油田水處理工藝

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9、ng油田水處理工藝第一節(jié)工藝流程簡介一、重力式流程自然（或斜板）除油一混凝沉降一壓力（或重力）過濾流程。重力式流程在20世紀(jì)七八十年代國內(nèi)各陸上油田較普遍采用。1、該流程處理過程脫水轉(zhuǎn)油站來的原水，經(jīng)自然收油初步沉降后，加入混凝劑進(jìn)行混凝沉降，再經(jīng)過緩沖、提升、進(jìn)行壓力過濾，濾后水加 殺菌劑,得到合格的凈化水，外輸用于回注。濾罐反沖洗排水 用回收水泵均勻地加入原水中再進(jìn)行處理?；厥盏挠退突卦图斚到y(tǒng)或者用作原料。2、流程特點(diǎn)處理效果良好。對原水含油量、水量變化波動適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。自然除油回收油品好。投加凈化劑混凝沉降后凈化效果好。若處理規(guī)模較大時：壓力濾罐數(shù)量較多、操作量大。處理工藝自動化程度稍低

10、。當(dāng)對凈化水質(zhì)要求較低，且處理規(guī)模較大時，可采用重力式單閥濾罐提高處理能力。二、壓力式流程旋流（或立式除油罐）除油一聚結(jié)分離一壓力沉降一壓力過濾流程。壓力式流程是20世紀(jì)80年代后期和90年代初發(fā)展起來的。它加強(qiáng)了流程前段除油和后段 過濾凈化。1、流程處理過程脫水站來的原水，若壓力較高，可進(jìn)旋流除油器；若壓力適中，可進(jìn)接收罐除油，為提高沉降凈化效果，在壓力沉降之前增加一級聚結(jié)（亦稱粗?；褂椭榱阶兇?，易于沉降分離。或采用旋流除油后直接進(jìn)入壓力沉降。根據(jù)對凈化水質(zhì)的要求，可設(shè)置一級過濾和二級過濾凈化。2、流程特點(diǎn)處理凈化效率較高，效果良好，污水在處理流程內(nèi)停留時間較短旋流除油裝置可高效去除

11、水中含油，聚結(jié)分離使原水中微細(xì)油珠聚結(jié)變大，縮短分離時間， 提高處理效率。適應(yīng)水質(zhì)、水量波動能力稍低于重力式流程。流程系統(tǒng)機(jī)械化、自動化水平稍高于重力式流程，現(xiàn)場預(yù)制工作量大大降低?？沙浞掷迷畞硭畨?，減少系統(tǒng)二次提升。三、浮選式流程接收（溶氣浮選）除油一射流浮選或誘導(dǎo)浮選一過濾、精濾流程。浮選式流程主要是借鑒20世紀(jì)80年代末、90年代初從國外引進(jìn)污水處理技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合國內(nèi)各油田生產(chǎn)實(shí)際需要發(fā)展起來的。1、流程處理過程流程首端采用溶氣氣浮，再用誘導(dǎo)氣浮或射流氣浮取代混凝沉降設(shè)施，后端根據(jù)凈化水回注要求，可設(shè)一級過濾和精細(xì)過濾裝置。2、流程特點(diǎn)處理效率高；設(shè)備組裝化、自動化程度高，現(xiàn)場

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27、a nci al,-L -一.I.J - 廣泛用于海上采油平臺；陸上油田，尤其是稠油污水處理中有較多應(yīng)用。流程動力消耗大，維護(hù)工作量稍大。四、開式生化處理流程隔油浮選生化降解沉降吸附過濾流程。該流程適用條件：針對部分油田污水采出量較大，但回用量不夠大，必須處理達(dá)標(biāo)外排而設(shè)計的。1、流程處理過程原水經(jīng)過平流隔油池除油沉降，再經(jīng)過溶氣氣浮池凈化，然后進(jìn)入曝氣池、一級、 二級生物降解池和沉降池，最后提升經(jīng)砂濾或吸附過濾達(dá)標(biāo)外排。2、流程凈化效果一般情況，經(jīng)過開式生物處理流程凈化，排放水質(zhì)可以達(dá)到污水綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB8978 1996 要求。應(yīng)注意的是：少部分油田污水水溫過高，若直接外排，將引起受納水

