《非謂語動詞》完整體系

1、非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞，主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞。它雖然沒有動詞該有的功能，但仍具有動詞的部分詞性。非謂語動詞可以有自身的賓語，也可以用副詞加以修飾。也就是說，它可以模仿動詞，但卻無法當(dāng)真正的動詞使用。*非謂語動詞基本做題方法：判斷邏輯主語和動作之間的關(guān)系(邏輯主語不一定是句子主語，動作就是選項)，主動關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞doing，被動關(guān)系用過去分詞done，表示將來或目的用不定式to do。I.如果句子中有將來的時間狀語，首先考慮to do；II.在to do結(jié)構(gòu)中，主動仍然用to do，被動則是to be done；III. 如果一個動作是由一個東西發(fā)出的，肯定是主

2、動關(guān)系，肯定用ing；IV.選項中出現(xiàn)having done，可以首先考慮事情發(fā)生的先后順序；V.動詞沖突原則。+平時注意積累零散小點。縱觀歷年高考試題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，命題者對非謂語動詞的以下十大考點非常青睞。一、非謂語動詞作主語n to do和doing都可以作主語，表示某一具體行為用to do，表示經(jīng)常性、一般性的動作用doing。若結(jié)構(gòu)過長則后置，用it作形式主語。n to do作主語，它的邏輯主語可以由for或者of引出，形成如下高考中常見結(jié)構(gòu)：It is(系)+形容詞+for sb. to do sth.說明to do行為特點，不表示sb.本身特點，常見的此類形容詞有easy, impor

3、tant, necessary, expensive等。It is impossible for him to go alone. It is(系)+形容詞+of sb. to do sth.對sb.及其所做行為本身的評價，此類形容詞有g(shù)ood, kind, nice, wrong, clever, stupid等。It is kind of you to say so.注意：在its no use/good之后要加動名詞作真正的主語，it是形式主語。Its no use talking with him. 2012浙江No matter how bright a talker you are

4、, there are times when its better _ silent.A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. to remain根據(jù)常見句型“it is adj./n. + to do that.”，下劃線處應(yīng)采用不定式的形式。It作時間狀語從句中的形式主語，真正的主語是to remain silent。名詞也好理解，例如：Its my duty to serve the people. 2007全國2_felt funny watching myself on TV.A. One B. This C. It D. Tha

5、t本題真正的主語是watching myself on TV，先行詞it作形式主語。2001上海In fact _is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A. this B. that C. there D. it本題it作形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語。二、非謂語動詞作賓語1.有些動詞后只接不定式作賓語，如：want, wish, hope, manage ,demand, promise, refuse, plan, offer, pretend(假裝)，decide, agree

6、, expect等。She pretended to understand his words.2.有些動詞只跟動名詞作賓語，如: admit，appreciate，avoid，consider, delay, dislike，enjoy，escape, excuse，face，feel. like，finish，forgive，give up, imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practice，put off，resist, risk，suggest，cant help(情不自禁)，cant stand(無法忍受)等。I suggested go

7、ing to the exhibition next weekend.3.有些動詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動名詞作賓語，意義上無多大區(qū)別，如：love, like, Hate, prefer, start，intend(想要、打算)，continue等。說明不是重點4.有些動詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動名詞作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別，如forget, regret，remember，mean，try等。 逐個闡述5.介詞后可接動名詞或者不定式作賓語。一般來說，在介詞at, in, for, with, without等后面接動名詞。但在but, except，besides接動詞時，要用不定式（有

8、時帶to,有時不帶 to,取決于前面是否有do），例如：She could say nothing but cry.She had nothing to do but stay at home. (but前面有do, but后面的不定式stay省略to,簡單記作 有do省to) I have no choice but to ask the teacher for help. (but前面沒有do, but后面的不定式就要帶上to，簡單記作 無do留to)2006北京I cant stand _with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ta

9、lking while she works.A. working; stopping B. to work; stoppingC. working; to stop D. to work; to stopcant stand+ doing 不能忍受做某事；refuse+ to do，拒絕做某事。2012湖南Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs_ to achieve the final success.A. being done B. do C. to be done D. to do *need doing=need to be d

