2004專八聽(tīng)力原文

1、聽(tīng)力原文2004PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONSECTIONATALKLanguageisusedfordoingthings.Peopleuseitineverydayconversationfortransactingbusiness,planningmealsandvacations,debatingpolitics,andgossiping.Teachersuseitforinstructingstudents,andcomediansuseitforamusingaudiences.Alltheseareinstancesoflanguageuse-thati

2、sactivitiesinwhichpeopledothingswithlanguage.Aswecansee,languageuseisreallyaformofjointaction.Whatisjointaction?Ithinkitisanactionthatiscarriedoutbyagroupofpeopledoingthingsincoordinationwitheachother.Assimpleexamples,thinkoftwopeoplewaltzing,orplayingapianoduet.Whentwodancerswaltz,theyeachmovearoun

3、dtheballroominaspecialway.Butwaltzingisdifferentfromthesumoftheirindividualactions.Canyouimaginethesetwodancersdoingthesamesteps,butinseparaterooms,oratseparatetimes?Sowaltzingis,infact,thejointactionthatemergesasthetwodancersdotheirindividualstepsincoordination,asacouple.Similarly,doingthingswithla

4、nguageisalsodifferentfromthesumofthespeakerspeakingandthelistenerlistening.Itisthejointactionthatemergeswhenspeakersandlisteners,orwritersandreaders,performtheirindividualactionsincoordination,asensembles.Therefore,wecansaythatlanguageuseincorporatesbothindividualandsocialprocesses.Speakersandlisten

5、ers,writersandreaders,mustcarryoutactionsasindividuals,iftheyaretosucceedintheiruseoflanguage.ButtheymustalsoworktogetherasparticipantsinthesocialunitsIhavecalledensembles.IntheexampleImentionedjustnow,thetwodancersperformbothindividualactions,movingtheirbodies,arms,andlegs,andjointactions,coordinat

6、ingthesemovements,astheycreatethewaltz.Inthepast,languageusehasbeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyanindividualprocess.Andithasalsobeenstudiedasifitwereentirelyasocialprocess.Forme,Isuggestthatitbelongstoboth.Wecannothopetounderstandlanguageusewithoutviewingitasjointactionsbuiltonindividualactions.Inordert

7、oexplainhowalltheseactionswork,I'dliketoreviewbrieflysettingsoflanguageuse.Bysettings,Imeanthesceneinwhichlanguageusetakesplace,plusthemedium-whichreferstowhetherlanguageuseisspokenorwritten.Andinthistalk,I'llfocusonspokensettings.Thespokensettingmentionedmostoftenisconversation-eitherfaceto

8、face,oronthetelephone.Conversationsmaybedevotedtogossip,businesstransactionsorscientificmatters,butthey'reallcharacterizedbythefreeexchangeoftermsamongthetwoparticipants.I'llcallthesepersonalsettings.ThenwehavewhatIwouldcallnonpersonalsettings.Atypicalexampleisthemonologue.Inmonologues,onepe

9、rsonspeakswithlittleornoopportunityforinterruption,orturnsbymembersoftheaudience.Monologuescomeinmanyvarietiestoo,asaprofessorlecturestoaclass,orastudentgivingapresentationtoaseminar.Thesepeoplespeakforthemselves,utteringwordstheyformulatedthemselvesfortheaudiencebeforethem,andtheaudienceisn'tex

10、pectedtointerrupt.Inanotherkindofsettingwhicharecalledinstitutionalsettings,theparticipantsengageinspeechexchangesthatlooklikeordinaryconversation,buttheyarelimitedbyinstitutionalrules.Asexamples,wecanthinkofagovernmentofficialholdinganewsconference,alawyercrossquestioningawitnessincourt,oraprofesso

11、rdirectingaseminardiscussion.Inthesesettings,whatissaidismoreorlessspontaneous,eventhoughturnsatspeakingareallocatedbyaleader,orarerestrictedinotherways.Thepersonspeakingisn'talwaystheonewhoseintentionsarebeingexpressed.Wehavetheclearestexamplesinfictionalsettings.VivianLeighplaysScarlettO'H

12、arain"GonewiththeWind",FrankSinatrasingsalovesonginfrontofaliveaudience,thespeakersareeachvocalizingwordscomposedbysomeoneelse-forinstanceaplaywrightoracomposer-andareopenlypretendingtobeexpressingopinionsthataren'tnecessarilytheirown.Finallythereareprivatesettingswhenpeoplespeakforthe

