非謂語動詞寫作中的運用

1、非謂語動詞一、非謂語動詞作狀語1動詞不定式作狀語I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.(2013·山東高考)由于感到累了，我就停下車稍微休息了一下。George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.(2012·山東高考)喬治戰(zhàn)后歸來，卻被告知他的妻子已經(jīng)離他而去。You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永遠不會知道昨

2、天看到她時，我是多么高興。This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012·遼寧高考)這臺機器很容易操作。在幾分鐘內任何人都能學會使用。(1)動詞不定式可以用作目的狀語。注意其他非謂語動詞形式不能用作目的狀語。(2)only to do sth.為不定式作結果狀語，表示出乎意料的結果。(3)形容詞或過去分詞作表語時，后面可接不定式作原因狀語。常見詞有：happy, lucky, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointe

3、d, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right等。(4)在“主語系動詞表語(形容詞)to do”結構中，不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。該結構中常用的形容詞有：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。2分詞作狀語One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to hi

4、s flat as soon as possible.(2014·濟南模擬)一天晚上哈里給我打電話，要求我盡快去他家。Having arrived early for his date, Mark spent time reading the newspaper.(2014·濟寧一模)因為約會到的早了些，馬克讀報紙來打發(fā)時間。Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.(2012·重慶高考)我那天晚上因為被要求加班而錯過了一場精彩的電影。Seen from t

5、he top of the mountain, the city is very beautiful.從山頂上看，這座城市很漂亮。Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful.從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個公園顯得更加美麗。(1)作狀語的分詞要求其邏輯主語與句子的主語保持一致。(2)如句子的主語是分詞動作的發(fā)出者，就用現(xiàn)在分詞形式(doing)。(3)若現(xiàn)在分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式(having doing)。(4)若與句中主語為邏輯上的動賓關系，且先于謂語動詞動作發(fā)

6、生，用現(xiàn)在分詞完成時的被動形式(having been done)。(5)如句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者，則要用過去分詞(done)。3獨立成分作狀語Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.從口音判斷，他是香港人。Considering your health, you'd better have a rest.考慮到你的健康，你最好休息一下。有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響，稱作獨立成分。常見的有：generally speaking一般來說frankly speaking 坦白地說judging from/

7、by . 根據(jù)來判斷considering ./taking . into consideration 考慮到to tell you the truth 說實話seeing . 鑒于/由于supposing 假設，如果assuming 假使given 考慮到，鑒于provided (that .) 如果二、非謂語動詞作賓語She pretended not to see me when I passed by.當我經(jīng)過時，她假裝沒看見我。He got well­prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losin

8、g the good opportunity.他為這次工作面試做了充分準備，因為他不能冒失去這次好機會的風險。I had great difficulty finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.(2010·上海高考)在那個餐館，我很難從菜單上找到合適的食物。I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍記得別人帶我去過法門寺，并記得在那里所看到的一切。I remembered to lock the door b

9、efore I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.(2012·安徽高考)在離開辦公室前我記著去鎖門，但是忘記了關燈。1下列動詞只能用不定式作賓語，請牢記下面的口訣：決心學會想希望，拒絕設法愿假裝。主動答應選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。此外，afford, striv

10、e, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作賓語。2下列動詞或詞組只能用動名詞作賓語，請牢記下面的口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認推遲沒得想。避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認完成就欣賞。禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy (想象，設想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; ca

11、n't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape。3be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand (無法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank . for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonder

12、ful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等短語和動詞詞組后也要用動名詞作賓語。4下列動詞或詞組既可以跟動名詞作賓語，也可以跟不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別，要特別注意：forgetregrettrygo onremembermean三、非謂語動詞作賓補I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.(2012·四川高考)我抬頭看，注意到一條蛇正沿樹蜿蜒而上，捕捉它的早餐。I was surprised to find my hometown

13、 changed so much.發(fā)現(xiàn)我的家鄉(xiāng)變化如此之大我感到很驚奇。Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.(2013·陜西高考)讓那些需要(幫助)的人明白我們會盡全力去幫他們。Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.(2011·陜西高考)克萊兒在飛機起飛一小時前對行李進行了安檢。He had the light burning all night, which made his parents v

14、ery angry.他讓燈著了整晚，這使他父母很生氣。Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.(2010·遼寧高考)亞歷山大試圖使他的工作被醫(yī)學界認可。1感官動詞(詞組)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的賓語補足語有四種形式，以see為例：2使役動詞make, let, have, get后加復合賓語的情況：(1)make賓語(2)let賓語(3)have賓語點津have sth. to do有事情要做hav

