初中英語語法講解與練習

1、 (二）名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團體機構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-

2、thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-

3、heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不

4、規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù)people, police, cattle, staff5部分集

5、體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人

6、”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)women singe

7、rs, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構(gòu)成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規(guī)則復數(shù)名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels,

8、Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示時間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the eart

9、hs atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stones throw, at

10、 ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed注：不同國籍人的單復數(shù)  國籍 總稱（謂語用復數(shù)） 單數(shù) 復數(shù) 中國人 the Chinese, a Chinese, two Chinese     &#

11、160; 瑞士人 the Swiss, a Swiss, two Swiss 澳大利亞人the Australians, an Australian, two Australians 俄國人 the Russians, a Russian, two Russians意大利人 the Italians, an Italian, two Italians       希臘人 the Greek, a&

12、#160;Greek, two Greeks 法國人 the French, a Frenchman, two Frenchmen   日本人 the Japanese, a Japanese, two Japanese 美國人 the Americans, an American, two Americans 印度人 the Indians, an Indian, two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians, a&#

13、160;Canadian, two Canadians 德國人 the Germans, a German, two Germans 英國人 the English, an Englishman, two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish, a Swede, two Swedes 名詞練習1. The _ of the room were covered with _.       A. roofs, leafs&#

14、160;              B. roofs, leaves             C. rooves, leafs             D. rooves, leaves2. There are three _ i

15、n our factory.       A. woman doctors         B. women doctors         C. woman doctor          D. women doctor3. Which do you prefer _ or _?

16、0;      A. potatos, tomatos              B. potatos, tomatoes      C. potatoes, tomatos      D. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now t

17、hey are having a meeting in one of the _ office.       A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs                  B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefs      

18、C. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs               D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5. The ant has two _.             A. stomaches     &#

19、160;   B. stomacks           C. stomach            D. stomachs6. He doesnt like _ for supper.               &#

20、160;     A. chick         B. chicken      C. chickens    D. chicks7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.    A. so  B. such      C. so as &#

21、160; D. such a8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room!  A. How   B. How a C. What        D. What a9. We know _ travels not so fast as light.      A. sound B. sounds     C. the sounds  D. a sound10. My fa

22、mily raise a lot of _, including two _.       A. cattle, cows                     B. cows, cattle            &

23、#160;        C. cattles, cows            D. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（軍營門口）.       A. have gathered        

24、0;  B. has gathered             C. is                             D. was12. The Browns have spe

25、nt a large _ of money on their new car.       A. deal                         B. amount          

26、60;          C. number                    D. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.       A. Many

27、60;                      B. A great many            C. A great deal of          D. A number of1

28、4. Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend.       A. hand                        B. a hand           

29、0;          C. hands                       D. the hands15. Two _, please.   A. coffee        B. coff

30、ees              C. cup of coffee            D. cups coffee16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for.       A. high price a     

31、60;               B. high price                 C. a high price              

32、60;      D. high a price17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly.    A. Mans        B. Mens   C. Mens    D. Persons18.I stayed at _.            

33、  A. Xiao Wangs     B. Wangs home    C. the Wangs    D. home of Wang19. Sister Carrie works in a _ factory.           A. shoes         B. shoses  

34、0;     C. shoe     D. shoes20. Have you ever read _?       A. today newspaper              B. newspaper today          &

35、#160;   C. newspaper of today   D. todays newspaper21. Two _ walk didnt made me tired.    A. hour          B. hours         C. hours        D. ho

36、urs22. The mother over there is _ mother.       A. Julia and Mary          B. Julia and Marys        C. Julias and Marys     D. Julias and Mary23. Li Mings handwriting is

37、 better than _ in the class.       A. anyones                  B. anyone else               C. anyones elses &

38、#160;       D. anyone elses24. The children are playing _ on the _.       A. sand, sand                B. sands, sands        

39、;     C. sand, sands                     D. sands, sand25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.          A. set  &

40、#160;   B. one     C. copy   D. pair26. Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.            A. walk   B. ride     C. trip     D. travel27. We have no _

41、about where she has gone.       A. information               B. news                      

42、  C. message                   D. flash28. Food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the people.       A. cloth           

43、             B. clothe                       C. clothes            

44、60;               D. clothing29. My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.             A. strength  B. sense  C. power D. skill30. The _ caused by carele

45、ssness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed.       A. incident, was happened                                

46、B. matter, happened              C. event, was taken place                             

47、60;    D. accident, took place31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.       A. beating                     B. ways  

48、60;                     C. knocking                  D. striking32. _ has been told not to throw waste things anywh

49、ere.       A. The public                B. People                      C. Women  

50、;                  D. Man33. He was an _ in the government _.       A. office, official           B. official, office   

51、        C. officer, office           D. official, officer34. There are several _ in this novel who are different in _.       A. character, character  B. characters, characters 

52、;      C. character, characters D. characters, character35. We visited him _ when he was in hospital.       A. every other days              B. each other day   

53、0;      C. every other day         D. every two day36. My friend will return in _.       A. one day or two         B. a day or two      

54、;       C. one day or two         D. a or two days37. _ is always difficult for me. A. Translation      B. Translate    C. The translation   D. A translation38. _ of this novel is

55、excellent, quite to my surprise.       A. Translation               B. Translate                  C. The translatio

56、n          D. A translation39. The police _ looking into the matter now.        A. be       B. is        C. are      D. are going

57、to40. The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people.  A. the     B. a         C. /         D. one41. No news _ good news.             