13、mselveswithoutactuallyaddressinganyoneelse,forexample,Imightexplainsilentlytomyself,ortalktomyselfaboutsolvingaresearchproblem,orrehearsingwhatI'mabouttosayinaseminartomorrow.WhatIsayisn'tintendedtoberecognizedbyotherpeople,itisonlyofusetomyself.Thesearethefeaturesofprivatesettings.SECTIONBT

14、ALKW:Goodevening,I'mNancyJohnson.TheguestonourradiotalkthiseveningisProfessorWangGongwu.Hello,ProfessorWang.M:Hello.W:ProfessorWang,you'renowprofessoremeritusofAustraliaNationalUniversity,andinyourlongacademiccareer,you'vewornmanyhatsastutor,lecturer,departmenthead,dean,professor,andvice

15、chancellor.However,asIknow,you'restillveryfondofyouruniversitydaysasastudent.M:That'sright.Thatwasin1949.TheuniversitythatIwenttowasabrandnewuniversitythen,andtheonlyoneinthecountryatthattime.WhenIlookback,itwasanamazinglysmalluniversity,andwekneweverybody.W:Howdidthestudentslikeyou,forexamp

16、le,studythen?M:Wedidn'tstudyveryhard,becausewedidn'thaveto.Wedidn'thaveallthisfantasticcompetitionthatyouhavetoday.Mmm.WewerealwaysmadetofeelthatgettingafirstdegreeintheArtsfacultywasnotpreparationforaprofession.Itwasageneraleducation.Wewerenotunderanypressuretodecideonourcareers,andweha

17、dsuchagoodtime.Wewereleftverymuchonourown,andwewereencouragedtomakethingshappen.W:Whatdoyouseeasthemoststrikingdifferenceinuniversityeducationsincethen?M:Universityeducationhaschangeddramaticallysincethosedays.Thingsareveryspecializedtoday.W:Yes,definitelyso.And,inyoursubsequentcareerexperienceasane

18、ducatorandlateradministratorinvariousinstitutionsofhighereducationinAsiaandelsewhere,ProfessorWang,youhaverepeatedlynotedthatonehastolookatthedevelopmentofeducationinoneparticularcountryinabroadcontext.Whatdoyoumeanbythat?M:Well,thewholeworldhasmovedawayfromeliteeducationinuniversitiestomeettheneeds

19、ofmasseducation,andenteringuniversitiesisnolongeraprivilegeforthefew.Anduniversitiestodayaremoreconcernedwithprovidingjobsfortheirgraduatesinawaythatuniversitiesinourtimeneverhadtobebotheredabout.Therefore,theemphasisofuniversityprogramstodayisnowonthepracticalandtheutilitarian,ratherthanonagenerale

20、ducationoronpersonaldevelopment.W:Doyouthinkthatisawelcomedevelopment?M:Well,Ipersonallyregretthisdevelopment.Butthebasicbachelor'seducationnowhastocatertopeoplewhoreallyneedapieceofpapertofindadecentjob.W:Soyou'reconcernedaboutthisdevelopment.M:Yes,I'mveryconcerned.Withtechnicalchanges,

21、manyofthethingsthatyoulearnaretechnicalskills,whichdon'trequireyoutobecomeverywelleducated.Yet,ifyoucanmasterthoseskills,youcangetverygoodjobs.Sothetechnicalinstitutionsaregoingtobeincreasinglypopularattheexpenseoftraditionaluniversitites.W:ProfessorWang,let'slookatadifferentissue.Howdoyouco

22、mmentonthecurrentphenomenonbecauseofthefeestheypay?M:Well,onceyouacceptstudentsonfinancialgrounds,onewonderswhetheryouhavetopassthemaswell.Butthisisthedevelopmentineducationthatwehavetocontendwith.Yet,ifweareconcernedaboutmaintainingstandards,whatwecandoistoconcentrateonimprovingthequalityofeducatio

23、n.W:Yes,you'reright.Auniversityisjudgedbythequalityofeducationitoffers.ProfessorWang,let'sturntothefuture.Whattypeofgraduates,inyourview,touniversitiesofthefutureneedtoproduce,iftheyaretoremainrelevant?M:Ithinktheirgraduatesmustbeabletoshiftfromoneprofessiontoanother,becausetheyaretrainedina

