初高中銜接英語詞性的分類導(dǎo)學(xué)案(共4頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上英語詞性的分類及用法Learning content: the classification and use of English words (英語詞性的分類及用法)Learning aims: Know the different parts of speech(詞性) and be able to use them correctly.【考一考】用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. Li Na is an outstanding tennis _ (play).2. Anna had a fever yesterday, so she was _ (able) to

2、go to school.3. The movie was interesting, but Grace was not _ (interest) in it.4. Thanks to your _ (suggest), I got to complete the job in time.5. It is always _ (sun) here in winter.6. Emily used to be short, but now she is much _ (tall).7. I was so hungry that I had a _ (three) bowl of rice.8. We

3、 cant go out to have a picnic because it is raining _ (heavy) outside.9. Justin Biebers first single, One Time, is about one of his favorite _ (topic), puppy love.10. Niushou Hill is an area of natural _ (beautiful). It attracts lots of tourists every spring.【講一講】 概述 英語的詞類英語的詞類通?？梢苑譃槭箢悾? 名詞 n. teac

4、her, book 。表示人或事物的名稱 。   2 代詞 pron. we ,me, he 等。 代替名詞或數(shù)詞。 3 數(shù)詞 num. two, fifth 等。表示數(shù)目或順序   4 動詞 v. work, study, live 等。 表示動作或狀態(tài)   在句中可做謂語。5 形容詞 adj. good, big, beautiful 等。表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)， 6 副詞 adv . fast, quickly 表示動作特征或形狀特征   7  冠詞 art. a,

5、an, the 表示名詞的泛指或特指 8 介詞 prep. In, on,by,with 9 連詞  conj. and,if, but連接詞，短語，句子10 感嘆詞 interj. Oh, ah，My God!  表示說話者的感情或口氣 一、名詞（一）名詞的分類名詞專有名詞人名，地名，機(jī)構(gòu)名China，London，Helen普通名詞個體名詞cup, apple,student可數(shù)名詞集體名詞Police, family, team物質(zhì)名詞water, rice, cotton不可數(shù)名詞抽象名詞Love, work, success（二）名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化

6、 規(guī)則變化：(1) 一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加“s”: 如： dog dogs book books (2) 以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加“es”：box boxes watch watches(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加“es” : country countries factory factories dictionarydictionaries(4) 以o結(jié)尾的名詞加“s” : 有生命的物體加“es” : potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes hero-heroes英雄 NegroNegroes 黑人(5) 以f、fe 結(jié)尾的名詞,變f、fe 為v再加“e

7、s” : halfhalves shelfshelves knifeknives leafleaves 復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化： man-men womanwomen toothteeth footfeet goosegeese mousemiceChinese-Chinese Japanese Japanese deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher-women teachers注意：German-Germans(德國人)（三）名詞的句法功能1 在句中作主語 This book is very

8、 useful. 2 作表語 My brother is a worker. 3 作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語 We made Tom our monitor. 4 作定語 He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games. 5 作狀語 The meeting lasted two hours. 6 作同位語 Mr. Smith,our leader, is speaking now.【練一練】用所給的名詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1.A group of _(sheep) are eating _(grass) and _(leaf) at the foot of t

9、he hill.2.There are a few _ (people) in the room. 3.I want two _ (glass) of _ (milk). 4.I have a lot of _ (money) in my pocket.5.People wear shoes on their _ (foot). 6.The _ (woman) teachers are playing basketball. 7.The first room is the _ (teacher) office. 8.Those _ (child) are playing football ou

10、tside. 9.The doctor has saved a lot of _ (life). 10.There are five _ (pear) trees in the yard. 11.This isnt my book, but my _ (brother). 12.There are some _ (sheep) in the field. 二. 代詞（一）含義：用來代替名詞或名詞短語的詞。（二）分類：按意義特征和語法功能可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、關(guān)系代詞等9類。（三）. 分類講解：1. 人稱代詞：形式主語 I you

11、he she it we you（你們） they賓語 me you him her it us you（你們） them2. 物主代詞的用法：形容詞性的物主代詞：my our your your his her its theirs名詞性的物主代詞： mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs3. 指示代詞： this these that those it4. 不定代詞 只修飾可數(shù)名詞: many, a number of few, a few 只修飾不可數(shù)名詞: much , little , a little 修飾可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞: a lo