15、e sb. doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。(4)get賓語四、非謂語動詞作定語Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail waiting for her.(2013·遼寧高考)勞拉去巴黎待了一周多的時間。當她返回家的時候，有一大堆郵件等著她(處理)。Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.(2011

16、83;福建高考)建于1911年的清華大學是無數(shù)杰出人物的搖籃。His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.他下月將要出版的第一本書是以一個真實的故事為依據(jù)寫的。1現(xiàn)在分詞(短語)作定語與所修飾的名詞之間存在著邏輯上的主動關系，表示該動作的主動和進行。2過去分詞(短語)作定語與它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有被動關系，表示該動作的被動和完成。點津表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞­ing形式，意為“令人的”；動詞­ed形式，意為“(人)感到的”，也可修飾體現(xiàn)內心感受的look, expression, tear

17、s, smile, voice等名詞。3不定式作定語表示未做的事情。五、非謂語動詞作主語和表語Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.(2013·浙江高考)聆聽別人對你剛才所讀的書的反應會增加額外的樂趣。It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。(動名詞短語作主語，it作形式主語)To see is to believe/Seeing is believing.眼見為實。His ambition is to go to H

18、arvard University.他的夢想就是上哈佛大學。The queen's work is laying eggs.蟻后的工作就是產(chǎn)卵。1不定式、動名詞都可作主語，但動名詞作主語多指抽象的、概念性的動作，可以是多次的、經(jīng)常的行為；不定式多表示具體的動作，尤其是某一次的動作。2下列句型中常用動名詞作主語：It is/wasdoing sth.3不定式作表語時，說明主語尚未發(fā)生的動作，或表示將來的動作。4動名詞作表語時，說明主語的性質或特征。六、with復合結構John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work fini

19、shed, he gladly accepted it.約翰收到一份宴請函而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀請。With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.因為有很多難題要解決，這位新任總統(tǒng)的日子不好過。With the little boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.有小男孩帶路，我們找到這個村莊沒費勁。with復合結構常用形式：with七、獨立主格Such

20、 an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.有這么能干的人來幫你，你遲早會成功的。The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向導領著路，我們毫不費勁地走出了森林。Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆專心致志地聽著講座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。He came out of the lib

21、rary, (with)a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館。獨立主格結構的構成形式：名詞或代詞點津獨立主格結構從語法上來講不是句子，在句中通常作狀語。具有以下特點：1獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，不指同一個人或同一事物；2獨立主格結構一般置于句首，有時也置于句中或句末。考點一 非謂語動詞作狀語1(2013·四川高考)_ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.ANot knowingBKnowing notCNot known DKnow

22、n not解析：選A句意：由于不知道上哪所大學，那個女孩向她的老師征求意見。分析句子成分可知，the girl與know之間是邏輯上的主動關系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作原因狀語，且分詞的否定式是在分詞前加not。2(2013·湖南高考)_ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.AStaying BStayedCTo stay DStay解析：選C句意：為了晚上保暖，我往火爐中添了木柴，又設置了午夜的鬧鐘以便再次添加。此處“保暖”是

23、“添加木柴”的目的，所以用動詞不定式作目的狀語。3(2013·安徽高考)_ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.ATo found BFounding CFounded DHaving founded解析：選C句意：這所學校創(chuàng)建于20世紀初期，它一直激勵著孩子們對于藝術的熱愛。found與the school之間為邏輯上的動賓關系，應用過去分詞。故選C?？键c二 非謂語動詞作定語4(2013·北京高考)Volunteering gives you

24、 a chance _ lives, including your own.Achange BchangingCchanged Dto change解析：選D句意：志愿者活動給了你一個改變人生的機會，包括你自己的。a chance to do sth.“做某事的機會”。英語中有些名詞，如chance, ability, way等，常用不定式作定語。5(2013·新課標全國卷)They might just have a place _ on the writing course why don't you give it a try?Aleave BleftCleaving

25、Dto leave解析：選B句意：他們可能只剩下一個寫作課的名額了。你為什么不試試呢？leave與其邏輯主語a place之間為動賓關系，因此此處要用leave的過去分詞left作后置定語。6(2013·山東高考)The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner.Astanding Bto standCstands Dstood解析：選A句意：除了一個書櫥在墻角外，房間里空空蕩蕩。except for是介詞短語，其后不能接句子，所以排除C、D兩項。分析句子結構可知，此處為非謂語，且a bookshelf與動詞stand之

26、間為邏輯上的主動關系，所以選A?？键c三 非謂語動詞作賓語7(2013·江蘇高考)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _ to ruins, the city took on a new look.Areducing BreducedCbeing reduced Dhaving reduced解析：選C分析句子結構可知，空格處與suffering from是and連接的兩個并列成分，在形式上應保持一致，又因reduce與the city之間是邏輯上的動賓關系，因此選being reduced?？键c四 非謂語動詞作主