10、one，表示“主語需要被做”，need to do表示“主語需要主動去做”。題干中表達的是“更多的工作需要被完成以取得最后的成功，”下劃線處應(yīng)該采用to be done或doing的形式。 2009上海David threatened _ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.A. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported threaten不能接動名詞作賓語，又因為report是他主動進行的動作。 *2012安徽I remember_ the

11、doctor before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have lockedAB都可以翻譯通，但是后面存在并列連詞but，說明前后是并列關(guān)系，則該空要與后面的forgot to turn off一致。 2012陜西If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but_ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meeting C. meet

12、D. to meet固定句型“have no choice but to do sth.”所以選不定式。2011四川Lydia doesnt feel like _abroad. Her parents are old.A. study B. studying C. studied D. to studyfeel like +doing，would like+ to do。2009上海Bill suggested_ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A. having held B. to hol

13、d C. holding D. hold suggest doing，且被建議的行為發(fā)生將來而不是已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以不選A。 2006重慶Isnt it time you got down to_ the papers？ A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking get down to doing“著手去做”，這里to是介詞，且邏輯主語you和mark之間是主動關(guān)系，故用動名詞的主動形式。 2008江蘇They are quiet, arent they？ -Yes. They are accustomed_ at meals.A. to ta

14、lk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking*be accustomed to doing“習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，不是不定式符號。2010上海I had difficulty_ the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.A. find B. found C. to find D. finding have difficulty (in) doing 是習(xí)慣用法。 *2007安徽-Robert is indeed a wise man.-Oh, yes. How often I have

15、 regretted _ his advice!A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking *regret doing表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，后悔做了某事，這里沒有接受他的建議not to take這個事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，所以用doing。regret to do是遺憾地去做。 Or很多語法書里面寫的是，根據(jù)句意，下劃線應(yīng)表示“后悔過去沒有接受他的建議”，應(yīng)選用動名詞的否定形式，能看懂嗎？2006湖南If you think that treating a woman well means always_ her permission for th

16、ings, think again.A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting *mean+ doing 意味著；mean+ to do 打算做，故意做。如果你認(rèn)為對一個女人好就意味著總是得到她的允許再做事情，再想想吧。2008湖南Sue wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried_ alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.A. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived *try+ doing

17、試著、嘗試做某事；try +to do 努力去做某事。句義更偏向于“嘗試”，嘗試自己住，不喜歡的話，回來就好了；“努力”不是很貼切，因為你就算不喜歡，忍忍努力一下也可以繼續(xù)住。 2012北京One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting and是并列連詞，左右兩邊要一致，且作by的賓語。注意：在 allow，advise，forbid，permit等動詞后直接跟動詞作賓語時，要用動名詞形式，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，然后再跟動詞作賓語補

18、足語時，賓語補足語用帶 to的不定式。例如：We dont allow smoking here.We dont allow students to smoke.*要么就直接記allow, advise, forbid, permit等，直接+doing，或者+sb +to do。2007江蘇Can I smoke here？ Sorry. We dont allow_ here.A. people smoking B. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking要么用smoking，要么用people to smoke。 2011天津Passengers are

19、permitted_ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A. to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carriedPermit的用法有permit doing和permit sb. to do這兩種形式。而此處使用了被動語態(tài)，故為sb. be permitted to do，這就是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)+主語補足語，來，我們來講主語補足語的考點。三、非謂語動詞作賓語補足語和主語補足語1.能接帶to的不定式做賓補和主補的動詞有：ask, tell, force, get, allow, want,

20、 intend, request，wish, prefer, advise, persuade, permit, order, cause等。 The teacher didnt allow the students to go swimming in the lake.The visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.*被動語態(tài)都是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，因為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是完整的，說明謂語是不及物動詞，那么后面的補充說明內(nèi)容就只能叫“主補”了，因為沒有賓語啊.2.使役動詞、感官動詞能接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語和帶to的不定式作主語補足語。 常見的使役

21、動詞有make，let，have等；感官動詞有see，hear，watch，observe，notice，feel以及l(fā)ook at，listen to等。The boy often made his little sister cry but today he was made to cry by his sister.*在轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，即to do變成主補的時候，不定式符號to必須保留。2011天津Passengers are permitted_ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. A. to carry B. carrying

