畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯-在全球市場的風(fēng)險

1、外文文獻原稿和譯文原 稿Introduction2021, Risks in Global MarketWhere theres an opportunity, theres a risk. Traders always face risks in any market, from the richest countries to the least developed economies. And as the global economic crisis changed markets, some risks for international trades might have been

2、 unveiled or worsened. The risks, which derive from the diversity and vicissitude of market structures, jurisdictions, commerce rules, cultures, languages, and even psychosociological factors, may exist in any sector and stage of the trade process, such as destination marketing, customs clearance, f

3、inancial support, debts and solvencies, and adherence to WTO rules. A report by the Ministry of Commerce of China specified the risks of investing and doing business in many countries. Zhou Mi, an expert on the research panel, argued that the global market is undergoing a wave of restructuring and r

4、ebalancing because consumption in developed countries has waned and the emerging economies will accordingly wield greater influence in the world economy. The newest updates of this report will reveal more specifics, and some of them are listed here in advance. A senior manager from Ernst & Young

5、 analyzes the effect that corporate reshaping could have on customs clearance. China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation evaluates the risk factors in the financial systems and debt structures of some important markets. An expert from Chinas Economic Diplomacy defines some risks created by WTO

6、 rules and offers advice on how to handle the risks.譯 文介紹2021年，在全球市場的風(fēng)險那里是一個時機，還有一個風(fēng)險。商人總是面對任何市場風(fēng)險，從最富有的國家向最不興旺國家的經(jīng)濟。隨著全球經(jīng)濟危機改變了市場，一些國際貿(mào)易的風(fēng)險可能已經(jīng)亮相或惡化?？赡艽嬖诘娘L(fēng)險，從市場結(jié)構(gòu)，司法管轄區(qū)，商業(yè)規(guī)那么，文化，語言，甚至心理inlit hanger.range of products.的因素的多樣性和變遷派生，任何部門和貿(mào)易過程中的階段，如旅游目的地營銷，報關(guān)，金融支持，的債務(wù)，和遵守世貿(mào)組織的規(guī)那么。一份中國商務(wù)部的報告，指出在許多國家的投資和做

7、業(yè)務(wù)的風(fēng)險。周密，一個研究小組的專家認為，全球市場正在經(jīng)歷一波的重組和重新平衡，因為興旺國家的消費有所減弱，新興經(jīng)濟體將相應(yīng)地揮舞在世界經(jīng)濟中的影響力更大。最新更新的這份報告透露更多的細節(jié)，其中有些是提前上市。從安永會計師事務(wù)所高級經(jīng)理分析，有可能對報關(guān)企業(yè)重塑的效果。中國出口信用保險公司在一些重要市場的金融體系和債務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)的危險因素進行評估。從中國的經(jīng)濟外交專家定義世貿(mào)組織規(guī)那么和提供咨詢一些關(guān)于如何處理風(fēng)險的風(fēng)險。原 稿Introduction2021, Risks in Global MarketThe risks in the global market have been changi

8、ng rapidly. The theme of the world economy in 2021 is not so much “recovery as “adjustment. Shocked by the global financial crisis, economies began to question and reconstruct the game rules of the global business. This trend may continue and even deepen in 2021. Although the impact of the financial

9、 woes may clear away in this year, it is hard for the global economy to go steadily up. The side effects of the crisis are far from negligible and may lead to more uncertainties in some areas, such as Europe and Africa.This report provides a guide to cope with the risks and manipulate the markets. Z

10、hou Mi, an expert from the Ministry of Commerce of China makes an overview on the risks of investing and doing business in the global market and specifies those in major economies. He argues that the advanced economies will keep fighting for their frustrated financial systems in 2021 and their marke

11、ts will revive unsteadily. Some developing economies may be the gold mines in the global market in 2021, but risks still exist, apparently or potentially. Exporters and investors will have to shun or tackle these risks so that they can benefit from these markets. A senior manager from Ernst & Yo

12、ung also clarified the changes of customs policies in 2021, especially the revision of the incoterms . Along with the policy environment analysis by an expert from the Chinese Economic Diplomacy, these will help Chinese investors and exporters to adapt to the shifting rules.譯 文介紹2021年，全球市場風(fēng)險在全球市場的風(fēng)險