28、體生態(tài)平衡的破壞排放前淋水降溫；少部分礦化度高的油田污水，進(jìn)行除鹽軟化，降低含鹽量，以免引起受納水體鹽堿化。第二節(jié)除油一、自然除油1、基本原理物理法除油，根據(jù)油水密度不同，達(dá)到油水分離。該種方法：忽略了進(jìn)出配水口水流的不均勻性。忽略油珠顆粒上浮中的絮凝等因素的影響，認(rèn)為油珠顆粒是在理想狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行重力分離。a、假定過水?dāng)嗝嫔细鼽c(diǎn)的水流速度相等，且油珠顆粒上浮時的水平分速度等于水流速度；b、油珠顆粒以等速上??；c、油珠顆粒上浮到水面即被去除。Stokes 公式說明的問題：（ 1 ）顆粒與水的密度差（rw-ro ）愈大，它的浮升速度愈大，成正比關(guān)系。當(dāng)rw>ro時，u>0,顆粒下沉；當(dāng)r

29、w<ro時，u<0,顆粒上??；當(dāng)rw=ro時，u=0,顆粒既不下沉也不上浮。（2）水的粘度m愈小，上浮速度愈快，成反比關(guān)系。因粘度與水溫成反比，故提高水溫有利于上浮。（ 3）顆粒直徑d 愈大，浮升速度愈快，成平方關(guān)系。因此隨粒度的下降，顆粒的浮升速度會迅速降低。實(shí)際水處理過程中，水流呈層流狀態(tài)的情況較少，所以一般只能去除d >20mm勺顆粒。2、裝置結(jié)構(gòu)自然除油設(shè)施一般兼有調(diào)儲功能，油水分離效率不夠高，通常工藝結(jié)構(gòu)采用下向流設(shè)置。二、斜板（管）除油斜板（管）除油是目前最常用的高效除油方法之一，是一種物理法除油。1、基本原理斜板（管）除油基本原理是“淺層沉淀”，又稱“淺池理論”

30、。若將水深為H 的除油設(shè)備分隔為n 個水深為H/n 的分離池，當(dāng)分離池長度為原除油區(qū)長度的1 n 時，處理水量與原分離區(qū)相同，且分離效果完全相同。為便于浮升到斜板（管）上部油珠的流動和排除，把淺的分離池傾斜一定角度（一般為45°60° ）。laylevelso fullstre ngthe ning membersyouth w,And maintain stabilit y.Tofurtherstrengthenpublicitya ndeducation,imprWe muststrengthe nsafety management,esta blishand impr

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34、 to e nsure"zero."Tostrengthe ning Humanitie s care, continues to foster compa ny wind cle ar,a nd g as are, andheartShunofcult ure atmosphere ; strengtheni ng lovehelpe d trapped, care difficultemployee s; carried outstylea ctivities,ri chempl oyees life; strengthe ning healtha nd la bour

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40、I . I - II一 I. 一 一 一一.一一 .一.一 一|_ _ 一 . 一一 . . I 一.promote problem reasons a nalysis control;to close concernfina nci al,-L -一.I.J - 2、斜板除油裝置立式和平流式兩種，油田上常用的是立式斜板除油罐和平流式斜板除油罐。（ 1 ）立式斜板除油罐結(jié)構(gòu)形式與普通立式除油罐基本相同，主要區(qū)別是在普通除油罐中心反應(yīng)筒外的分離區(qū)一定部位加設(shè)了斜板組。對斜板材質(zhì)要求：在污水中長期浸泡不軟化、不變形、耐油、耐腐蝕。工作過程：含油污水從中心反應(yīng)筒出來，在上部分離區(qū)進(jìn)行初步的重力分離，

41、較大油珠顆粒分離出來。污水通過斜板區(qū)進(jìn)一步分離分離后的污水在下部集水區(qū)流入集水管，匯集后由中心柱管上部流出。斜板區(qū)分離出的油珠顆粒上浮至水面，進(jìn)入集油槽后由出油管排出到收油裝置。立式斜板除油罐的主要設(shè)計參數(shù)：斜板間距80100mm斜板傾角45°60°斜板水平投影負(fù)荷1.5X1042.0 X104m3/（s . m2）其它設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù)與普通除油罐基本相同。實(shí)踐證明：在除油效率相同條件下，與普通立式除油罐相比，同樣大小的斜板除油罐的除油處理能力可提高1.01.5倍。（ 2）平流式斜板隔油池平流式斜板隔油池是在普通的隔油池中加設(shè)斜板構(gòu)成。一般是由鋼筋混凝土做成池體，池中波紋斜板大多呈

