高中化學(xué)全套化學(xué)公式大全

1、化學(xué)方程式一、非金屬單質(zhì)(F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H)1、氧化性：F2+H2=2HF=(陰暗處爆炸)F2+Xe(過(guò)量)=XeF22F2(過(guò)量)+Xe=XeF4=(XeF4是強(qiáng)氧化劑，能將Mn2+氧化為MnO4)nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金屬)2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2=(水是還原劑)2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I27F2(過(guò)量)+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2(等體積)=2ClF=(ClF屬于類鹵素：ClF+H2O=HF+HClO=)3F2(過(guò)量)+Cl2

2、=2ClF3=(ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3=)Cl2+H2=2HCl=(將H2在Cl2點(diǎn)燃;混合點(diǎn)燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸)3Cl2+2P=2PCl3=Cl2+PCl3=PCl5=Cl2+2Na=2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe=2FeCl3=Cl2+Cu=CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3=(在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl=)Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2=Cl2+2Br=2Cl=+Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2=Cl2+2I=2Cl=+I23Cl2(過(guò)量)+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I+3H2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl2

3、+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S=Cl2+S2=2Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+S=(水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2=Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl+O22O2+3Fe=Fe3O4=O2+K=KO2S+H2=H2S=2S+C=CS2=S+Zn=ZnSS+Fe=FeS=(既能由單質(zhì)制取，又能由離子制取)S+2Cu=Cu2S=(只能由單質(zhì)制取，不能由離子制取)3S+2A

4、l=Al2S3=(只能由單質(zhì)制取，不能由離子制取)N2+3H2=2NH3=N2+3Mg=Mg3N2=N2+3Ca=Ca3N2N2+3Ba=Ba3N2=N2+6Na=2Na3N=N2+6K=2K3NN2+6Rb=2Rb3N=N2+2Al=2AlNP4+6H2=4PH3=P+3Na=Na3P=2P+3Zn=Zn3P2H2+2Li=2LiH2、還原性S+O2=SO2S+H2SO4(濃)=3SO2+2H2OS+6HNO3(濃)=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2OS+4H+6NO3-=6NO2+2H2O+H2SO43S+4HNO3(稀)=3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S+4H+4=3SO2+4NO+2H2ON

5、2+O2=2NO4P+5O2=P4O10(常寫成P2O5)2P+3X2=2PX3(X表示F2，Cl2，Br2)PX3+X2=PX5P4+20HNO3(濃)=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2=CF4C+2Cl2=CCl4C+O2(足量)=CO22C+O2(少量)=2COC+CO2=2COC+H2O=CO+H2(生成水煤氣)2C+SiO2=Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2=SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(純)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2=SiO2Si+C=SiC(金剛砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2=(Si+2OH=+H2O=+2H2)3、歧化反應(yīng)

6、Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO(加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化：=(Cl2+H2O=H+Cl+HClO)Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O=(Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O=(Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(濃)=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O=(3Cl2+6OH=5Cl+ClO3+3H2O)3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O=(3S+6OH=2S2+SO32+3H2O)4P+3KOH(濃)+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2=(4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3+3H2PO2)1

7、1P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO=CaC2+CO3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO二.金屬單質(zhì)(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的還原性2Na+H2=2NaH=4Na+O2=2Na2O=2Na2O+O2=2Na2O22Na+O2=Na2O2=2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2=2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2=2Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H24Na+TiCl4=4NaCl+Ti=Mg+Cl2=MgCl2=Mg+Br2=MgBr22Mg+O2=2MgO=Mg+S=MgS2

8、Cu+S=Cu2S=(Cu2S只能由單質(zhì)制備)Mg+2H2O=Mg(OH)2+H22Mg+TiCl4=Ti+2MgCl2=Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C=2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2=(Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2)2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3=(常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化，在氧氣中燃燒)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(鋁汞齊)4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn=2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr=(鋁熱反應(yīng))2Al+Fe

9、2O3=Al2O3+2Fe=2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2=2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2=2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O=(Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O=Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2=2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3=3Fe+2O2=Fe3O4=2Fe

10、+O2=2FeO=(煉鋼過(guò)程)Fe+I2=FeI2Fe+S=FeS=(FeS既能由單質(zhì)制備，又能由離子制備)3Fe+4H2O(g)=Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2=Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu=Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫還原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn=Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三.非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)=金屬氫化物(NaH)1、還原性:4HCl(濃)+MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+MnO2=Mn2+C