12、t of= lots of some any 復(fù)合不定代詞 由every, some, any, no與thing, body, one構(gòu)成復(fù)合不定代詞5. 反身代詞： 反身代詞表自身，句中可作兩成分：表示強(qiáng)調(diào)同位語，賓語動作回自身。 單數(shù)： myself yourself himself herself itself 復(fù)數(shù)： Ourselves yourselves themselves6、 疑問代詞 有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑問代詞用于特殊疑問句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作為某一句子成分。例如：Who is going to come here tomo

13、rrow? （作主語） What is that? (作表語)7. .關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系代詞是引導(dǎo)定語從句并起連接主句和從句作用的代詞。關(guān)系代詞有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 例如：I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.【練一練】用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空 1. She has lost _ pen. Will you lend her _? 2. - Excuse _! Is this bike yo

14、urs? - No, it isnt _. I think it is Li Lei. - Yes, its _. 3.They have got _ ready for the football match. 4.Lily looks unhappy. _ must have happened to her.5.Theres _ time left. We must hurry. 6.How _ did you pay for the trousers?7. “Help _ to some fruit.” Mother said to the children. 8. They enjoye

15、d _ at the party yesterday. 9. We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us.10. Id been expecting _letters the whole morning, but there werent _ for me. 三. 介詞（一）. 含義：又稱前置詞，是一種虛詞。介詞不能單獨做句子成分。介詞后須接賓語，介詞與其賓語構(gòu)成介詞短語。（二）：介詞的分類

16、：從其構(gòu)成來看可以分為1、簡單介詞（Simple prepositions） 如：at ,by, for, in, from, since, through等； 2、復(fù)合介詞（Compound prepositions） 如：onto, out of, without, towards等；3、短語介詞（phrasal prepositions） because of, instead of, on account of, in spite of, in front of；（三）常見介詞的基本用法1、with 和一起, 拿著 2、 about  關(guān)于 3、 afte

17、r 在之后 4、across 橫過 5.  along 沿著 6、in 在里        on 在上面     under在下面7、near 在附近 8、of 的 9、before 在之前 10、behind 在后面 11、by 到時  12、during 在期間 13、except 除了 14、for 為了 15、from 從 16、to ,at朝方向  17、over 在正上方 18、round/around 圍繞  19、towards朝

18、著 20、 against 反對 【練一練】用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空 1. You can buy some school things _ your way home. 2. What are you talking _ ? 3. Eating too much isn't good _ your health. 4. I don't know which is the way _ the park. 5. He prefers playing football _ playing basketball. 6. _ Mr Wang's help, I have pa

19、ssed the exam.7. The students walked _ the gates with Uncle Wang.8. I'm sorryI won't talk to others in class _ now on.9. I'm afraid he'll fall _ the bike. 10. _ the end of the road you'll see the hospital四 形容詞（一）含義：用以修飾名詞，表示事物的特征的詞。e.g. long, empty, cheap, hungry, etc.（二）形容詞在句子中的

20、作用：形容詞在句子中可定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀 1). She is a brave girl and she can do anything. Brave在句中作_ 2). Who lets the door open? Open在句中作_ 3). I went to bed, hungry. Hungry在句中作_ 4). The classroom is clean. clean 在句中作_（三）多個形容詞作定語時的排列順序常用順序為:限定詞-外觀-形狀-年齡-顏色-國家-材料. e.g. The little white wooden house smells as if it ha

21、snt been lived in for years. 這座白色的木頭小房子似乎很多年沒有人住過了 五副詞（一）含義：用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其它副詞、全句或名詞詞組及句子的詞。如：very, early, out, soon, quickly, fast, late etc.（二）用法：如： My mother is out. 作_ The girl there is my friend. 作_ He runs fast. 作_ I found him outside. 作_（三）. 形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~：quickquickly, truetruly, happyhappily, possibl

22、epossibly.（四）形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級1)“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越”。如，He is getting taller and taller.他變得越來越高了。 The flowers are more and more beautiful.花兒越來越漂亮。2）“the+比較級，the+比較級”表示“越，越”。如，The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make.你越認(rèn)真，犯的錯誤越少。【練一練】用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1. The weather is getting _ (warm) and _ (war

