法（1學(xué)時）第五單元 翻譯技巧（三）：轉(zhuǎn)換法和順序調(diào)整法（2學(xué)時）第六單元 翻譯技巧（四）：被動語態(tài)和名詞從句的翻譯（2學(xué)時）第七單元 翻譯技巧（四）：被動語態(tài)和名詞從句的翻譯（1學(xué)時）翻譯技巧（五）：

9、定語從句和狀語從句的翻譯（1學(xué)時）第八單元 階段測試（1學(xué)時課外進行）、翻譯技巧（五）：定語從句和狀語從句的翻譯（1學(xué)時）翻譯技巧（五）：定語從句和狀語從句的翻譯（1 學(xué)時）第九單元 翻譯技巧（六）：長難句的翻譯（1學(xué)時）翻譯技巧（六）：長難句的翻譯（1學(xué)時）第十單元 翻譯技巧（六）：長難句的翻譯（1學(xué)時）摘要翻譯（1學(xué)時）第十一單元 摘要翻譯（1學(xué)時）應(yīng)用文翻譯（1學(xué)時）第十二單元 應(yīng)用文翻譯（2學(xué)時）第十三單元 科技翻譯（一）（2學(xué)時）第十四單元 科技翻譯（二）（2學(xué)時）第十五單元 結(jié)業(yè)考試（2學(xué)時課外進行）、翻譯實踐（2學(xué)時）3. Assignments對于非英語專業(yè)的本科生來說，能夠在

10、工作中運用所學(xué)翻譯技能完成科技翻譯工作是學(xué)習(xí)本門課程的目的，因此本課程除了講授最基本的翻譯理論和技巧外，把重點放在翻譯技能的培訓(xùn)上，為此加大了作業(yè)的比重，預(yù)計布置5次作業(yè)，以使學(xué)生真正掌握翻譯的技能。4. Examination and Evaluation考試內(nèi)容包括兩部分：一、翻譯的基本理論和原則；二、翻譯實踐。全面考察學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果。翻譯理論與實踐課程學(xué)期成績構(gòu)成：平時成績20% （作業(yè)10%+ 課堂表現(xiàn)10%）+ 課程考試成績40%（階段測試成績10%+結(jié)業(yè)考試成績30%）+期末綜合考試成績40%。其中，課堂表現(xiàn)10%包括Morning report（著名翻譯家的生平及其貢獻、著名作品

11、）+出席和課堂發(fā)言。課程考試成績40%（階段測試成績10%+結(jié)業(yè)考試成績30%）內(nèi)容：一、翻譯的基本理論和原則；二、翻譯實踐。期末綜合考試成績40%：全年級學(xué)生同一張卷，水平測試。Part II Brief Introduction to Translation Studies (40 mins) (講解此部分時，教師可采用translation approach的教學(xué)方法進行教學(xué))1. Definition of translation (10 mins)It has been a very long time since translation activities came forth.

12、 According to Tan Zaixi（譚載喜）, translation activities in the west countries occurred 300 years earlier than China. But this long time seems not enough for the definition of translation. It only allows various different opinions proposed by the researchers at home and abroad.As early as in the Tang Dy

13、nasty, Jia Gongyan（賈公彥）advocated clearly that”譯即易，謂換易言語使相解也?！?This definition of translation is remarkably similar to those given in present dictionaries. Websters Dictionary defines translation as “to turn into ones own or another language.” The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines it as “to

14、 give the meaning of (something said or written) in another language.” And again, according to the Modern Chinese Dictionary (現(xiàn)代漢語詞典), translation is to “express the meaning of one language in another language”.To sum up, translation actually is the bi-directional process in which translator transfo

15、rms the meaning into symbol and then converts the symbol into meaning. The nature of this process is embodied as medium transformation. It can be illustrated by the process as “SL MeaningSL SymbolTranslationTL SymbolTL Meaning”.2Translation classifications (10 mins)According to different definitions