27、語、表語8(2013·福建高考)_basic first­aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.AKnown BHaving knownCKnowing DBeing known解析：選C句意：了解基本的急救技巧能夠幫助你快速應對緊急情況。分析句子結構可知，空處在句中充當主語，應用動詞­ing形式。having known強調“完成”，不符合句意，可排除。故選C。9(2013·重慶高考)The engine just won't start.Something se

28、ems _ wrong with it.Ato go Bto have goneCgoing Dhaving gone解析：選B句意：發(fā)動機啟動不了了，它好像出問題了。動詞seem后常接動詞不定式，因此C、D兩項不正確。由句意可知，go這一動作在start之前發(fā)生，故選B。考點五 非謂語動詞作賓補10(2013·北京高考)When we saw the road _ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.Ablock Bto blockCblocking Dblocked解析：選D句意：當我們看到道路被雪封住后，我們決定

29、在家過假期。分析句子結構可知，此處是“see賓語賓語補足語”結構。賓語補足語是do形式時，表示“看見賓語做某事的全過程”；賓語補足語是doing形式時，表示“看見賓語正在做某事”；若賓語補足語與賓語是動賓關系時，則用過去分詞done形式作賓語補足語。road與block之間是被動關系，故選D。解題技法指導第一步：利用“有無連詞”原則確定是謂語還是非謂語分析句子結構，判斷出句子的主干主語和謂語。如果題線處作謂語，則要用謂語動詞，如果題線處不作謂語，則要用非謂語動詞。典例(2013·湖南高考)Every day _ a proverb aloud several times until

30、you have it memorized.Aread BreadingCto read Dreads分析選A分析句子結構可知，題干中有連詞until，until引導時間狀語從句，故“_ a proverb aloud several times”為主句，此處應為祈使句，故應用動詞原形。本題應選A項。第二步：根據(jù)句意和作用確定句子成分根據(jù)句意和題線處在句子中的位置和作用，確定其所充當?shù)木渥映煞郑瑥亩_定空格內所需填入的非謂語動詞的形式。典例(2013·新課標全國卷)The sunlight is white and blinding, _ hard­edged shadow

31、s on the ground.Athrowing Bbeing thrownCto throw Dto be thrown分析根據(jù)句意和句子結構可知，題線處應作伴隨狀語，且the sunlight與throw之間為主動關系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞。答案應為A項。第三步：根據(jù)與邏輯主語的關系確定語態(tài)如果非謂語動詞表示的動作與其邏輯主語之間為主謂關系則用v.­ing形式或不定式的主動式；若為動賓關系則用v.­ing形式的被動式、不定式的被動式或過去分詞。典例(2013·湖南高考)You cannot accept an opinion _ to you unless it i

32、s based on facts.Aoffering Bto offerChaving offered Doffered分析offer與邏輯主語an opinion之間為被動關系，A、B、C三項都表示主動，D項為過去分詞表示被動， 故選D項。第四步：根據(jù)與謂語動詞的先后關系確定時態(tài)非謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前用過去分詞或v.­ing形式/不定式的完成式；如果同時進行用v.­ing形式或不定式的進行式；如果非謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之后用不定式的一般式。典例(2013·新課標全國卷)I got to the office ear

33、lier that day, _ the 7：30 train from Paddington.Acaught Bto have caughtCto catch Dhaving caught分析由句意可知catch the 7：30 train這一動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞got to the office之前，故用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時。非謂語動詞在寫作中的運用眾所周知，作文中出現(xiàn)過多的簡單句會讓人覺得單調乏味，句子與句子之間的關系顯得松散；而文章中過多地出現(xiàn)復合句又顯得累贅，讀起來費勁。恰當?shù)剡\用非謂語動詞對簡單句和復合句進行轉換，不僅句型多樣，句子活潑，而且讀起來結構緊湊，言簡意明。一、運用非謂語動詞

34、轉換簡單句寫作時，我們可以利用非謂語動詞對兩個簡單句進行轉換，使其成為較高級的表達方式。轉換時可采用三步法。示例第一步：寫出兩個簡單句。I feel quite sorry for that. I begin to think about what to do to help. 第二步：讓句作主句，用非謂語動詞改寫句。第三步：句表示原因，其動詞feel與主語I之間為主謂關系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作原因狀語。Feeling quite sorry for that, I begin to think about what to do to help.(2013·陜西高考滿分作文)其他幾個轉

35、換的例子如下：1另一方面，我將幫著建立英語角，提供給我們學生一個練習英語口語的平臺。On the other hand, I will help set up the English corner. I will provide us students a platform to practice our oral English.On the other hand, I will help set up the English corner, providing us students a platform to practice our oral English.(2013·天津