24、veryindependentway.Ifyoucandothat,youraisetheleveloftheflexibilityofthemind.Today'srapidchangesintechnologydemandthisadaptability.Andyouseethebestuniversitiesintheworldarealreadytryingtoguaranteethattheirstudentswillnotonlybetechnicallytrained,butwillbethekindofpeoplethatcanadapttoanychangingsit

25、uation.W:Iguessmanypeoplewouldagreewithyouonthatpoint.Universityeducationshouldfocusonbothpersonalandprofessionaldevelopmentofstudents.Butstillsomemightbelievethereisadefiniteplaceforeducationinabroadersense-thatis,inpersonalintellectualdevelopment.M:Nodoubtaboutthat.Weneedpeoplewhowillthinkaboutthe

26、future,aboutthepast,andalsopeoplewhowillthinkaboutsociety.Ifasocietydoesn'thavephilosophers,orpeoplewhothinkaboutthevalueoflife,it'saverysadsocietyindeed.W:ProfessorWang,mylastquestion:doyouseeanycommongroundineducationbetweenyourgenerationandtheyounggenerationnow?M:Adaptingtonewchallengesis

27、perhapsthetruecornerstoneofourgeneration'slegacytoeducation.Andthefutureofeducationinacountryrestsnotsomuchontheconstructionofbetterbuildings,labs,etc.,butinthedevelopmentofaneveradaptablemind.W:That'strue.Theessenceofeducationistheeducationofthemind.Okay,thankyouverymuch,ProfessorWang,forta

28、lkingtousontheshowaboutthechangingtrendsineducation.M:You'rewelcomeSECTIONCAnewdatashowsthattheglobalAIDSpandemicwillcauseasharpdropinlifeexpectancyindozensofcountries,insomecases,declinesofthreedecades.Severalnationsarelosingacentury'sprogressinextendingthelengthoflife.Nationsineverypartoft

29、heworld,51inall,aresufferingdeclininglifeexpectanciesbecauseofanincreasingprevalenceofHIVinfection.TheincreaseisoccurringinAsia,LatinAmerica,andtheCarribbean,butisgreatestinsubSaharanAfrica,aregionwithonly10%oftheworld'spopulationbut70%oftheworld'sHIVinfections.SevenAfricancountrieshavelifee

30、xpectanciesoflessthan40years.Forexample,inBotswana,where39%oftheadultpopulationisinfectedwithHIV,lifeexpectancyis39years.Butby2010,itwillbelessthan27years.WithoutAIDS,itwouldhavebeen44years.LifeexpectancythroughouttheCarribbeanandsomeCentralAmericannationswilldropintothe60'sby2010,whentheywouldo

31、therwisehavebeeninthe70'swithoutAIDS.InCambodiaandBurma,theyarepredictedtodeclinetoaround60yearsold,towhatotherwisewouldhavebeeninthemid60's.Evenincountrieswherethenumberofnewinfectionsisdropping,suchasThailand,Uganda,andSenegal,smalllifeexpectancydropisforecast.Backintheearly1990's,wene

32、verwouldhavesuspectedthatpopulationgrowthwouldhaveturnednegativebecauseofAIDSmortality.Inlessthan10years,weexpectthat5countrieswillbeexperiencingnegativepopulationgrowthbecauseofAIDSmortality,includingSouthAfrica,Mozambique,Lesotho,BotswanaandSwaziland.Questions14and15arebasedonthefollowingnews.Atth

33、eendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven30secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.TheEuropeanUnionhasdraftedalistofUSproductstobehitwithimporttaxesinretaliationfortariffstheUnitedStateshasimposedonEuropeansteel.EUmembergovernmentswillreviewthelistbeforetheEUsubmitsittotheWorldTradeOrganization,whicha

34、rbitratesinternationaltradedisputes.EUofficialswillnotsaywhichAmericanproductswillbehitbytheEUsanctions.ButdiplomatsmonitoringthemostrecenttransAtlantictradedisputesaytheyincludetextilesandsteelproducts.Earlierthismonth,theBushadministrationimposedtariffsofupto30percentonsomesteelimports,includingEu