11、l2+2H2O4HCl(濃)+PbO2=PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+PbO2=Pb2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2=2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O16=H+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O14H+6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2=(F2氣與HCl、HBr、HI、H

12、2S、NH3氣體不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2=(Cl2氣與HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)=2SO2+2H2O=2H2S+O2(少量)=2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O=H2S+H2SO4(濃)=S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O3H

13、2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+=+2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl=8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O4NH3+3O2(純氧)=2N2+6H2O=4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O=(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2=(生氫劑)NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+

14、2H2=CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H22、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O(可測(cè)定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻)4HF+Si=SiF4+2H22HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl=H2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl=(弱酸制強(qiáng)酸的典型反應(yīng))H2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS+2HNO3=(鉛試紙檢驗(yàn)空氣中H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag

15、2S+H2(銀器在空氣中變黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na=2NaNH2+H2=(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3)3、NH3的堿性：NH3+HX=NH4X=(X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3=NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4=NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制堿：用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打)NH3+H2S=NH4HS=NH3+H2S=NH4+HS-4、不穩(wěn)定性：2HF=H2+F2=2HCl=H2+Cl2=2H2O=2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2=H2S=H2+S=2NH3

16、=N2+3H22HI=H2+I2四.非金屬氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO2)1、低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性：(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4(這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng))2SO2+O2=2SO3=SO2+NO2=SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl=Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr=Br2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2BrSO2+I2

17、+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI=I2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2I2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2)NO+NO2+2OH=2NO22CO+O2=2CO2=CO+CuO=Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3=2Fe+3CO2=CO+H2O=CO2+H22、氧化性：SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KI=K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2)4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu=4CuO+N2=N2O+Zn=ZnO+N2CO2+2Mg=2

18、MgO+C=(CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi))SiO2+2H2=Si+2H2O=SiO2+2Mg=2MgO+Si3、與水的作用:SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO4=SO3+H2O=2H+SO423NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO=(NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)N2O5+H2O=2HNO3=N2O5+H2O=2H+2NO3P2O5+H2O(冷水)=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(熱水)=2H3PO4=(P2O5較易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑)P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)=2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O=H2CO3Cl2O+H2O=2HClOCl2O7+H2O

19、=2HClO4=Cl2O7+H2O=2H+2ClO44、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2(硫酸工業(yè)尾氣處理)SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O=(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別)SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3(過(guò)量)+H2O=(NH4)2CO3=(NH4)2CO3=(NH2)2CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3=(NH2)2CO+H2

20、O=(工業(yè)制取尿素)CO2+2NaOH(過(guò)量)=Na2CO3+H2O=2OH-+CO2=CO32+H2OCO2(過(guò)量)+NaOH=NaHCO3=OH-+CO2=HCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(過(guò)量)=CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2=+CO2=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過(guò)量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2=OH+CO2=HCO3CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO3)2=CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2HCO3CO2(不足)+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2=Al(OH)3+CO32CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(O

21、H)3+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2=Al(OH)3+HCO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O+H2O=C6H5OH+HCO3SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3=(煉鋼造渣)SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3=Na2SiO3+CO2=(制取玻璃)SiO2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2=(制取玻璃)2NO2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH=NO3+NO2+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O=(制取硝酸工業(yè)尾氣吸收)NO+NO2+2OH=2N

22、O2+H2O五.金屬氧化物1、低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H+NO3=Fe3+NO2+2H2O2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2O)MgO，Al2O3幾乎沒(méi)有氧化性，很難被還原為Mg，Al.一般通過(guò)電解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉)Fe3O4+4H2=3Fe+4H2O=CuO+H2=Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H+4I=6Fe2+8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe=3FeO=(煉鋼過(guò)程中加入廢鋼作氧化

23、劑)FeO+C=Fe+CO=(高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)C含量)2FeO+Si=2Fe+SiO2=(高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)Si含量)3、與水的作用:Na2O+H2O=2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na+2OH2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O22Na2O2+2H2O=4Na+4OH+O2(此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2=H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2(緩慢反應(yīng))4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4=Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3=MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na2O

24、+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O=(Al2O3兩性氧化物)Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe·2O3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O

25、4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe·3O4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六.含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClClO3+3H2S=6H+SO42+ClHClO3+HI=HIO3+HClClO3+I=IO3+Cl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+ClHClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HClHClO+H2SO3=3H+SO42+ClHClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2HClO+H2O2=H+Cl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強(qiáng))2H2S