13、已迅速改變。世界經(jīng)濟在2021年的主題是不是這么多的“復(fù)蘇，“調(diào)整。受全球金融危機的沖擊，經(jīng)濟開始質(zhì)疑和重建全球商業(yè)的游戲規(guī)那么。這種趨勢可能會繼續(xù)，甚至在2021年深化。雖然在今年的財務(wù)困境的影響可能會去除，這是很難對全球經(jīng)濟的穩(wěn)步上升去。危機的副作用遠遠可以忽略不計，可能會導(dǎo)致更多的不確定性在一些地區(qū)，如歐洲和非洲。本報告提供了指南，以應(yīng)付風(fēng)險和操作市場。周密，來自中國商務(wù)部的專家，使投資和在全球市場開展業(yè)務(wù)的風(fēng)險概述，并指定這些主要經(jīng)濟體。他認為他們受挫的金融體系，先進經(jīng)濟體將繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗在2021年，其市場將恢復(fù)搖搖晃晃。一些開展中國家的經(jīng)濟可能在2021年的全球市場中的金礦，但風(fēng)險仍然存

14、在，明顯或潛在的。出口商和投資者將不得不回避或解決這些風(fēng)險，使他們能夠從這些市場中受益。來自安永會計師事務(wù)所高級經(jīng)理也澄清在2021年，特別是修訂之后的海關(guān)政策的變化。隨著由專家從中國的經(jīng)濟外交的政策環(huán)境分析，這些都將幫助中國的投資者和出口商，以適應(yīng)變化的規(guī)那么。原 稿IntroductionTextile and Garment Exports Rising UnsteadilyTextile and garment exports are directly related with the demand of the importers. As the EU and American ma

15、rkets dwindled in 2021, and the prices of raw materials and working labors in domestic market kept rising, China's textile and garment exports revived at a fluctuating rate. That is, the speed waved while the export value of the whole industry rose up at 23.66 percent to USD 206.536 billion. The

16、 month-on-month growth slowed down between May and October 2021 and even suffered declines in two months, then rebounded at seven percent compared with the past month and at 57 percent compared with the same period of the past year. It declined again by approximately 20 percent in the last month of

17、that year. It will be difficult to forecast the trend under these uncertainties and fluctuations.The prices of raw materials will increase continuously, which will weaken the Chinese textile products comparative advantages in the global market. Besides, the deepening European debt crisis and the wea

18、kening US demand from stock replenishment will also influence China's textile and garment exports. The increasing trade barriers and the RMB appreciation will be additional negative factors.譯 文介紹紡織品和服裝出口上升搖搖晃晃紡織品和服裝出口直接相關(guān)的進口商的需求。由于歐盟和美國市場的萎縮在2021年，在國內(nèi)市場原材料和勞動力價格不斷上升，中國的紡織品和服裝出口的復(fù)蘇在波動率。也就是說，速度揮舞，

19、而整個行業(yè)的出口貨值上升23.66上升到206.536億美元。月月增長放緩，2021年5月和十月之間，甚至在兩個月內(nèi)遭受了下跌，然后反彈在百分之七，較過去一個月，在57與過去一年的同期相比。它再次下降了約20，在這一年的最后一個月。根據(jù)這些不確定性和波動的趨勢，這將是很難預(yù)測。原材料的價格將不斷增加，這將削弱中國紡織產(chǎn)品在全球市場上的比擬優(yōu)勢。此外，深化歐洲的債務(wù)危機和疲弱的美國補充庫存的需求也將影響中國的紡織品和服裝出口。日益增加的貿(mào)易壁壘和人民幣升值將是額外的負面因素。原 稿IntroductionITC: Not foreign enterprises hold any hostilit

20、y- Vice-Chairman of the U.S. International Trade Commission(ITC) Deanna Tanner, Okun InterviewForeign Tade：For Chinese companies, the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) is still relatively unknown. Economic and trade fields, known for Chinese

21、enterprises, the Ministry of Commerce. ITC What are the differences in their functions?Deanna Tanner Okun：States International Trade Commission (ITC) is a set up by Congress, quasi-judicial federal agency with extensive powers to deal with trade-rela

22、ted issues.In the U.S., has the power institutions dealing with trade-related matters in addition to the ITC the U.S. Commerce Department. Perform their duties in the course of the investigation of the anti-dumping and intellectual property rights infringement, the display can.In economy and trade,