35、ropeanproducts.TheEUhasappealedtotheWorldTradeOrganizationtogetthosedutiesoverturned.ButaWTOdecisiononthemattercouldtakeuptoayearormore.EUofficialssaythat,underWTOrules,theEUhastherighttoimposeretaliatorymeasuresinJune.ButtheysaytheUnitedStatescanavoidtheEU'spossiblecountermeasuresifitpaysmoreth

36、antwobilliondollarsincompensationtotheEUforimposingthesteeltariffsinthefirstplace.TheofficialssayWashingtoncouldalsoescaperetaliationbyloweringU.S.importdutiesonotherEUproducts.TheBushadministrationsaysitwillnotpaycompensation.SECTIONDTALKGoodmorning.Today'slecturewillfocusonhowtomakepeoplefeela

37、teaseinconversations.Iguessallofyousittingherecanrecallcertainpeoplewhojustseemtomakeyoufeelcomfortablewhentheyarearound.Youspendanhourwiththemandfeelasifyou'veknownthemhalfyourlife.Thesepeoplewhohavethatcertainsomethingthatmakesusfeelcomfortablehavesomethingincommon,andonceweknowwhatthatis,weca

38、ngoaboutgettingsomeofthatsomethingforourselves.Howisitdone?Herearesomeoftheskillsthatgoodtalkershave.Ifyoufollowtheskills,theywillhelpyouputpeopleattheirease,makethemfeelsecure,andcomfortable,andturnacquaintancesintofriends.Firstofall,goodtalkersaskquestions.Almostanyone,nomatterhowshy,willansweraqu

39、estion.Infact,accordingtomyobservation,veryshypersonsareoftenmorewillingtoanswerquestionsthanextroverts.Theyaremoreconcernedthatsomeonewillthinkthemimpoliteiftheydon'trespondtothequestions.Somostskillfulconversationalistsrecommendstartingwithaquestionthatispersonal,butnotharmful.Forexample,oncea

40、famousAmericanTVpresentergotalongandfascinatinginterviewfromanotoriouslyprivatebillionairebyaskinghimabouthisfirstjob.Anotherexample,oneprominentwomanexecutiveconfessesthatatbusinesslunches,"Ialwaysaskpeoplewhattheydidthatmorning.It'sadullquestion,butitgetsthingsgoing."Fromthere,youcan

41、moveontoothermatters,sometimestoreallypersonalquestions.Moreover,howyourresponderanswerswillletyouknowhowfaryoucango.Afewsimplecatchwordslike"Really?""Yes?"areclearinvitationstocontinuetalking.Second,oncegoodtalkershaveaskedquestions,theylistenforanswers.Thispointseemsobvious,but

42、itisn'tinfact.Makingpeoplefeelcomfortableisn'tsimplyamatterofmakingidleconversation.Yourquestionshaveapoint.You'rereallyasking,"Whatsortofpersonareyou?"andtofindout,youhavetoreallylisten.Thereareatleastthreecomponentsofreallistening.Foronething,reallisteningmeansnotchangingthes

43、ubject.Ifsomeonestickstoonetopic,youcanassumethatheorsheisreallyinterestedinit.Anothercomponentofreallisteningislisteningnotjusttowordsbuttotonesofvoice.IoncementionedD.H.Lawrencetoafriend.Tomyastonishment,shelaunchedintoanacademicdiscussionoftheimageryinLawrence'sworks.Midwaythrough,Ilistenedto

44、hervoice.Itwas,toputitmildly,unanimated,anditseemedobviousthattheimagerymonologuewasintendedsolelyformybenefit,andIquicklychangedthesubject.Atlast,reallisteningmeansusingyoureyesaswellasyourears.Whenyourgazewanders,itmakespeoplethinkthey'reboringyour,orwhattheyaresayingisnotinteresting.Ofcourse,

45、youdon'thavetostare,orglareatthem.Simplylookingattentivewillmakemostpeoplethinkthatyouthinkthey'refascinating.Next,goodtalkersarenotafraidtolaugh.Ifyouthinkofallthepeopleyouknowwhomakeyoufeelcomfortable,youmaynoticethatallofthemlaughalot.Laughterisnotonlywarmingandfriendly,it'salsoagoodwaytoeaseotherpeople'sdiscomfort.Ihaveafriendwhomightenjoywatchingatgatheringofotherpeoplewhodonotknoweachotherwell.Thefirstfewminutesoftalkareabituneasyandhesitant,forthepeopleinvolveddonotyethaveasenseofeachother.Invar