36、高考滿分作文)(現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語)2這兒的人都喜歡湯姆寫的那本小說。All the people here like the novel. It is written by Tom.All the people here like the novel written by Tom.(過去分詞作定語)3我們應該多講英語。我們認為這是很重要的。We should speak more English. We think it is very important.We think it very important to speak more English.(it作形式賓語，不定式作真正賓語)即時演

37、練運用非謂語動詞轉換簡單句1We were touched by the teacher's words. We decided to work hard.(用過去分詞作狀語)_ 2I didn't receive her letter. I had to write again.(用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語)_ 3The boy came to school late again. This made the teacher very angry.(用動名詞作主語)_ 4The boys were making the most of time. They wanted to fini

38、sh the work earlier.(用不定式作目的狀語)_ 5I saw an old granny. She lay on the ground. I went over to help her.(用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語)_ 二、運用非謂語動詞轉換復合句用非謂語動詞轉換復合句比轉換簡單句要容易一些，因為需轉換的一般是從句部分，這時只需要判斷用何種非謂語動詞，再把握好時態(tài)和語態(tài)即可，所以只需兩步。示例第一步：寫出復合句。After we had practiced playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to

39、be the winner. 第二步：把after引導的時間狀語從句轉換為非謂語動詞，practice與we之間為主謂關系，且表示完成，故用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時作狀語。Having practiced playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner.(2013·湖南高考滿分作文)其他幾個轉換的例子如下：1驚詫于他們的熟練程度，我決心要像他們一樣好。Because I was amazed at how skillful they were, I determined to be

40、just as good.Amazed at how skillful they were, I determined to be just as good.(2013·浙江高考滿分作文)(過去分詞作狀語)2看到一輛車朝她而來，我伸出手把她拉了回來。When I saw a car running towards her, I reached my hand out and pulled her back. Seeing a car running towards her, I reached my hand out and pulled her back.(2013·安徽

41、高考滿分作文)(現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語)3這里曾有一家化肥廠，位于城市的南邊。它每天釋放出大量有毒氣體，污染環(huán)境。There was a large factory, which produced fertilizer. Every day it gave out a lot of poisonous gas, which polluted the environment.There was a large factory, which produced fertilizer. Every day it gave out a lot of poisonous gas, polluting the en

42、vironment.簡析：“原句”中分別由which引導兩個定語從句，重復且單調，將第二個定語從句轉換為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語后，不僅表達多樣，而且言簡意明。4由于老師的幫助，我的英語進步很大。因為我的英語進步很大，我確信我能考上更好的大學。Because my teacher helps me, my English has greatly improved. Because my English has greatly improved, I'm sure I will go to a better university.With my teacher helping me, my E

43、nglish has greatly improved. Because my English has greatly improved, I'm sure I will go to a better university.簡析：“原句”兩處重復出現(xiàn)由because引導的從句，讀起來很別扭。換用“with現(xiàn)在分詞的復合結構”后，讀起來給人的感覺大不一樣。即時演練運用非謂語動詞轉換復合句1As soon as they saw a few people still in the burning house, they rushed into it to save them without

44、 hesitation._ they rushed into it to save them without hesitation.2We think it is necessary that middle school students should learn a foreign language and we also think that it is possible that they can master one.We think it is necessary that middle school students should learn a foreign language

45、and we also think 3I took part in the meeting, which was held in Beijing last Friday. It was very instructive, which was hosted by a manager who came to our company yesterday.I took part in the meeting _last Friday. It was very instructive, which was hosted by a manager_yesterday.4Mother went to wor

46、k in a hurry, and she didn't have breakfast. She was as busy as a bee these days and came back home very late.Mother went to work in a hurry_. She was as busy as a bee these days, _.三、運用非謂語動詞轉換短文(根據(jù)一般表達寫出該短文的高級表達)北京市有大量的出租車司機，他們每天全心全意地為乘客服務，對北京市的交通發(fā)揮著重要作用。他們起早貪黑，賺錢養(yǎng)家糊口。有一次，我下車時不小心把手機忘在了車上，但當我和司機

47、同志聯(lián)系上之后，他立即開車把手機送到了我的家門口，讓我感動不已。一般表達：There are a large number of taxi drivers in Beijing. They serve passengers heart and soul. They play an important part in the traffic of Beijing.They make some money. They work from dawn till night. One day, I left my cellphone in the taxi I took. I got in touch with the driver. He drove to my home and gave it back to me. I was very excited.高級表達：There are a large number of taxi drivers in Beijing, serving passengers heart an