23、specifically, the duties of the U.S. Department of Commerce finds that constitute dumping and dumping margin, ITC is mainly survey dumping to the detriment of domestic firms in the United States. In addition .ITC is a quasi-judicial body, independent of the Government, specialized agencies, and trad

24、e for the U.S. government to provide advice and statistics. To take measures to maintain the general market relations in the United States for unfair trade practices.That is, the ITC's main functions include three parts. Management of U.S. trade remedy laws fair and objective manner; tariffs, in

25、ternational trade and competition issues to the President, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) and Congress to provide independent, high-quality information and support; maintaining the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule. Based on the above-mentioned functions .ITC six members designated by t

26、he President and the Senate recognized the addition was designated to fill the unexpired vacancy, the appointment term of nine years. The term of office by the Constitution, the provisions of the staggered calculated. Every 18 months, have different members have retired. Members of the office for mo

27、re than five years may not again be specified. No more than three members from the same political party. Chairman and Vice-Chairman appointed by the president for a term of the statutory two years. The President shall not former President from the same political party. The President shall appoint tw

28、o members from the same political party as Chair and Vice-Chairman.Foreign Tade：Then, the ITC is how to perform its functions for national service?Deanna Tanner Okun：ITC are five ways to carry out its functions to serve the country:- Import injury investigation, including determining the import of s

29、ome kind of unfair trade (anti-dumping or countervailing duty investigations) and the increase in imports (global and bilateral security measures for the investigation) to cause damage or a threat of material injury to U.S. industry.- IP-related imports of investigation, including the guide to sex,

30、to obey the president's objections against certain unfair practices in the import trade, such as patent or trademark infringement.- Investigation procedures, including an objective analysis of the major trade-related issues; to predict the economic impact of trade agreements; analysis of the spe

31、cific competition in the industry, and to find within the industry and external economic factors that affect the industry competitive.- Trade information services to the ITC, Congress and the implementing agencies and the public delivery of reliable and timely information and analysis of data throug

32、h this service.- Trade policy support .ITC staff to provide direct technical support to the USTR, Congressional committees, inter-departmental committee, and the U.S. delegation in multilateral trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO).Authorization based on field surveys .ITC t

33、o exercise the powers of the extensive investigation of trade-related issues.The right to exercise judgment, the ITC to make a decision in respect of certain unfair trade practices. Through research .ITC also become the source of a national trade data collection and analysis, and information and ana

34、lysis available to the implementing agencies and Congress to help them to specify and develop U.S. trade policy.Foreign Tade：Articles understand, import injury investigation, anti-dumping / countervailing duty investigations. The five-year (sunset) review of global security measures to investigate,

35、and IP-related imports investigation the ITC often conducted several major investigations. Could you talk about the difference between them?Deanna Tanner Okun：Import Injury Investigation: ITC reserves the right to decide based on whether the U.S. trade law imported products cause damage to related i

36、ndustries for the United States, or a threat of injury. ITC's injury investigation into the 13 anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigations .And in accordance with Chapter VII of the 1930 Tariff Act five-year (sunset) review; global security measures under the 1974 Trade Act (Disclaimer),

37、 Chinese security measures market disruption investigation; According to the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), bilateral security measures to investigate the implementation of Act 302; and a survey conducted in accordance with section 22 of the agricultural Adjustment Act.Members acco

38、rding to the facts recorded in the relevant legal requirements and each survey to survey into El damage a decision on its view into El damage survey announced. And subject to judicial review.In each investigation, the ITC and investigation team (including an oversight investigator of an investigator

39、, an accountant or auditor. An economist, a business analyst and a lawyer) produced a complete the survey of the domestic industry competitive market conditions report mittee members and the research team using a variety of fact gathering techniques, including (but are not limited to) industry-speci

40、fic questionnaires, telephone interviews, factory visits, technical and market experts advice, statements by the parties, the public hearing, and to review the industry and market literature.In each survey, the survey team to collect and analyze a wide range of data, then an objective and comprehens

41、ive report submitted to the ITC. The data in the report include (but are not limited to) industry production capacity, actual production, capacity utilization, domestic El goods, stocks, imports, the United States and foreign supplier by the share of U.S. market share, labor conditions, working hour

42、s, productivity, wages, paid total compensation, unit labor cost, pricing, distribution channels, and related industries in the United States financial data .Some foreign production of related products industry data collection and analysis.ITC members and officials of the U.S. Department of Commerce

