常用 SQL 語句大全_百度文庫

1、常用 SQL 語句大全時(shí)間:2007-09-26 09:45:00  來源:站長資訊收集整理  作者:-語 句 功 能-數(shù)據(jù)操作SELECT -從數(shù)據(jù)庫表中檢索數(shù)據(jù)行和列INSERT -向數(shù)據(jù)庫表添加新數(shù)據(jù)行DELETE -從數(shù)據(jù)庫表中刪除數(shù)據(jù)行UPDATE -更新數(shù)據(jù)庫表中的數(shù)據(jù)-數(shù)據(jù)定義CREATE TABLE -創(chuàng)建一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫表DROP TABLE -從數(shù)據(jù)庫中刪除表ALTER TABLE -修改數(shù)據(jù)庫表結(jié)構(gòu)CREATE VIEW -創(chuàng)建一個(gè)視圖DROP VIEW -從數(shù)據(jù)庫中刪除視圖CREATE INDEX -為數(shù)據(jù)庫表創(chuàng)建一個(gè)索引DROP IN

2、DEX -從數(shù)據(jù)庫中刪除索引CREATE PROCEDURE -創(chuàng)建一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)過程DROP PROCEDURE -從數(shù)據(jù)庫中刪除存儲(chǔ)過程CREATE TRIGGER -創(chuàng)建一個(gè)觸發(fā)器DROP TRIGGER -從數(shù)據(jù)庫中刪除觸發(fā)器CREATE SCHEMA -向數(shù)據(jù)庫添加一個(gè)新模式DROP SCHEMA -從數(shù)據(jù)庫中刪除一個(gè)模式CREATE DOMAIN -創(chuàng)建一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)值域ALTER DOMAIN -改變域定義DROP DOMAIN -從數(shù)據(jù)庫中刪除一個(gè)域-數(shù)據(jù)控制GRANT -授予用戶訪問權(quán)限D(zhuǎn)ENY -拒絕用戶訪問REVOKE -解除用戶訪問權(quán)限-事務(wù)控制COMMIT -結(jié)束當(dāng)前事務(wù)ROLL

3、BACK -中止當(dāng)前事務(wù)SET TRANSACTION -定義當(dāng)前事務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)訪問特征-程序化SQLDECLARE -為查詢設(shè)定游標(biāo)EXPLAN -為查詢描述數(shù)據(jù)訪問計(jì)劃OPEN -檢索查詢結(jié)果打開一個(gè)游標(biāo)FETCH -檢索一行查詢結(jié)果CLOSE -關(guān)閉游標(biāo)PREPARE -為動(dòng)態(tài)執(zhí)行準(zhǔn)備SQL 語句EXECUTE -動(dòng)態(tài)地執(zhí)行SQL 語句DESCRIBE -描述準(zhǔn)備好的查詢 -局部變量declare id char(10-set id = '10010001'select id = '10010001' -全局變量-必須以開頭-IF ELSEdeclare x i

4、nt y int z intselect x = 1 y = 2 z=3if x > yprint 'x > y' -打印字符串'x > y'else if y > zprint 'y > z'else print 'z > y'-CASEuse panguupdate employeeset e_wage =casewhen job_level = 1 then e_wage*1.08when job_level = 2 then e_wage*1.07when job_level = 3 t

5、hen e_wage*1.06else e_wage*1.05end-WHILE CONTINUE BREAKdeclare x int y int c intselect x = 1 y=1while x < 3beginprint x -打印變量x 的值while y < 3beginselect c = 100*x + yprint c -打印變量c 的值select y = y + 1endselect x = x + 1select y = 1end-WAITFOR-例 等待1 小時(shí)2 分零3 秒后才執(zhí)行SELECT 語句waitfor delay 01:02:03sel

6、ect * from employee-例 等到晚上11 點(diǎn)零8 分后才執(zhí)行SELECT 語句waitfor time 23:08:00select * from employee*SELECT*select *(列名 from table_name(表名 where column_name operator valueex宿主select * from stock_information where stockid = str(nidstockname = 'str_name' stockname like '% find this %' stockname

7、like 'a-zA-Z%' - (指定值的范圍stockname like 'F-M%' - (排除指定范圍- 只能在使用like關(guān)鍵字的where子句中使用通配符or stockpath = 'stock_path'or stocknumber < 1000and stockindex = 24not stock* = 'man'stocknumber between 20 and 100stocknumber in(10,20,30order by stockid desc(asc - 排序，desc-降序，asc-升

8、序order by 1,2 - by列號(hào)stockname = (select stockname from stock_information where stockid = 4- 子查詢- 除非能確保內(nèi)層select只返回一個(gè)行的值，- 否則應(yīng)在外層where子句中用一個(gè)in限定符select distinct column_name form table_name - distinct指定檢索獨(dú)有的列值，不重復(fù)select stocknumber ,"stocknumber + 10" = stocknumber + 10 from table_nameselect