26、O4(濃)+C=CO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(濃)+S=3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室溫下鈍化=6H2SO4(濃)+2Fe=Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(濃)+Cu=CuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2O=(不能用濃硫酸與NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(濃)+2HI=SO2+I2+2H2O=(不能用濃硫酸與NaI制取HI)H2SO4(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H22H+Fe=Fe2+H2H2SO3+2H2S=3S+3H2O4HNO3(濃)+C=CO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3(濃)+S=H2SO4+6NO

27、2+2H2O5HNO3(濃)+P=H3PO4+5NO2+H2O5HNO3(稀)+3P=3H3PO4+5NO5H+5NO3-+3P+2H2O=3H3PO4+5NO6HNO3(濃足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3(濃)+Fe(足)=Fe(NO3)2+NO2+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe過(guò)量時(shí)再生成Fe2+的鹽)4HNO3(稀足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O4H+NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O30=H+6NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3

28、+3N2+18H2O36H+6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30=H+3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H+NO3=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、還原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX=(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H+SO42-+X2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4

29、2H2SO3+O2=4H+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2OH2SO3+H2O2=2H+SO42+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4=2Mn2+4H+3SO42+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+=+SO423、酸性:H2SO4(濃)+CaF2=CaSO4+2HF=(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaCl=NaHSO4+HCl=(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+2NaCl=Na2SO4+2HCl=(

30、不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaNO3=NaHSO4+HNO3=(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)3H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)2=3CaSO4+2H3PO4=(強(qiáng)酸制弱酸酸)2H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)2=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2=(工業(yè)制磷肥)3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO33H+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO22H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S，HI，HBr，=SO2等還原性氣體)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2=3Ca(H2PO4)2=

31、(重鈣)H3PO4(濃)+NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBr=(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3PO4(濃)+NaI=NaH2PO4+HI4、不穩(wěn)定性：2HClO=2HCl+O2(保存在棕色瓶中)4HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2O=(保存在棕色瓶中)H2SO3=H2O+SO2=(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H2CO3=H2O+CO2=(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H4SiO4=H2SiO3+H2O=H2SiO3=SiO2+H2OH2S2O3=H2O+S+SO2(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)七.堿1、低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性：4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：2Na

32、OH+SO2(少量)=Na2SO3+H2OOH+SO2=SO32+H2ONaOH+SO2(足)=NaHSO3OH-+SO2(足)=HSO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2OOH-+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2=KCl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OH+OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足)=NaHS+H2OOH+H2S=HS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2S+2H2O2OH+H2S=S2+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=A

33、l(OH)3+3NaCl3OH+Al3+=Al(OH)3NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O=(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng)?)OH+Al(OH)3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl=2CaCl2+2NH3+2H2O=(實(shí)驗(yàn)室制NH3)NaOH+NH4Cl=NaCl+NH3+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3·H2O=(Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O2H+2OH+Ba2+SO42=BaSO42H2O3、不穩(wěn)定性:Mg(OH)2=MgO+H2O=2Al(OH)3=Al2O3+3H

34、2O2Fe(OH)3=Fe2O3+3H2O=Cu(OH)2=CuO+H2O=2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O八.鹽1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2=2Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2=(用于雕刻銅線路版)=2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少量)=2FeCl2+ZnCl2=2Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCl=2Fe3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgClFe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4=(較難反應(yīng))=Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反應(yīng)2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl

35、2+2HCl+S=2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2=2Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2=Fe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2O=(實(shí)驗(yàn)室制氮?dú)?=NH4+NO2-=N2+2H2O2、還原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3=(在水溶液中不需加熱)2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3S2-+8H+2NO3-=2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O3SO3

36、2-+2H+2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4=(Na2SO3在空氣中易變質(zhì))Na2SO3+S=Na2S2O3Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S(在水溶液中)=S2-+Cl2=2Cl-+S3、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2+CaSO4=(波爾多液)MgCl2+2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH)2+2NH4ClMg2+2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH)2+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3+3NH4ClAl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)2+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3&

37、#183;H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4ClFe3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足)=Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4Cu2+2NH3·H2O=Cu(OH)2+2NH4+Cu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH3)42+2OH-+4H2O=銅氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3·H2O(足)=Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O=總方程式Cu2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH3)42+4H2O=銅氨溶液AgNO3+N