43、, the U.S. customs service, survey clients and their lawyers, the person in charge of the U.S. production company, importer, product buyers such as working together in the course of the investigation into El damage. In addition, members of Congress often through the hearing participating damage to t

44、heir views and perspectives to the survey report. In 2003.Members of Congress on the importation matters related to the investigation of l damage appeared 51 times in the ITC. Second, the anti-dumping / countervailing duty investigations and five-year (sunset) review: 1930 under Chapter VII of the T

45、ariff Act of the U.S. industry in the U.S. market at less than fair value into 13 sales (dumping) or benefit from foreign government subsidies (subsidies) to request the Government for relief .Dumping and subsidies are considered to be unfair trade practices.Under the law, the U.S. Department of Com

46、merce decided to dump or subsidies exist, if it exists, the amount of dumping and subsidies. ITC decided to dumping or subsidies for imported products is the U.S. industry to cause substantial damage or substantial damage to the threat. If the two bodies on their respective problems have to give a p

47、ositive final ruling, the Commerce Department will dump released the command of anti-dumping duty order or subsidies countervailing duties. In the five years after the promulgation of the Commerce Department should cancel the anti-dumping or countervailing duty imposed order .Or termination of the m

48、oratorium, unless the Commerce Department that the elimination of tariffs imposed order or termination of the moratorium could lead to the continuation or resumption of dumping or subsidies .ITC at the same time that the elimination of tariffs imposed order or termination of dumping or subsidies to

49、suspend the agreement in the reasonably foreseeable period of time is likely to continue or start again.In 2003.41 under Chapter VII of the request is put forward .Most of which are dumping (41, 35). These requests include a wide range of products, Such as malleable iron pipe fittings, memory, memor

50、y module, refined brown aluminum oxide, ceramic radio cylindrical insulator, prestressed cement Wire Rope, fluorescent pale rust inhibitors, water magnetic cut-outs, Color television receivers, Wax / resin transfer zone, Ethylene retail bag, Trahydrofurfuryl alcohol ,Hot coat hanger, Electrolytic ma

51、nganese dioxide, Transparent rectangular tube. ITC has also completed a 2002 'cases.Third, the global security measures survey: According to the 1974 Trade Act 201, imported products cause serious harm or serious threat of injury, the domestic industry can be brought to the ITC to reduce imports

52、.201 did not like the anti-dumping / countervailing duty provisions of the Tariff Act, as the requirements to identify the existence of unfair trade behavior. If the ITC 201 investigation, a positive decision, it will recommend to the President to reduce imports to compensate for the damage, easy to

53、 adjust the domestic industry against import competition .The president ultimately decide whether the magnitude of the relief, and relief.Among them, 2003, the ITC proposed three measures against China. They include steel pipe hangers, brake drums and rotary axis, and an extension of the iron sprink

54、lers. These are based on U.S. China Relations Act 2000 will be 421 to join the Trade Act of 1974.The simultaneous implementation of China's accession to the terms of the bilateral security measures for the Sino-US agreement in the WTO transition period, it is also known as safety measures invest

55、igation. According to the terms of the ITC found that imports to the United States, China products reach the number listed to increase or cause or threat of market disruption related and similar competitive products to meet the conditions set out, domestic producers get relief .Global security measu

56、res to investigate, if the ITC to make a positive decision, it will propose to the President relief proposal .The President made a final decision on whether to provide relief to the American industry, if provided, determine the types and duration of relief.Fourth, intellectual property-related impor

57、ts investigation: According to the 1930 Tariff Act 337, the ITC conducted a survey of some of the inequitable conduct raised the import trade.The majority of complaints under the clause amounts patent or trademark infringement cases.Foreign Tade：In recent years .Chinese enterprises in the United Sta

58、tes repeatedly subjected to anti-dumping and intellectual property investigations, whether to talk with Chinese enterprises, the investigation?Deanna Tanner Okun：The 337 program surveys typically include complex factual and legal decisions. In 2003.ITC has proposed three measures against China: Mean

59、while, the number of 337 investigations is increasing and has started 111 investigations, 42 involve the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong, Only in 2005 to the present .Initiate an investigation of 11 in the five involved in the Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong; Types of 337 procedures to investigate products and intellectual propert