語法復習十七：名詞+16開

1、語法復習十七：名詞（一）考綱要求名詞應掌握以下內(nèi)容：分清名詞的可數(shù)性與不可數(shù)性；可數(shù)名詞有單復數(shù)，有些名詞只有復數(shù)；物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞不可數(shù)但可以具體量化使用；名詞所有格和of格的語言現(xiàn)象；名詞直接作定語；國家名詞的正確使用；名詞詞義的區(qū)分和搭配；單位名詞的搭配；名詞前的修飾語 so, as, quite等; time 及?？键c。（二）命題導向名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用， 之后不能加-s。有些抽象名詞卻有復數(shù)形式，但意義與原來詞不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)有兩個意 思，一個與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個和單數(shù)含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內(nèi)容。詞

2、 語的固定搭配及名詞作定語也是高考命題的注意點。（三）知識概要英語的名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。專有名詞是指個人、團體、地方、機構(gòu)或事物 等所專有的名稱，它的第一個字母必須大寫。如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名詞是指一類人、一類事物、某種物質(zhì)抽象概念的名稱，可分為：個體名詞（可數(shù)，女口： worker, father, book, tree,school 等）；集體名詞（可數(shù),如: people, family, class, team 等）；物質(zhì)名詞（不可數(shù),如如: iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold 等）；抽象名詞（

3、不可數(shù)，如：life, thought, idea, strength 等）。注意：可數(shù)、不可數(shù)是英文名詞和中文名詞的一個重要差異即學習的重點。而很多英語名詞具有雙重性。即，名詞的類別不是固定不變的，它們會根據(jù)詞義的變化和場合的不同而相互轉(zhuǎn)換，其名詞類別的轉(zhuǎn)換可歸納如下：1、個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)抽象名詞或抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)個體名詞e.g. Our school is not far from my home.（個體）我們學校離我家不遠。School is over at six.（抽象）六點鐘放學。2、物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)個體名詞或個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)物質(zhì)名詞e.g. He broke a piece of glass.（物質(zhì)）他

4、打破了一塊玻璃。He broke a glass.（個體）他打破了一個杯子。3、個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)專有名詞e.g. His father is a teacher.（個體）他父親是個教師。 “ What are you doing there? Father "asked.（專有）“你在那兒干什么？ ”父親問道。（四）名詞的數(shù)名詞分為可數(shù)（有單、復數(shù)形式）和不可數(shù)名詞（只有單數(shù)形式）。1、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)： 一般力口 s : less on 宀 less ons, pen pens 以 s, x, ss, ch, sh, o結(jié)尾的力口 es : buses, boxes, classes,

5、 watches, brushes, heroheroes但有些以o結(jié)尾的名詞，是加 s構(gòu)成復數(shù)：kilo t kilos, pianopianos, radio radios,photo t photos, zoo t zoos 以輔音字母 + y結(jié)尾的改y為i，再加es : city t cities, story t stories 以f或fe結(jié)尾的，一般將 f或fe改為v,再加es : knife t knives, leaft leaves但有些以f結(jié)尾的名詞，是在 f后加s,構(gòu)成復數(shù)形式：belief t beliefs,roof t roofs, safe（保險箱）t safes

6、, proof （證據(jù)）t proofs, chief t chiefs, handkerchieft handkerchiefs2、有些名詞，不按上述規(guī)則構(gòu)成其復數(shù)形式，有以下幾種情況： 單復數(shù)形式相同： Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep 不規(guī)則變化： man 宀 men, woman 宀 women, goosegeese, foot feet, toothteeth,child t childre n, mousemice, ox。但是oxeGerma nGerma ns 復合名詞的復數(shù)形式：editor- in -chief t editors n-chie

7、f, daughter- in-law t daughters- in-law,grown-up t grown-ups, woman teacher t women teachers, man drivert men drivers3、注意以下幾個名詞單復數(shù)問題 物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復數(shù)形式,但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復數(shù)形式來表示不同的類別,如： fishes各種魚，fruits各種水果，steels各種鋼材。 物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時， 一般用表示數(shù)量的短語來表示。 如： a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。 有些抽象名詞的復數(shù)

8、形式表示不同的含義。如：work （工作）t works （著作），arm （手臂）t arms （軍火），glass （玻璃）t glasses （眼鏡），cloth （布）t clothes （衣服）。 定冠詞加上姓氏的復數(shù)形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復數(shù)形式前不加冠詞，則 表示若干個姓 的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三個姓王的。 只用作單數(shù)的復數(shù)形式的名詞。如： physics, mathematics, news, the United States 有些名詞形似單數(shù)，但實為復數(shù)。如： police, people, cattle 有些名詞如被看作整體時