42、45°安裝。隔油池原理：隔油池是用自然上浮法分離、去除含油廢水中可浮油的處理筑物。構(gòu)造：廢水從池的一端流入池內(nèi)，從另一端流出。在流經(jīng)隔油池的過程中，由于流速降低，密度小于1.0 而粒徑較大的油類雜質(zhì)得以上浮到水面上，密度大于1.0 的雜質(zhì)則沉于池底。在出水一側(cè)的水面上設(shè)集油管。工作過程：進(jìn)入的含油污水通過配水堰、布水柵后均勻而緩慢地從上而下經(jīng)過斜板區(qū)，油水泥在斜板中分離。油珠顆粒沿斜板組的上層板下，向上浮升滑出斜板到水面，通過活動集油管槽收集到污油罐，再送去脫水；泥砂沿斜板組下層斜板面滑向集泥區(qū)落到池底，定時排除；分離后的水，從下部分離區(qū)進(jìn)入折向上部的出水槽，然后排出或送去進(jìn)一步處理

43、，而由于高程布置的原因，污水進(jìn)入下一步處理工序，往往需要用泵進(jìn)行提升。三、粗?；ň劢Y(jié)）除油粗粒化： 含油污水流經(jīng)裝有填充物（粗?；牧希┑难b置后，使油珠由小變大的過程。這樣，更容易用重力分離法將油除去。粗粒化處理的對象：水中的分散油。1、理論依據(jù)對于溫度一定的特定污水，油珠上浮速度與油珠粒徑平方成正比。若在污水沉降前設(shè)法使油珠粒徑增大，可加大油珠上浮速度，進(jìn)而使污水向下流速加大，便可提高除油效率。粗?；ǎň劢Y(jié)）可達(dá)到增大油珠粒徑的目的。2、粗?；臋C(jī)理有兩種觀點(diǎn)：潤濕聚結(jié)；碰撞聚結(jié)潤濕聚結(jié)理論laylevels cadre s ine nterpri sedevel opme ntin t

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54、一一 . . I 一. 一 一promote problem reasons a nalysis control;to close concernfina nci al,-L -一.I.J - 建立在“親油性”粗?；牧系幕A(chǔ)上。當(dāng)含油污水流經(jīng)親油性材料組成的粗粒化床時，分散油珠在材料表面潤濕吸附，材料表面幾乎全被油包住，再流來的油珠更容易潤濕附著在上面，油珠不斷聚結(jié)擴(kuò)大并形成油膜，在浮力和反向水流沖擊作用下，油膜開始脫落，在水相中仍形成油珠，但比聚結(jié)前的油珠粒徑大，從而達(dá)到粗?；哪康?。具有該種特性的聚結(jié)材料：聚丙烯塑料球，無煙煤等。碰撞聚結(jié)理論建立在疏油材料基礎(chǔ)上。由粒狀的或纖維狀的粗?；?/p>

55、材料組成的粗?；?，其空隙均構(gòu)成互相連續(xù)的通道，如無數(shù)根直徑很小交錯的微管。當(dāng)含油污水流經(jīng)該床時，由于粗?；牧鲜鞘栌偷?，兩個或多個油珠有可能同時與管壁碰撞或互相碰撞，其沖量足可以將它們合并為一個較大的油珠，達(dá)到粗?；康?。具有該種特性的聚結(jié)材料：蛇紋石，陶粒等。需澄清的問題無論是親油的或是疏油的材料，兩種聚結(jié)同時存在。親油材料以“潤濕聚結(jié)”為主， 也有碰撞聚結(jié)。原因是污水流經(jīng)粗?；玻偷沃g也存在碰撞。疏油材料以“碰撞聚結(jié)”為主， 也有潤濕聚結(jié)。原因是當(dāng)疏油材料表面沉積油泥時，該材料便有親油性。無論是親油性材料還是疏油性材料，只要粒徑合適，都有較好的粗?；Ч?、粗?；牧希ň劢Y(jié)板材）的選擇分類：形狀：粒狀（重復(fù)使用）；纖維狀（一次性使用）材質(zhì)：天然的（無煙煤、蛇紋石、石英砂等）人造的（聚丙烯塑料球、陶粒等）選用原則：耐油性好，不能被油溶解或溶脹；具有一定的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度，且不易磨損；不易板結(jié)，沖洗