句型(簡單句+復雜句)

1、句法2簡單句simple sentence2l 英語六種基本句型：21：S+V22：S+V+P23：S+V+DO24：S+V+IO+DO25：S+V+DO+OC36: There be3復雜句complex sentence3l 并列復雜句3l 從屬復雜句3名詞性從句4主語從句4賓語從句4表語從句5同位語從句6形容詞性從句6定語從句6l 限定性定語從句7l 非限定性定語從句7副詞性從句8狀語從句8l 時間狀語從句(時間狀語）9l 條件狀語從句（用if/unless引導的狀語從句）9l 地點狀語從句(where)9l 原因狀語從句(because,since,as)9l 讓步狀語從句（thoug

2、h,although,even though,no matter what）9l 比較狀語從句（than,as.as）10l 目的狀語從句（that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in case）10句法句型分類簡單句simple sentence-只有一個主語和一個謂語（I left.）l 英語六種基本句型：1：S+V （主語subject+謂語predicate）2：S+V+P(主語subject+系動詞link verb+表語predicative)3：S+V+DO(主語subject+謂語predicate+賓語object)4：S+

3、V+IO+DO(主語subject+謂語predicate+間接賓語indirect o+直接賓語direct o）5：S+V+DO+OC(主語subject+謂語predicate+賓語+賓補object complement)6: There beThere be“有”，There是引導詞，無意義，There be后面的名詞是句子的主語，屬于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某處有某人/某物。There+be+主語There is a cup of water on the table.與have的區(qū)別There be表示客觀存在，have表示單純的擁有。There are three cars in the

4、 parking lot.He has three cars in his own parking lot.There be的就近一致原則There is a gay and three girls in the classroom.There are three girls and a boy in the classroom.There are somewhere between 45,000 to 100,000 of them living in the countries like Zambia and Zimbabwe.For the century before Johnsons

5、 Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language.v 2：S+V+P(主語subject+系動詞link verb+表語predicative) You are cute.v 3：S+V+DO(主語+謂語+賓語object) I love you.復雜句complex sentence-不止一個主語和一個謂語并列復雜句有并列連詞：and/or/but從屬復雜句由一個主句（principal clause）和一個或一個以上的從句（subordinate

6、 clause）構(gòu)成。什么是從句（subordinate clause）？從句是復雜句不能獨立成句，由that/who/whom/when/why/where/how/which等引導詞（connective）引導的非主句部分。從句的類型名詞性從句：主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句形容詞性從句：定語從句副詞性從句：狀語從句² 從句三要素：必須有連接詞必須是陳述句不能單獨使用名詞性從句主語從句-在復雜句中充當主語成分的句子叫主語從句² 不受主句時態(tài)影響² 系動詞是單數(shù)is² 謂語動詞是第三人稱單數(shù)² 陳述語序Eg. That I have ha

7、d so many friends is amazing.陳述句用thatThat he married a girl in such a short time surprises us all.特殊疑問句用特殊疑問詞When he will come out of the closet hasnt been decided.Why he isnt here is not clear to everyone.主語從句&形式主語That I have had so many friends is amazing.It is amazing that I have so many frie

8、nds.l It had been estimated that up to 50% of people in the developed world are overweight and 20% of these are obese.賓語從句-在復合句中充當賓語成分的句子叫做賓語從句He knows where the bar is.I dont know when he will come.As Peter Derk says:If we can figure out how the mind processes humour, the well have a pretty good ha

9、ndle on how it works in general.名詞：Milgram 謂語動詞：told 賓語： A TELL B TO DO STH Milgram told each volunteer teacher-subject that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and experiment was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the

10、pupils ability to learn.The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at younger age.It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.形

11、式賓語 it賓語從句&形式賓語如果賓語從句后有賓語補足語，要用形式賓語it,而將從句放到補足語后面。It is lucky to date with you.I know it lucky to date with you.S+V+it+adj./n./done + that clauseI thought it strange that he married her.1. S+V+it+adj./of(for)sb.+to do sth.I found it impossible for me to find a girlfriend.2. S+V+it+adj./n./done+t