9、就作單數(shù)用，如被看作組成該集體的各個成員時就作復數(shù)用。如： class, family, couple, audience, government, public 有些抽象名詞在具體化時， 可以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。 表示特指時， 可和定冠詞連用； 表示“某 種”或“一次”意義時，可和不定冠詞連用。如： How did you smooth away the difficulties ?（指 各種具體困難） ；It is a great pleasure to talk with you. ；What a surprise!（五）名詞的所有格名詞的所有格在句中表示所有關(guān)系，作定語用。1、 有生命名詞的

10、所有格一般在詞尾加上"'或"”如：Tom' s bike, Engles' s （Engles ' ） wa works school, Women ' s Day, the ed-into-rchief ' s office2、 如果一個事物為兩個人所有，只在后一個名詞的詞尾加“”如果不是共有，就要在兩個名詞的詞尾都加上“”如：Tom and Mike' s room（共有）,Tom s and Mike ' s books不共有）。3、 表示時間、距離、國家、城市的無生命名詞，可以在詞尾加“”或“'

11、表示所有格， 如： today ' s papers, ten minutes ' walk4、 表示店鋪或某人的家時，常在名詞所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailor ' s5、 無生命名詞的所在格通常用of短語來表示。如：the window of the room6、 表示有生命的名詞有時也可用of 短語來表示所有關(guān)系， 而且當該名詞帶有較長的定語時。 如： the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.7、雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)前的被修飾名詞通常指整體中的部分或一個，雙重所有格只能用于有生 命的名詞，這

12、個名詞是確定的。被修飾名詞前有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞或數(shù) 詞等限定詞時， 一般只能用雙重所有格。 如： an old friend of my uncle ' s, a daughter of Mrs Green the house of one of my friends（六）名詞的普通格作定語表材料、地點、用途、性質(zhì)、泛指時間、整體等普通名詞可以作定語，一般用單數(shù)形式。e.g. stone figures （石像）；paper money （紙幣）；country music （鄉(xiāng)村音樂）；table cloth （桌 布） ; river bank （河岸）;sc

13、hool gate （校門口）; book stores （書店）;traffic lights （交通燈）;summerholidays （暑假）;evening dress （晚禮服）。但在個別情況下，也有需用復數(shù)的。e.g. sports meet （運動會）；the United States government （美國政府） （學生閱覽室）;goods train （貨車）;two men doctors （兩個男醫(yī)生）； students reading-room名詞練習、1. The of the room were covered with .A. roofs, leafsB

14、. roofs, leaves2. There are three in our factory.A. woman doctors B. women doctors3. Which do you prefer or ?A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes4. They are office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in- chief 'sC. editors-in- chiefs, editor -in-c'hisef 's5. The ant has two . A. stomaches6.

15、 He doesn 't like for supper.hot weather that many of us went swimming.C. rooves, leafsC. woman doctorC. potatoes, tomatosD. rooves, leavesD. women doctorD. potatoes, tomatoes of different presses（出版社）.Now they are having a meeting in one of the _B. editors-in-chief, editor-in- chief 'sD. ed

16、itors-in-chief, editors-in- chief 'B. stomacksC. stomachA. chick B. chickensD. stomachsC. chickens D. chicksA. soB. suchC. so asD. such a8. wonderful space they saw on the room!A. HowB. How aC. WhatD. What a9. We know travels not so fast as light.A. soundB. soundsC. the soundsD. a sound10. My fa

17、mily raise a lot of _, including two _A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattleC. cattles, cowsD. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（軍營門口） .A. have gatheredB. has gatheredC. isD. was12. The Browns have spent a large of money on their new car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. size7. It was13.work

18、has been done to improve the peopleA. ManyB. A great many14. Mr Li shook warmly with a friend.A. handB. a hand15. Two , please. A. coffee B. coffees16. I can 't pay as as he asked for.A. high price aB. high price17. knowledge of space develops rapidly.18.I stayed at' s living standard. C. A

19、great deal ofD. A number ofC. handsC. cup of coffeeD. the handsD. cups coffee19. Sister Carrie works in a _20. Have you ever read ?D. high a priceC. Mens ' D. PersonA. Xiao Wang 'sB. Wang 's home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang factory.C. a A. Man 'A. shoeshigh prices B. Men 'B. sho

20、ses C. shoe D. shoe's's2.43.44.B. newspaper today ''s newspaperD. hours 'A. today newspaper Two walk didnC. newspaper of today D. todayB. hours C. hour 'sThe mother over there is A. Julia and MaryLi MingA. anyone