22、 C. to be carried D. being carried 同上。2008全國2The director had her assistant _some hot dogs for the meeting. A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up 省略to的不定式作賓補，使役動詞have可接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語，也可以接現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補。 2012江西Having finished her project, she was invited by the school_ to the new students.A. spe

23、aking B. having spoken C. to speak D. to have spoken根據(jù)invite的常見搭配“invite sb. to do sth.”，又因為被邀請時沒有完成演講這一動作，所以不能用完成時。 2007北京Excuse me sir, where is Room 301？Just a minute. Ill have Bob_ you to your room.A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing使役動詞have后面的賓補應(yīng)該用省略to的不定式形式。2008陜西The message is very importa

24、nt, so it is supposed _ as soon as possible.A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sendingbe supposed to do是固定搭配，且消息應(yīng)該是被送，還應(yīng)該有個被動形式，故選A。長幼有序，首先滿足to do結(jié)構(gòu)，然后想表示什么主動被動時態(tài)的，在to do結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)表示。3. 不定式和分詞作賓語補足語或主語補足語表達的意義不同。接不定式時，表示經(jīng)常性的動作或指動作發(fā)生的全過程；接現(xiàn)在分詞時，表示動作正在發(fā)生或進行，或正要做分詞表示的動作；接過去分詞時，表示賓語或主語承受了過去分詞表示的動作。*你可以選

25、擇背，不過和基本做題方法完全一致！Last night I heard a song sung in English.2010湖南Listen! Do you hear someone_ for help？A. calling B. call C. to call D. called非謂語動詞作賓補，someone與call為主動關(guān)系，排除D。hear后接不定式作賓補時應(yīng)省略to，排除C。由Listen判斷此處有人正在求救，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補。2007安徽-Did Peter fix the computer himself？-He_，because he doesnt know much a

26、bout computers.A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it后面說了，他對計算機了解不多，顯然不是自己修的，而是使它被別人修（had it fixed），該動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，用過去時。因為BD的動作發(fā)出者都是he，與后面的doesnt know much about computers相矛盾。2008江蘇To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _as much as we can.A. speak B. speaki

27、ng C. spoken D. to speak這里作賓補的非謂語動詞與邏輯主語English之間含有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)使用表示被動意義的過去分詞。非謂語動詞最熱考點 having done和having been done現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式having done所表示的動作先于主句謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生，這兩個先后發(fā)生的動作之間往往具有因果關(guān)系。*having done說明done這個動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞之前。Having finished his homework, he went out. (先finished, 再went out)Not having received any

28、answer, he wrote her another letter.(先not received, 再wrote, 判斷順序時否定詞要帶上。) 2012重慶_ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked 邏輯主語I和動作ask之間是被動關(guān)系，人被問，所以排除BC，D表示將來或目的，并且“被要求加班”這個動作發(fā)生在“錯過電影”之前，符合having done用法。由于那天晚上我被要求加班，我錯過了一部

29、精彩的電影。2008重慶_ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed因為打不通電話，所以就只能發(fā)郵件了。Fail這個動作在sent之前發(fā)生，所以用having done；選A則前后動詞沖突。2007陜西_ that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her.A. To have said B. Having said C. To say D. Saying*不定式在句

30、首表示目的，翻譯成“為了”。下劃線處所表示的狀語并非表示目的，由此可排除AC，said這個動作發(fā)生在dont think之前，所以用having done。2011上海The rare fish,_ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. saved B. saving C. to be saved D. having saved魚被救，應(yīng)該用被動，所以排除BD。C表示將來或目的，本動作根據(jù)后面的完成時態(tài)說明已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，所以排除法選A。從鍋中被救出的這條屬于珍稀品種的魚已經(jīng)被放歸大海。2009四川_ many times, h

31、e finally understood it.A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told 暗示詞finally，說明該空動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生過了。因主句結(jié)構(gòu)完整，下劃線處應(yīng)該是分詞作狀語修飾整個主句。根據(jù)句義更貼合“已經(jīng)多次被告知，他最后理解了”這個含義，所以told這個動作發(fā)生在understood之前，且被動，所以選D。2008陜西_ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A. Having