23、m).2. Africa is the second _ continent. (large)3. The night was very _, so he had to take off his shoes _(quiet).4. Can you play Ping pang _(good)?5.The war broke out between the two countries after an _(friend) talk.6.In fact, the _ (busy )he is , the_ (happy)he feels.六連詞（一）、連詞定義: 用來連接詞、短語或句子的詞。（二）

24、、連詞分類：1. 并列連詞：并列連詞用來連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞，短語或句子。 常見的并列連詞有： (1)表并列關(guān)系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等。 (2)表選擇關(guān)系的or, eitheror等。 (3)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, while等。 (4)表因果關(guān)系的for, so等。2. 從屬連詞-用來引導(dǎo)從句。 常見的從屬連詞有： (1)引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。 (2)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的if, unless等。 (3)引導(dǎo)原

25、因狀語從句的because, as, since等。 (4)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的so that, in order that等。 (5)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的though, although, even if等。 (6)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的so that, sothat, suchthat等。 (7)引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的than, asas等。 (8)引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that, if , whether等。【練一練】用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空 1. He can speak English_ Chinese. 2.Physics is not so easy, _I like it very much.3.Will

26、 Tom wait for her at home _ at the library?4._we got home it was very late.5.I can't sleep well at night, _I often feel very tired in the day.6.Study hard, _ you will fall behind. 7.You'll be late _ you don't get up early tomorrow morning. 8.I didn't buy the dictionary yesterday _ my

27、 aunt would give me one. 七動詞 （一） 分類： a)按用法分，動詞可分為四類： 實義動詞、系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞。 b)根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語，可分為兩類：及物動詞vt.，不及物動詞vi. c)按句法功能分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。 謂語動詞即能做謂語的動詞。例: He writes well . 非謂語動詞即不能做謂語的動詞，但它具有動詞的一些特征。 例：He likes reading . / the cup is broken ./ It takes me 20 minutes to go to school . 非謂語動詞有著動詞不定式，動名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分

28、詞。（二）初步了解：謂語動詞形式意義人稱與主語在人稱上一致I am reading now.數(shù)與主語在數(shù)上一致He writes well .時態(tài)表示動作發(fā)生的時間He wrote a story last week.語態(tài)主語指動作的發(fā)生者或承受者We study English .The road was filled with rubbish. 語氣說話人表達(dá)事實，要求，愿望等I wish I could fly. 英語動詞是句子的核心。它既決定著句子意思的表達(dá)同時又決定著句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)?？梢娬莆談釉~的用法在英語學(xué)習(xí)中是十分重要的。 (三) 分清及物，不及物動詞: a及物動詞后面必須跟賓語

29、。如： He reached Paris the day before yesterday. Please hand me the book over there. They asked me to go fishing with them. b不及物動詞后面不跟賓語。 如：This is the room where I once lived. 類似的還有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, fail, c既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞，其意義不變

30、。如begin 都是作"開始"講。 Everybody is here , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, pay, hurt, improve. （四） 動詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形、第三人稱單數(shù)形式、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞。 規(guī)則動詞的過去式過去分詞都以-ed結(jié)尾，不規(guī)則動詞的變化是沒有規(guī)律的，大體上有AAA，ABB, ABC，ABA等類型。如put-put-put, buy-bought-

31、bought, drive-drove-driven, come-came-come.具體要根據(jù)每冊書最后幾頁的不規(guī)則動詞表來記憶。（必修一P103）（五）系動詞及其用法總結(jié) 系動詞亦稱連系動詞 ，作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。 1）狀態(tài)系動詞 用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is a teacher. （is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。） 2）持續(xù)系動詞 用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, He always kept silen

32、t at meeting. 3）表“像”系動詞 用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起來很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。 4）感官系動詞 主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。 5）變化系動詞 主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. He became mad after

33、that. 自那之后，他瘋了。 6）終止系動詞 表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, trun out, 表達(dá)"證實"，"變成"之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的計劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）【練一練】用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1. It _ (take) me I hours _ (do) my homework last night. 2. She _ swimming to skating last year. (pr

34、efer) 3. He _ up smoking last year. (give) He _ for about a year. (not smoke) 4. She often _ a blue skirt last year. (wear) 5. Listen! Someone _ a song. (sing)6. Spring in China _ from February to April. (last)構(gòu)詞法英語中常見的構(gòu)詞法有合成、派生和轉(zhuǎn)化。 （一）派生：在詞根上加后綴或前綴構(gòu)成新詞。 1 常見的后綴： 名詞后綴： (1) -er,-or表示“動作者，人”，如：leader,