9、stockname , "stocknumber" = count(* from table_name group by stockname- group by 將表按行分組,指定列中有相同的值having count(* = 2 - having選定指定的組select * from table1, table2 where table1.id *= table2.id - 左外部連接，table1中有的而table2中沒有得以null表示table1.id =* table2.id - 右外部連接 select stockname from table1union al

10、l - union合并查詢結(jié)果集，all-保留重復(fù)行select stockname from table2*insert*insert into table_name (Stock_name,Stock_number value ("xxx","xxxx"value (select Stockname , Stocknumber from Stock_table2-value為select語句*update*update table_name set Stockname = "xxx" where Stockid = 3Stockn

11、ame = defaultStockname = nullStocknumber = Stockname + 4*delete*delete from table_name where Stockid = 3truncate table_name - 刪除表中所有行，仍保持表的完整性drop table table_name - 完全刪除表*alter table* - 修改數(shù)據(jù)庫表結(jié)構(gòu)alter table database.owner.table_name add column_name char(2 null .sp_help table_name - 顯示表已有特征create tab

12、le table_name (name char(20, age smallint, lname varchar(30insert into table_name select . - 實(shí)現(xiàn)刪除列的方法（創(chuàng)建新表）alter table table_name drop constraint Stockname_default - 刪除Stockname的default約束*function(/*常用函數(shù)*/*-統(tǒng)計(jì)函數(shù)-AVG -求平均值COUNT -統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)目MAX -求最大值MIN -求最小值SUM -求和-AVGuse panguselect avg(e_wage as dept_avgW

13、agefrom employeegroup by dept_id-MAX-求工資最高的員工姓名use panguselect e_namefrom employeewhere e_wage =(select max(e_wagefrom employee-STDEV(-STDEV(函數(shù)返回表達(dá)式中所有數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差-STDEVP(-STDEVP(函數(shù)返回總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差-VAR(-VAR(函數(shù)返回表達(dá)式中所有值的統(tǒng)計(jì)變異數(shù)-VARP(-VARP(函數(shù)返回總體變異數(shù)-算術(shù)函數(shù)-/*三角函數(shù)*/ SIN(float_expression -返回以弧度表示的角的正弦COS(float_expression

14、-返回以弧度表示的角的余弦TAN(float_expression -返回以弧度表示的角的正切COT(float_expression -返回以弧度表示的角的余切/*反三角函數(shù)*/ ASIN(float_expression -返回正弦是FLOAT 值的以弧度表示的角ACOS(float_expression -返回余弦是FLOAT 值的以弧度表示的角ATAN(float_expression -返回正切是FLOAT 值的以弧度表示的角ATAN2(float_expression1,float_expression2 -返回正切是float_expression1 /float_expres-

15、sion2的以弧度表示的角DEGREES(numeric_expression-把弧度轉(zhuǎn)換為角度返回與表達(dá)式相同的數(shù)據(jù)類型可為-INTEGER/MONEY/REAL/FLOAT 類型RADIANS(numeric_expression -把角度轉(zhuǎn)換為弧度返回與表達(dá)式相同的數(shù)據(jù)類型可為-INTEGER/MONEY/REAL/FLOAT 類型EXP(float_expression -返回表達(dá)式的指數(shù)值LOG(float_expression -返回表達(dá)式的自然對(duì)數(shù)值LOG10(float_expression-返回表達(dá)式的以10 為底的對(duì)數(shù)值SQRT(float_expression -返回表達(dá)

16、式的平方根/*取近似值函數(shù)*/ CEILING(numeric_expression -返回>=表達(dá)式的最小整數(shù)返回的數(shù)據(jù)類型與表達(dá)式相同可為-INTEGER/MONEY/REAL/FLOAT 類型FLOOR(numeric_expression -返回<=表達(dá)式的最小整數(shù)返回的數(shù)據(jù)類型與表達(dá)式相同可為-INTEGER/MONEY/REAL/FLOAT 類型ROUND(numeric_expression -返回以integer_expression 為精度的四舍五入值返回的數(shù)據(jù)-類型與表達(dá)式相同可為INTEGER/MONEY/REAL/FLOAT 類型ABS(numeric_ex

17、pression -返回表達(dá)式的絕對(duì)值返回的數(shù)據(jù)類型與表達(dá)式相同可為-INTEGER/MONEY/REAL/FLOAT 類型SIGN(numeric_expression -測試參數(shù)的正負(fù)號(hào)返回0 零值1 正數(shù)或-1 負(fù)數(shù)返回的數(shù)據(jù)類型-與表達(dá)式相同可為INTEGER/MONEY/REAL/FLOAT 類型PI( -返回值為 即3.1415926535897936RAND(integer_expression -用任選的integer_expression做種子值得出0-1 間的隨機(jī)浮點(diǎn)數(shù)-字符串函數(shù)-ASCII( -函數(shù)返回字符表達(dá)式最左端字符的ASCII 碼值CHAR( -函數(shù)用于將ASC