32、 shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To show暗示詞then表示“然后”，說明該空動作在前，且發(fā)生過了。BD表示將來或目的，說明沒發(fā)生過。那為何是被動了？一個是句義，一個是看后面有暗示were taken，我們在被帶領(lǐng)著參觀了水立方后，又被帶去參觀為2008奧運會準(zhǔn)備的鳥巢。四、非謂語動詞作定語出于原則和素質(zhì)教育的考慮，以下三點必須寫出來。你可以把三點背誦，當(dāng)然我不是很相信你能背下來，或者你就看看我.的備注，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)和基本做題方法“完全”一致。不定式、動名詞和分詞都可以作定語，主要區(qū)別在于它們的時態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義不同。這是廢話，因為

33、非謂語動詞就那么三種形式，而且除了時態(tài)和語態(tài)也沒有第三態(tài)了。1、不定式作定語可以修飾人，也可以修飾物，表示將來意義，既有主動形式，也有被動形式。不定式作定語多和被修飾的名詞具有“倒動賓關(guān)系”，即被修飾的名詞是不定式動作的承受著；如果不定式是不及物動詞，就要在不定式動詞后面加上相應(yīng)的介詞。I have an article to write today. 今天有一篇文章要寫。（可說to write an article）I want to have a pen to write with.我想要一只寫字用的筆。（可說to write with a pen，但不能說to write a pen）*

34、實際操作意義不大，直接用基本做題方法即可，當(dāng)然你也可以背誦如上內(nèi)容。2010山東I have a lot of readings_ before the end of this term.A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed出現(xiàn)將來的時間狀語before the end of this term，故用to do作readings的賓語。2009安徽The play_ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A. produced B. being

35、produced C. to be produced D. having produced出現(xiàn)將來的時間狀語next month，首先滿足一個to do結(jié)構(gòu)，又因為邏輯主語play和動作produce之間應(yīng)該是，戲劇被制作，不可能戲劇自己把自己做了，所以是被動關(guān)系，所以用to be done。2、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語多和被修飾的名詞具有“主謂關(guān)系”，即現(xiàn)在分詞用主動式時，被修飾的名詞正在執(zhí)行其動作；現(xiàn)在分詞用被動式時，被修飾的名詞正在承受其動作；過去分詞作定語與其所修飾的名詞有“動賓關(guān)系”，表示一個被動或完成的動作，相當(dāng)于一個被動的定語從句。The man standing under the tr

36、ee is his father. (The man who is standing.)The building being built will be a hospital. (The building which is being built.) *主謂關(guān)系就是主動關(guān)系，動賓關(guān)系就是被動關(guān)系，所以和非謂語動詞做題方法完全一致，引申出一個點，being done叫做正在被做。2011全國1The next thing he saw was smoke_ from behind the house.A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen邏輯主語smoke，動

37、作是rise，上升這個動作是smoke發(fā)出的，所以是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞；有人說煙是被人生起來，對，漢字里面有同音字，那個是“生火”lit，漢字讀音一樣寫法不一樣，而且那個英文是lit。有人說因為前面是next thing he saw所以表示一瞬間的感覺，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞，對，可以說初中學(xué)的很好。2010浙江The traffic rule says young children under the age of 4 and_ less than 40 pounds must be in a safety seat.A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed

38、 D. weighing_左邊有很多名詞，哪個是邏輯主語？children！為什么？*總結(jié)一下邏輯主語的判斷方法：I.邏輯主語是和選項的動作有關(guān)的主語。（本題特別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，traffic rule, age, 4都是名詞都和weigh產(chǎn)生重量這個詞不搭配）II.邏輯主語一般在_左邊且離_最近。產(chǎn)生重量這個動作是孩子產(chǎn)生的吧，所以是主動關(guān)系，漢語我重130斤，也是主動啊。2009北京For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit_ on his own farm.A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D.

39、 to grow Grow有兩個意思，生長&種植。作“生長”講，植物生長，生長這個動作是植物發(fā)出的，所以是主動關(guān)系，用growing；作“種植”講，植物被種植，所以用grown。(相當(dāng)于定語從句which/that is grown，很多參考書都會給你這個解釋，說的很對，但是和做題沒什么關(guān)系。)3、動名詞作定語表示被修飾的名詞所起的作用或者用途?？梢愿膶懗伞癴or+動名詞”或者含有“for+動名詞”的定語從句。a swimming pool=a pool for swimming 或a pool which is used for swimming此點中考已經(jīng)消耗五、非謂語動詞作狀語不

40、定式在句首作目的狀語，在句末作原因狀語和結(jié)果狀語?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語在句首作原因、條件、時間、讓步等狀語，在句末是方式、伴隨、結(jié)果狀語。過去分詞短語放在句首表示時間、條件、原因等，放在句末表示對前面情況的解釋說明，同時與句子主語具有被動關(guān)系。*我估計沒人能背下來，背下來也不會用，那就換個角度處理：在基本做題方法的基礎(chǔ)上加三個重要小點。Her husband died in 1980, leaving her with two children. I.現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，表示一種合乎邏輯的結(jié)果。He went to Japan three years ago, never to return. II.

