科技英語翻譯

1、第六章 科技英語翻譯English for Science and Technology(EST)第一部分Part OneProcedures of today: An overview of EST Characteristics of technical terms （科技英語詞匯特點） Characteristic syntax of EST（科技英語句法特點） Principles of translating EST Assignments An overview of EST 科技英語是從事科學技術活動時所使用的英語，是英語的一種變體（科技文體）。 科技文體泛指一切論及或談及科學和

2、技術的書面語或口語，具體包括： 科技散文：如科技論述、科技論文、實驗報告及科技情報資料等 科技應用文：如科技使用手冊等 科技口語：如涉及科技問題的會議、會談及交流用語，科技影片和錄像等有聲資料的解說詞等。 文體特征：文體質(zhì)樸，行文規(guī)范，陳述客觀，邏輯性和專業(yè)性強Characteristics of technical terms：科技英語的詞匯特點（一）大量使用專業(yè)術語詞性轉(zhuǎn)換多（幾乎每個技術性名詞都可轉(zhuǎn)換為同義的形容詞）常用詞匯專業(yè)化Eg. eye, ear, mouth, nose, hand, finger, foot, head, neck, body, hair, tooth 孔環(huán)，

3、吊鉤，開度，噴嘴，手柄、指針，厚薄規(guī)，支座，冒口、刀架，座，機身，游絲，粗糙面同一詞語詞義多專業(yè)化Eg. phase 分段（土壤學），相（物理學），相位（電工學），位相（數(shù)學），型（動物學），周相（天文學），戰(zhàn)斗階段（軍事學）廣泛運用構(gòu)詞法創(chuàng)造新詞 廣泛運用構(gòu)詞法創(chuàng)造新詞合成法詞綴法混成法縮略法將兩個或兩個以上的詞組合成一個新詞在舊詞前或后加上詞綴構(gòu)成新詞取原有二詞各一部份合成新詞主要指將詞語組合中主要詞的首字母或其它部分組合成新詞clipboard剪貼板pulse-scaler脈沖定標器stem cell干細胞semi- 半，部分semiconductorsemicircle micro-

4、微小，微觀microcomputer micrometer 測微auto- 自己，自動autometer 汽車速度表camera + recorder camcorder 攝錄機smoke + fog smog 煙霧medical + care medicare 醫(yī)療保健web + log blogADP= automatic data processing 自動數(shù)據(jù)處理IC= integrated circuit集成電路r. p. m= rotations per minute 轉(zhuǎn)/分DINK= double income, no kidsUFO= unidentified flying o

5、bjectUseful Dictionaries: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English word formation, word beginnings and word endings Longman Dictionary of English Roots 朗文常用英文詞根詞典 A Dictionary of English Word Roots 劉毅，英文字根字典，北京：外文出版社，2000. Characteristics of technical terms：科技英語的詞匯特點（二）名詞化（Nominalization）抽象名詞、動名詞

6、e.g. the discovery of electromagnetic wave= to discover electromagnetic wave電磁波的發(fā)現(xiàn) the generation of electricity by friction= to generate electricity by friction 摩擦生電 名詞連用（Expanded Noun Premodifiers “擴展的名詞前置修飾語”） e.g. pressure difference 壓強差 voice recognition equipment 聲音識別設備 water pump valve 水泵閥名詞為

7、中心的動詞詞組表達動詞概念 e.g. make use of 利用 keep watch over 密切注視 give no evidence of 不足以說明 Characteristic syntax of EST(科技英語句法特點 ) 大量使用長句和邏輯關聯(lián)詞（原因：because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result of, caused by, 轉(zhuǎn)折： however, but, yet, nevertheless, otherwise, 順理連接：hence, consequently, accordingly, so, furthermore