12、hat clauseI considered it amazing that he left his girlfriend.3. S+V+it+no use/good/worth + doing sthThink/find/consider/makeI dont think it worthwhile taking so much trouble to do this.4. S+V+it+when/ifLove,like,enjoy,hate,appreciate表語從句-表語從句是一個句子作為表語成分，說明主語。Eg. The problem is when he can finish it

13、.One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer.The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges.同位語從句同位語-在句子中前后兩詞（組，句）所指意思相同，句法功能相同，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫同位結(jié)構(gòu)，前面是同位詞，后面是同位語。My boyfriend Hoover works in here.We both are lect

14、urer.He likes his job, writing essays.According to his biographer, James Boswell.同位語從句-在復雜句充當同位語的名詞性從句是同位語從句。They are investigating the question whether he is a murder.常見同位名詞中心詞Fact/news/idea/hope/report/opinion/order/question/problem/truth/theory/decision/discovery/conclusion/promise/rumour/possibi

15、lity/answer/belief,etc.同位語從句種類：限制性同位語從句：緊跟同位名詞非限制性同位語從句：有逗號或者破折號與中心詞分開The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.The hard truth, that he came out of the closet, was a great shock to her parents.形容詞性從句定語定語修飾名詞：定語是用來修飾、限定、說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的?？梢宰鞫ㄕZ成分的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、（短語）、分詞、從句出現(xiàn)位置：緊跟名

16、詞前后I love beautiful you.定語從句-在復雜句中作定語，修飾限定一個主語/賓語、表語的名詞或代詞的句子叫做定語從句，被修飾叫做先行詞，由關系代詞引出。I dont like the boy who is straight.The man that I spoke to is Hoover.種類l 限定性定語從句用來限定先行詞的范圍I like a man who is rich.l 非限定性定語從句對于先行詞的一個進一步解釋I like a man, who is rich.Tips:(1. 進行時態(tài)的定語從句可以省略關系代詞和be動詞，僅僅用現(xiàn)在分詞。There are

17、the nations (which are) feeding billions of people.(2. 被動語態(tài)的定語從句，可以省略關系代詞和be動詞，僅僅用過去分詞。The camera (which was) ordered last week had not arrived yet.區(qū)分同位語從句和定語從句1.同位語：具體內(nèi)容描述，定語：限定修飾-The news that he is gay is true.-The news that the girl told me is true.2.What/how/whether/is是同位語從句Who翻譯為誰，which翻譯成哪一個,

18、是同位語從句，否則是定語從句。Eg. I have a question whether you are a gay?Eg. Im sure he is the gay who you will be glad to get acquainted.3.that是否在句子做成分，充當是定從，不充當是同位從。從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整是同位從，不完整是定從。A company that states their product is the safest or cheapest needs to show proof, because these claims can directly affect their

19、 competitors.Statements like these, that no one can prove, are called puffery.Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important.The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term rainforest.In the Native Ameri

20、can Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying.They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct

21、in vast numbers, and that planets air and water are becoming ever more polluted.Plato express the idea that homour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others.Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of

22、punchline.The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine.The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from

23、 the dramatic rise in health cost in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elder people are now major and relatively very expensive consumers of health-care resources.副詞性從句狀語狀語修飾動詞：狀語用來說明動作的地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方

24、式、和伴隨狀況?？梢宰鳡钫Z成分的有：副詞、介詞短語、分詞（過去/現(xiàn)在分詞等）和分詞短語、不定式、從句I get up at 7.He runs fast.I am taking courses at school.He comes here by train.狀語從句-在復合句做狀語，起副詞作用的句子叫狀語從句，它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。I will call you when I arrive home.The show is so amazing that everyone applauds.種類l 時間狀語從句(時間狀語）I have studied Englis

25、h since I came to Beijing.Eg. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.l 條件狀語從句（用if/unless引導的狀語從句）You will not be able to pass the test unless you start to study hard.Eg. If you stick out your tongue and look in the mirror, you will see that it is covere

26、d with tiny bumps.That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields.l 地點狀語從句(where)Where there is a will, there is a way.Eg. Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where temperatures are unpredictable

27、.l 原因狀語從句(because,since,as)I am working really hard because I love this job.l 讓步狀語從句（though,although,even though,no matter what）Although I am exhausted, I am still learning.They were not allowed to loiter downtown in an ice cream store, and women. although men were allowed one evening a week to take their girlfriends ou