35、 teacher, singer, actor, visitor, monitor等。 (2) -ese表示“語言，人”，如：Chinese, Japanese等。 (3) -ian表示“人”，如musician, politician, Russian等。 (4) -ist表示“人, 主義者”，如：scientist, artist, communist, socialist等。 (5) -ment表示“運動，結(jié)果”，如：development, movement, government等。 (6) -ness表示“狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)”，如：kindness, darkness, weakness,

36、 happiness, illness等。 (7) -sion表示“動作，狀態(tài)”，如：discussion, possession, permission等。 (8) -tion表示“動作，狀態(tài)”，如: action, pronunciation, instruction, education, liberation等。 (9) -al 表示“動作，過程”， 如：arrival, signal等。 (10) -dom表示“狀態(tài)，職位，領(lǐng)域或身份”，如：freedom, kingdom, wisdom等。 (11) -age表示“狀態(tài)，身份，地點，場所”，如：advantage, average

37、, baggage, voyage等。 (12) -ess附在名詞后，表示“女性的，雌性的”，如：actress, waitress等。 (13) -ics表示“學(xué)科名”，如: mathematics, physics, polities等。 (14) -ing表示“動作，動用的過程，動作的結(jié)果”，如：building, living, feeling, shopping等。 (16)-ship表示“狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，身份”，如：citizenship, friendship, relationship等。 (17) -th附在部分形容詞之后，表示“狀態(tài)，程度，過程，性質(zhì)”，如：breath, de

38、ath, depth, growth, length, strength, truth, warmth等。 形容詞后綴： (1) -al表示“的”，如: national, chemical, political等。 (2) -an表示“（地，人）的”，如：African, Asian, American, Italian等。 (3) -ble表示“能夠”，如：reasonable, valuable, unforgettable, enjoyable等。 (4) -ern表示“方向”，如：southern, northern, eastern, western等。 (5) -ful表示“充滿

39、”，如：beautiful, careful, harmful, successful, mouthful, spoonful等。 (6) -ive 表示“性，傾向”，如：active, expensive, native, relative, protective等。 (7) -less表示“無（反義詞后綴）”，如：careless, harmless, useless等。 (8) -y表示“充滿，性質(zhì)”，如: rainy, windy, snowy, cloudy, lucky, dirty等。 (9) -ly表示“像的，有性質(zhì)的”，如：daily, friendly, lively, l

40、onely, lovely等。 (13) -en表示“由制（構(gòu)）成的”，如: wooden, golden等。 (14) -some表示“易于的，有傾向的”，如：tiresome, troublesome等。(15)-ous表示“的”，如：famous, mountainous, continuous等。 動詞后綴： (1) -en“使”，如：sharpen, deepen, loosen等。 (2) -ize, “使”如：modernize, industrialize, organize等。 2 常見的前綴： (1)dis-否定，如：discover, disappear, discour

41、age, disagree, disadvantage, disappoint等。 (2)en-“使”，如：enable, encourage, enlarge等。 (3)in-(il-, im-, ir-)“不，非”，如：invisible, illegal (非法的), impossible, irregular等。 (4)mis-“誤”，如：mistake, misunderstand等。 (5)re-“重復(fù)，再”，如：return, rewrite, remarry等。 (6)tele-“遠(yuǎn)程”，如：telephone, telescope等。 (7)un-“不”，如：unfit, u

42、nfair, unknown等。 （二）合成：由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞。如： 1 合成名詞：bookcase, classroom, dining-room, classmate, housework等。 2 合成形容詞：seasick, ever-green, good-looking, snow-white, hard-working等。 3 合成動詞：overcome, dumbfound, white-wash等。 4 合成副詞：however, whenever, maybe, beforehand等。 5 合成代詞：himself, everyone, nobody, anything等。 （3） 轉(zhuǎn)化：由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞類。如： 1 You must wash your hands before each meal. (hands為名詞) 2 He took off his cap and handed it to me. （handed為動詞） 3 You must try to catch up with others. (try為動詞) 4 Have a try and you might succeed. (try為名詞) 5