41、不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表示一種出乎意料的結(jié)果。III.不定式在句首作目的狀語，翻譯成“為了”。2010全國1With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank_ presents for my dad. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought出現(xiàn)將來的時間狀語around the corner固定短語“臨近，在附近”，你懂的選什么。2010福建Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,

42、_ supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent _左邊有名詞worker和clock，你說哪個和send搭配，總不能送鐘吧，所以邏輯主語是worker，且send這個動作就是worker發(fā)出的，所以是主動關(guān)系。Or現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語表示同時發(fā)生。2009北京_ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.A. Be

43、ing bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten分詞與邏輯主語在邏輯上是動賓關(guān)系，被動用過去分詞。把C改成having been bitten也對，符合語法和句義。如果用現(xiàn)在分詞也行，表示人咬了狗，但是不符合句義。*高考中人和狗狗的問題，遛狗必須是dog follow people，而且一般是狗咬人，高考是普通/大眾思維考試。六、非謂語動詞作表語分詞作表語，看分詞語主語的關(guān)系。主謂關(guān)系-現(xiàn)在分詞；被動關(guān)系-過去分詞符合基本做題方法。還有一組使動詞amuse, bore, excite, frighten, interest, move,

44、 surprise, disappoint等，它們有兩種形容詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語具有的特征，“令人的”，即主語是物，用ing；The speech that he made last week proves exciting.過去分詞表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，“（某人）感到的”，即主語是人，用ed。Tom sounds very much interested in the job, but Im not sure whether he.你可以用漢語邏輯的不同進行判斷，不過我建議判斷主語。七、“連詞+分詞”的省略分詞短語常?？梢杂迷谶B詞如since, when, whil

45、e, whenever, once, until, if, no matter how等之后，就是狀語從句中的省略當(dāng)從句主語等于主句主語，且從句的謂語動詞是be動詞，則可以把從句主語和be動詞一起省略。When first introduced to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 狀語從句中省略了they were。2010全國2Though_ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.A. surprising B. was surprised C. surprised

46、 D. being surprisedThough是引導(dǎo)狀語從句的，又因為狀語從句中沒看到主語，說明被省略了，能省略的語法點只有.，though he was surprised。2007全國1We all know that, _ , the situation will get worse.A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt withC. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with四個選項都有if，你知道if引導(dǎo)的句子，if在最左邊，因為它

47、叫引導(dǎo)詞.又因為deal with是動詞短語放在一起不拆開，所以只能選B了。且情況與處理是被動關(guān)系，即情況被處理，用過去分詞。八、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(獨立結(jié)構(gòu))，在形式上與主句沒有任何聯(lián)系，但是在意思上卻與主句密切聯(lián)系在一起，共同構(gòu)筑成一個完整的語意環(huán)境。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只有邏輯上的主語，沒有主語和謂語，在句法上不是句子，而是一個獨立于句子成分之外的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分四類：1.獨立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)；2.獨立不定式結(jié)構(gòu)；3.獨立無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)；4.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。高考考查1+4。*非謂語動詞是一個詞，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個結(jié)構(gòu)，做題方法完全一致。Nobody to help us tomorrow,

48、we cant finish our task ahead of time.With a guide leading the way, they had no difficulty finding the hot spring.2007重慶The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished(_所在的那個小部分是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，但是又不是考你整個結(jié)構(gòu)，考的是其中非謂語動詞的選擇。)中

49、間逗號說明這是一個含有獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單句，且課堂被結(jié)束。2007安徽J(rèn)ohn received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ ,he gladly accepted it.A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished這是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，且工作被完成。2002上海春With a lot of difficult problems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. sett