18、II 碼轉(zhuǎn)換為字符-如果沒有輸入0 255 之間的ASCII 碼值CHAR 函數(shù)會(huì)返回一個(gè)NULL 值LOWER( -函數(shù)把字符串全部轉(zhuǎn)換為小寫UPPER( -函數(shù)把字符串全部轉(zhuǎn)換為大寫STR( -函數(shù)把數(shù)值型數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為字符型數(shù)據(jù)LTRIM( -函數(shù)把字符串頭部的空格去掉RTRIM( -函數(shù)把字符串尾部的空格去掉LEFT(,RIGHT(,SUBSTRING( -函數(shù)返回部分字符串CHARINDEX(,PATINDEX( -函數(shù)返回字符串中某個(gè)指定的子串出現(xiàn)的開始位置SOUNDEX( -函數(shù)返回一個(gè)四位字符碼 -SOUNDEX函數(shù)可用來查找聲音相似的字符串但SOUNDEX函數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)字和漢字均只返回

19、0 值 DIFFERENCE( -函數(shù)返回由SOUNDEX 函數(shù)返回的兩個(gè)字符表達(dá)式的值的差異-0 兩個(gè)SOUNDEX 函數(shù)返回值的第一個(gè)字符不同-1 兩個(gè)SOUNDEX 函數(shù)返回值的第一個(gè)字符相同-2 兩個(gè)SOUNDEX 函數(shù)返回值的第一二個(gè)字符相同-3 兩個(gè)SOUNDEX 函數(shù)返回值的第一二三個(gè)字符相同-4 兩個(gè)SOUNDEX 函數(shù)返回值完全相同QUOTENAME( -函數(shù)返回被特定字符括起來的字符串/*select quotename('abc', '' quotename('abc'運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下-abc abc*/ REPLICATE(

20、-函數(shù)返回一個(gè)重復(fù)character_expression 指定次數(shù)的字符串/*select replicate('abc', 3 replicate( 'abc', -2運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下- -abcabcabc NULL*/ REVERSE( -函數(shù)將指定的字符串的字符排列順序顛倒REPLACE( -函數(shù)返回被替換了指定子串的字符串/*select replace('abc123g', '123', 'def'運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下- -abcdefg*/ SPACE( -函數(shù)返回一個(gè)有指定長度的空白字符串STUFF( -函數(shù)

21、用另一子串替換字符串指定位置長度的子串-數(shù)據(jù)類型轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)-CAST( 函數(shù)語法如下CAST( ( AS length CONVERT( 函數(shù)語法如下CONVERT( ( length , , style select cast(100+99 as char convert(varchar(12, getdate(運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下- -199 Jan 15 2000-日期函數(shù)-DAY( -函數(shù)返回date_expression 中的日期值MONTH( -函數(shù)返回date_expression 中的月份值YEAR( -函數(shù)返回date_expression 中的年份值DATEADD( , , -函數(shù)返

22、回指定日期date 加上指定的額外日期間隔number 產(chǎn)生的新日期DATEDIFF( , , -函數(shù)返回兩個(gè)指定日期在datepart 方面的不同之處DATENAME( , - 函數(shù)以字符串的形式返回日期的指定部分DATEPART( , - 函數(shù)以整數(shù)值的形式返回日期的指定部分GETDATE( -函數(shù)以DATETIME 的缺省格式返回系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前的日期和時(shí)間-系統(tǒng)函數(shù)-APP_NAME( -函數(shù)返回當(dāng)前執(zhí)行的應(yīng)用程序的名稱COALESCE( -函數(shù)返回眾多表達(dá)式中第一個(gè)非NULL 表達(dá)式的值COL_LENGTH(<'table_name'>, <'col

23、umn_name'> -函數(shù)返回表中指定字段的長度值COL_NAME( , - 函數(shù)返回表中指定字段的名稱即列名DATALENGTH( -函數(shù)返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)表達(dá)式的數(shù)據(jù)的實(shí)際長度DB_ID('database_name' -函數(shù)返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫的編號(hào)DB_NAME(database_id -函數(shù)返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫的名稱HOST_ID( -函數(shù)返回服務(wù)器端計(jì)算機(jī)的名稱HOST_NAME( -函數(shù)返回服務(wù)器端計(jì)算機(jī)的名稱IDENTITY( , seed increment AS column_name -IDENTITY( 函數(shù)只在SELECT INTO 語句中使用用于插入一個(gè)identi