21、 's The children are playingA. sand, sand_ mother.B. Julia and Mary 's handwriting is better than _B. anyone else_ on the .B. sands, sandsCs. Julia in the class.C. anyones and Mary D.'Juslia's and Mary's elseDs. anyone else 'sC. sand, sandsA. setB. oneA. walk B. rideIf these

22、trousers are too big, buy a smaller _ Tom usually takes a in bus on rainy days.We have no about where she has gone.A. informationB. newsFood and are daily necessities （ 需要 ） for the people.D. sands, sandC. copy D. pairC. trip D. travelC. messageD. flashD. clothingB. sense C. power D. skill yesterday

23、. Many workers were killed.A. incident, was happenedC. event, was taken placeB. matter, happenedD. accident, took placeThe room was so quiet that she could hear the of her heart.A. beating B. waysC. knocking has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The publicB. PeopleC. WomenHe was an in

24、the government .A. office, officialB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. strikingD. ManD. official, officerThere are severalin this novel who are different inA. character, characterB. characters, characters C. character, charactersD. characters, characterA. clothB. clotheC. clothesMy of hearing is

25、 not so good as it used to be.A. strengthThe caused by carelessnessWe visited him when he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other dayMy friend will return in .A. one day or twoB. a day or two is always difficult for me.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. every other dayC. one day or twoC. The tran

26、slationD. every two dayD. a or two daysD. A translationof this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translationThe police looking into the matter now.A. be B. isThe Chinese are brave and hard working people.A. theNo news good news. A. is B. areMat

27、hs still very difficult for me, though I have done my best.A. looks B. seemsC. is“ Where my trousers?” the boy askedA. isB. wasC. are D. are going toB. a C. / D. oneC. have D. hasD. areC. wereD. areA. in nice spiritsB. in nice spiritC. in high spirits45. I saw many seated in the corner reading somet

28、hing.A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of Japanese46. Father went to his doctor for about his heart trouble.D. in high spiritD. of JapanesesA. an adviceB. adviceC. advicesD. the advices47. We areand they areB. Englishmen, German48. are made of . A. Englishmen, GermansC. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, G

29、ermenA. A glass, a glass49. I ' ll have to buy50. There are two in our class.B. Glasses, glasstrousers. A. aA. LiuC. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glassesB. two C. a pair of D. a couple ofB. LiusC. Liu 's D. Lius '51.A. A lot of clothes52. They areB. Much clothingA. mathematics studen

30、tC. Many a clothB. mathematic studentsD. Lots of clothesC. students in mathematicsD. mathematics students53. The laboratory assistant recorded the A. mouses ' B. micereactions （反應）C. micesD. mice 's54. This letter was sent by .A. my father friendB. my father friend55. Ten years had passed. I

31、 found she had .A. a little white hairB. some white hairC'. asfriend of my fatherC. a few white hairD. 'a sfriend of my fatherD. a few white hairs56. I have made with Billy.57. The population of Beijing is58. There are thirty-two in our school.A. woman teacherA. friends than that of XiB. wom

32、en teacher59. He had tried everything but it made littleA. use B. goodB. friendC. a friendD. the friendA. more B'. laargne. r C. fewer D. smallC. women teachersD. woman teachersC. differenceD. result60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be noin sending the blood to the dyingma

33、n.A. waitB. delayC. timeD. hurryis needed in cold countries.D. value61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any A. excuse B. sense C. use62. -How dare you play on such thin ice?-Playing on ice is not my of spare time.A. ideaB. thoughtC. mindD. intention63. Helen said she

34、 would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay forthe .A. travelB. tourismC. journeyD. course64. One splendid mountainfollowed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A. viewB. glanceC. screenD. scene65. The new law will come into _on the day it is pa

35、ssed. （1999 上海 ）A. effectB. useC. serviceD. existence66. When you play' football, what do you play?A. situationB. placeC. partD. position67. It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to thein language studies.A. situationB. expressionC. conditionD. translation68. I wrote h

36、im a letter to show my of his thoughtfulness.A. achievementB. agreementC. viewD. appreciation69. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a goodA. sightB. sceneC. viewD. look70. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of are widely used in the country.A.

37、 energyB. forceC. powerD. materials71. with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.A. ContrastB. CompetitionC. ContactD. Combination72. We all know thatspeak louder than words.A. movementsB. performancesC. operationsD. actions73. We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.(NMET1997 38)A. factB. realityC. practiceD. deed74. We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no but to tak