58、;      A. is               B. are             C. have          D. has42. Maths still _ very difficul

59、t for me, though I have done my best. A. looks      B. seems C. is D. are43. “Where _ my trousers?” the boy asked.          A. is        B. was        

60、0;  C. were     D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.       A. in nice spirits            B. in nice spirit            &

61、#160; C. in high spirits            D. in high spirit45. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something.       A. Japanese              

62、0;   B. Japaneses                 C. of Japanese                     D. of Japaneses46. Father went to his doc

63、tor for _ about his heart trouble.       A. an advice                  B. advice                 

64、60;    C. advices                    D. the advices47. We are _ and they are _.                  

65、60;              A. Englishmen, Germans  B. Englishmen, German  C. Englishmans, Germans       D. Englishmen, Germen48. _ are made of _.       A. A glass, a glass

66、0;        B. Glasses, glass           C. The glass, the glass   D. Glasses, glasses49. Ill have to buy _ trousers.               A. a&#

67、160;       B. two     C. a pair of     D. a couple of50. There are two _ in our class.           A. Liu            B. Lius

68、60;          C. Lius          D. Lius51. _ is needed in cold countries.       A. A lot of clothes         B. Much clothing   

69、        C. Many a cloth            D. Lots of clothes52. They are _.               A. mathematics student      

70、;          B. mathematic students                                     

71、     C. students in mathematics           D. mathematics students53. The laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions（反應）.       A. mouses          &

72、#160;        B. mice                        C. mices                &#

73、160;           D. mices54. This letter was sent by _.A. my father friend        B. my father friends     C. a friend of my fathers      D. a friend of my father55. Ten ye

74、ars had passed. I found she had _. A. a little white hair B. some white hair         C. a few white hair        D. a few white hairs56. I have made _ with Billy.          A. friend

75、s              B. friend         C. a friend             D. the friend57. The population of Beijing is _ than that of Xian.  

76、   A. more   B. larger  C. fewer  D. small58. There are thirty-two _ in our school.       A. woman teacher         B. women teacher         C. women teachers

77、60;       D. woman teachers59. He had tried everything but it made little_ .A. use    B. good C. difference D. result60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man.A. wait      

78、60;              B. delay                    C. time                &#

79、160;    D. hurry61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any_ .A. excuse                  B. sense            &#

80、160;       C. use                      D. value62. -How dare you play on such thin ice?            -Playing on ice

81、is not my _of spare time.A. idea                      B. thought                C. mind       &

82、#160;            D. intention63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_ .A. travel                 &

83、#160; B. tourism                C. journey                D. course64. One splendid mountain_ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A.

84、 view                    B. glance                  C. screen           

85、60;      D. scene65.The new law will come into _on the day it is passed. (1999上海)A. effect                B. use              

86、0;    C. service             D. existence66. When you play' football, what _do you play?A. situation       B. place   C. part    D. position67. It's important for us to employ a

87、 word or a phrase according to the_in language studies.A. situation               B. expression            C. condition            

88、;  D. translation68. I wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness.A. achievement         B. agreement            C. view              &

89、#160;      D. appreciation名詞答案：15 BBDDD  610 BBCAA 1115 ABCCB 1620 DAACD 2125 DBDCD 2630 BADBD  3135 AABDC 3640 BACCB 4145 ABDCA 4650 BABCB 5155 BDDCD 5660 ABCCB6165 BACAA  6670 DAD (三）冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I. 不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當于a kind ofA plane is a

90、 machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time,

91、in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文

92、提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French

93、9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀的某個年代in the 1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I

94、 want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husband and wife, knife and fork,

95、day and night8 表示泛指的復數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.練習題填空There is _ picture of _  elephant on _  wall 2This is _  useful bookI've read it for _ hour 3 _ elephant is much heavier than _  horse 4 _ doctor told him to take _  medicine three times _ d

96、ay 5Let's go out for _  walk 6It's too hotOpen _  door，please 7There is _  woman over there _ woman is Meimei's mother 8 _ sun rises in _  east 9 _ Changjiang River is _  longest river in _  China 10Are you going to do it _  second time？

97、11Washington is _  capital of _  USA 12 _ Turners are living at the end of _ Turner Street 13He joined the army in _  spring of _ 1995 14 _ old man is _ teacherHe likes playing _ basketball after _  supper 15After I had _  quick breakfast，I hurr

98、ied to school 16Are _  sheep kept by _  farmers for producing _  wool and _ meat？ 17They went to _  People's Park，but we both went to _ People's Cinema yesterday 18I often watch _  TV in _  evening 19 _ day of _  December 20，1999 is Monday 20

99、Tomorrow is _  Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose  _ Christmas tree today 選擇填空1Does Jim have _ ruler？ Yes，he has _  Aan；some   Ba；one   Ca；   Dany；one 2There is _  old bike _ old bike is Mr Zhao's Aan ；The   Bthe；An  Ca；The   Dthe；The 3 _ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay  AThe    BA