16、, translation theorists gradually formed different ideas on the classification of translations. And the classification of translation itself can be regarded as another kind of effort to define translation.The study of translation types in the west seems to start earlier with more diversified achieve

17、ments than in China. In 1959, Jakobson described three kinds of translation: intra-lingual, inter-lingual and inter-semiotic (Jakobson, 1959:113-118). English linguist and translation theorist Theodore Savory divided translation into three types: perfect translation (such as advertisement, notice et

18、c), applicable translation emphasizing on contents instead of style (such as novel translation for general readers), comprehensive/integrated translation dealing with the works with high academic or literature value and technological translation (Savory, 1957). Peter Newmark suggested two types of t

19、ranslation: semantic translation and communicative translation.In China, some scholars also attempted to distinct different types of translation. Zheng Hailing（鄭海凌） distinguished literary translation and non-literary translation. Wang Ning（王寧） suggested culture translation and word translation. Dong

20、 Taiqin（董太琴）, according to the Skopos theory in Functional linguistics, divided translation edition into reversed edition, paraphrased edition and brief edition.3. Translation Criteria(15 mins)Gu Zhengkun（辜正坤）has ever said “In the field of translation theory, undoubtedly, translation criterion is th

21、e topic of the most historical value.”According to the Modern Chinese Dictionary, criterion is defined as the rule of weighing things. Then, translation criterion refers to the rule of weighing translation behavior. The whole translation behavior can be shown as: writeroriginal worktranslatortarget

22、workreader. During translation process, a good criterion can not only guide translation practice, but also help to assess the quality of the translation.關(guān)于翻譯標準的真知灼見出現(xiàn)于當時的序文跋語中。最早提出翻譯問題的是在三國時，支謙所寫的法句經(jīng)序中?！狈鸬渑d，皆在天竺。天竺語言，與漢異音名物不同,傳實不易。” 當時天竺僧不善中文，譯文質(zhì)直不雅，但為能夠真實地傳經(jīng)，寧可”因循本旨，不加文飾”。而支謙批評竺將炎”雖善天竺語，未備曉漢，其所傳言或得

23、胡語，或以義出音，近于質(zhì)言”“其辭不雅”。他講究文麗簡略，提出改胡音為漢意，也就是用意譯取代音譯，這點在支謙那里做得是比較徹底的。例如他把摩訶般若波羅密經(jīng)意譯為大明度無極經(jīng)，其中象須菩提、舍利佛這類人名，都要意譯成善業(yè)、秋露子。支謙的譯文力圖適應(yīng)漢人的口胃，譯文的忠實性不能不受一定影響。從三國到西晉，支謙所開創(chuàng)的譯風(fēng)，占據(jù)著重要的地位，它使佛教普及化，無疑起著相當大的作用。維祗難則反對支謙的觀點，公元224年引起了第一次文、質(zhì)之爭，即直譯與意譯之爭。到了唐朝，高僧玄奘大師提出了”既須求真，又須喻俗”的原則?！鼻笳妗本褪侵覍嵱谠?；”喻俗”，就是通俗易懂。他還提出了”五不譯”。不譯的地方是不翻譯

24、它們的意思而翻譯它們的讀音：”1） 原文用語為密語；2） 原文用語含義過多，漢語無相同表達法；3） 中國沒有的事物；4） 原文用了典故；5） 考慮譯文的實際效果”。此外玄奘還運用了許多翻譯技巧如補充法、省略法、變位法、分合法（在翻譯梵文復(fù)合詞時用）、譯名假借法、代詞還原法。玄奘的譯文質(zhì)量很高，非常熟練地運用各種翻譯技巧，達到形式與內(nèi)容的高度統(tǒng)一。談到近代翻譯標準，影響最大的當推嚴復(fù)的”信、達、雅”。1897年嚴復(fù)在<<天演論·譯例言>>中提出了這一至今未衰的理論。他在講到”信”時，”翻譯要傳達原文的精神實質(zhì)，因此在用詞造句時常會有些刪減，不拘泥于原文的詞法句法