8、, in addition to, 限制：only, if only, expect, besides, unless, 假設：suppose, assuming,），顯得正式、嚴謹 大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),縮短句子長度 廣泛使用被動語態(tài)，強調(diào)事物本身，體現(xiàn)客觀性 多用一般現(xiàn)在時和完成時，過去時可用來表達不同的時間順序 大量使用非限定動詞 廣泛使用后置定語Principles of translating EST: 了解相關專業(yè)知識 準確理解詞義 仔細分析長句 用詞要得體 熟悉構(gòu)詞法 Some more examples: One of the most important things whic

9、h the economic theories can contribute to management science is building analytical models which help in recognizing the structure of managerial problems, eliminating the minor details which might obstruct decision making, and in concentrating on the main issues. 經(jīng)濟理論對于管理科學的最重要貢獻之一，就是建立分析模型。這種模型有助于認

10、識管理問題的構(gòu)成，排除可能妨礙決策的次要因素，從而有助于集中精力去解決主要的問題。 All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough. 譯1: 只要有足夠的電位差，所有的物體都允許一些電流通過。 譯2：只要有足夠的電位差，電流便可通過任何物體。 Television is the transmission and reception of the images of moving objects by radio wa

11、ves. 譯1：電視是通過無線電波的活動物體的圖像的傳播和接收。 譯2：電視通過無線電波發(fā)射和接收各種活動物體的圖像。 A one-celled animal or plant cannot, of course, survive the destruction of its one cell. 單細胞的動物或植物，在僅有的一個細胞被破壞后當然就不能生存。 You must pay attention to the working temperature of the electric machine. Attention must be paid to the working tempera

12、ture of the electric machine. The quartz crystal does not vibrate at certain frequency until the voltage is applied. 直到電壓加上去以后，石英晶體才會以某一頻率振蕩。 Under certain conditions, heat energy may be changed into mechanical energy, and mechanical energy into heat energy. 在一定條件下，熱能可以轉(zhuǎn)換為機械能，機械能可以轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。（形式主動句1） The

13、 use of solar energy should be paid attention to. 太陽能的利用問題應給于重視。（形式主動句2：“由”、“把”、“給”、“給予”、“加以”、“予以”等） Three-phase current should be used for large motors. 大型電動機應當使用三相交流電。(完全主動句1) Fuzzy control is found an effective way to control the systems without precise mathematic models. 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，模糊控制是一種控制不具備精確數(shù)學模型系

14、統(tǒng)的有效方法。（完全主動句2） The test instrument is joined to the circuit with all the switches off so that no current should flow. 將測試儀器連接到電路上，并關斷所有開關，使電路沒有電流。（無主句） A motor which is too small would be subjected to frequent overload. 容量太小的電動機時常會發(fā)生超載的現(xiàn)象。（轉(zhuǎn)換謂語） Produced by electrons are the x-rays, which allow the

15、 doctor to look aside a patients body. 電子產(chǎn)生的是X射線，醫(yī)生用它作透視。 One major medical experiment was carried out in a cylindrical chamber like this. 一項主要的醫(yī)學實驗是在一個像這樣的圓筒形空間內(nèi)進行的。 The furnace is lighted by an electric spark. 這個爐子由電火花點燃。 The earth is hit from time to time by streams of electrically charged partic

16、les poured out by the sun. 地球不時為太陽發(fā)出的帶電粒子流所襲擊。 The integrated circuit is welcomed by most of users. 集成電路受到廣大用戶的歡迎。 When steam is condensed again to water, the same amount of heat is given out as was taken in when the steam was formed. 當蒸汽重新冷卻為水時，所釋放出的熱量與其原來形成蒸汽時所吸收的熱量相等。 When water is evaporated int

17、o steam, heat is taken in. when it is condensed again to water, the same amount of heat is given out. 當水蒸發(fā)為蒸汽時，吸收熱量。當蒸汽重新冷卻為水時，釋放出相等的熱量。 Numerical control machines are most useful when quantities of products to be produced are low or mediocre; the tape containing the information required to produce

18、the part can be stored, reused or modified when required. Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly, are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world. Electric welding is used to repair iron and steel parts of machinery, and to make steel pipe and frameworks of all kinds. Without voltage sufficient to overcome the resistance,