25、，但意義卻與原文無出入。借口要表達清楚意思，卻不想自己是在進行翻譯，任意發(fā)揮，這樣做的確不應(yīng)該?！痹谔岬健边_”時，他提到”西方語言中的句子，短的才兩三個字，長的幾十上百個字.所以譯者要領(lǐng)會全文的精神實質(zhì)，消化吸收，才能寫得準確流暢。對于那些文理深奧、一般讀者難于理解的，就只好多做些引證、襯托的工作.像這樣做就是為了達，為達同時也是為了信。關(guān)于”雅”，嚴復(fù)指出”除了信、達，還要求得雅致。這不僅僅是為了流傳，實際上是為了照至理名言辦。”嚴復(fù)的這三個觀點與西方泰特勒的翻譯三原則頗為相似，并且嚴復(fù)的觀點也同泰特勒的一樣對后來產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。直至今日仍然對中國翻譯界產(chǎn)生著影響。Tytlors thre

26、e principles: “The translation should give a complete transcription of the ideas of the original work.” “The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.” “The translation should have the ease of the original composition.”我們翻譯實踐課的翻譯標準：忠實：內(nèi)容忠實于原文、通順：譯文的語言通順自然

27、、優(yōu)美：形式或風(fēng)格忠實于原文。4Requirements for translator (10mins)早在隋朝，高僧彥宗就寫出辯正論，專論翻譯。為求意義上忠于原文，而譯文又”不過魯拙，”提出”八備”之說如下：“誠心愛法，志愿益人，不憚久時，其備一也。將踐的聲場，先牢戒足，不染譏惡，其備二也。詮曉三藏，義貫兩乘，不苦暗滯，其備三也。旁涉”墳”“史”，工綴典，不不過魯拙，其備四也。襟抱平恕，器量虛融，不好專執(zhí)，其備五也。沈于道術(shù)，澹于名利，不欲高炫，其備六也。要識梵言，乃嫻正譯，不墜彼學(xué)其備七也。簿閱”倉”“雅”，粗諳篆隸，不昧此文，其備八也。”（馬祖義，<<中國翻譯簡史>&g

28、t;，1989）者只有具備了上述八項才能翻譯出好作品。就本課程來說，要成為一名好的翻譯者應(yīng)具備三個條件：（參見馮慶華著實用翻譯教程P6-7）1. 漢語功底要好2. 英語語言能力要強3. 知識面要廣Part III Contrast between English and Chinese (39 mins) （此部分例子參見陳德彰編著英漢翻譯入門P26-33）1. Differences between two languages in terms of structure (19 mins)英語的樹式結(jié)構(gòu)在英語中，最重要最突出的就是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，有如一棵樹的主干，然后再運用關(guān)系代詞把各種從句或其他

29、短語掛到這棵大樹上。按照潘文國先生的說法：”所謂樹式結(jié)構(gòu)，有三層意思。句子有一個基本的主干。所有的枝椏都是從主干上分出來的。句子的復(fù)雜化不影響這個基本主干?！崩缋篢ypical examples are the driver who brakes violently allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child

30、across a zebra crossing into path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time.譯文：例如，有的司機常常急剎車，讓從旁邊的街道中出來的車加入到車流中，但是卻給后面的車帶來很大危險，而幾秒鐘后路上就沒有多少車了，有的司機回把車停下來，揮手讓孩子過去，而飛馳而來的其它車輛根本就無法及時剎車。分析：主干：主語部分（Typical examples），謂語部分（are the driver）。分支：第一層，兩個表語（the driver和the man）；第二層，兩個表語后分別接一個關(guān)系從句（who brakes和who waves）；第三層，第一個關(guān)系從句中又包含一個狀語從句（when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway），第二個關(guān)系從句中又包含一個關(guān)系