38、H3·H2O=AgOH+NH4NO3=2AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2OAg2O+4NH3·H2O=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+3H2O=銀氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3·H2O=Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3·H2O=Ag(NH3)2+2H2O=總方程式ZnSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足)=Zn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4Zn2+2NH3·H2O=Zn(OH)2+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3·H2O(足)=Zn(NH3)4

39、SO4+4H2OZn2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH3)42+4H2O=總方程式4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：強(qiáng)酸制弱酸，或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸Na3PO4+2HCl=Na2HPO4+2NaCl=PO43-+2H+=H2PO4-Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaCl=HPO42-+H+=H2PO4-NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl=H2PO4-+H+=H3PO4Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl=CO32-+H+=HCO3-NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2=HCO3-+H+=CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+

40、3CO2+6NaCl=(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO23Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl=(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))3CO32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3+3CO2=(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))3HCO3-+Al3+=2Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3+3CO2=(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))3HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2S=(物

41、質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))3S2-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3+3NaCl=(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng))3AlO2-+Al3+6H2O=4Al(OH)33NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3+Fe(OH)3+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3+Fe(OH)3NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NH3·H2O+NaClAlO2-+NH4+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NH3·H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3

42、-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO2=(1:2)CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO22Na2CO3(足)+H2O+SO2=Na2SO3+2NaHCO3=(CO2中的SO2不能用Na2CO3洗氣)2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3-=(2:1)Na2CO3+SO2=Na2SO3+CO2=(1:1)CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2=(CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗氣)2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2=Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-

43、+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+NaCl=或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O=H4SiO4+2NaClSiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3=或SiO32-+2H+H2O=H4SiO4Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O=H2SiO3+Na2CO3SiO32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4+CO32-5、鹽與鹽復(fù)分解反應(yīng)Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸)SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO4Na2SO3+BaCl2=BaSO3+2NaCl=(沉淀溶于鹽酸,在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失)SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3Na2CO3+BaCl

44、2=BaCO3+2NaCl(沉淀溶于鹽酸、沉淀消失)CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3Na2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3+2NaCl=(NaHCO3不反應(yīng))CO32-+Ca2+=CaCO3AgNO3+NaCl=AgCl+NaNO3=Ag+Cl-=AgClAgNO3+NaBr=AgBr+NaNO3=Ag+Br-=AgBrAgNO3+KI=AgCl+KNO3=Ag+I-=AgI3AgNO3+Na3PO4=Ag3PO4+3NaNO3=3Ag+PO43-=Ag3PO4CuSO4+Na2S=CuS+Na2SO4=Cu2+S2-=CuSFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN)3+3KClFe3+3SCN-=

45、Fe(SCN)3=(血紅色，用于Fe3+的特性檢驗(yàn))6、不穩(wěn)定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2OS2O32-+2H+=S+SO2+H2ONH4Cl=NH3+HClNH4I=NH3+HI=2HI=H2+I2NH4I=NH3+H2+I2NH4HCO3=NH3+H2O+CO22KNO3=2KNO2+O22Cu(NO3)3=2CuO+4NO2+O22AgNO3=2Ag+2NO2+O2(保存在棕色瓶中)5NH4NO3=4N2+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO3=8N2+4NO2+O2+20H2O(硝酸銨爆炸反應(yīng))2KMnO4=K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KClO3=2K

46、Cl+3O22NaHCO3=Na2CO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3)2=CaCO3+H2O+CO2CaCO3=CaO+CO2=MgCO3=MgO+CO2十、水解反應(yīng)1、單水解-可逆水解NH4Cl+H2O=NH3·H2O+HCl=NH4+H2O=H+NH3·H2OFeCl3+3H2O=Fe(OH)3+3HCl=Fe3+3H2O=Fe(OH)3+3H+AlCl3+3H2O=Al(OH)3+3HCl=Al3+3H2O=Al(OH)3+3H+CuSO4+2H2O=Cu(OH)2+H2SO4=(金屬活動(dòng)順序表中Mg2+以后的陽(yáng)離子均水解)NaHCO3+H2O=H2CO3+NaOH=(NaHSO4不水解，NaHSO3電離大于水解)Na2CO3+H2O=NaHCO3+NaOH=CO32-+H2O=HCO3-+OHNaHCO3+H2O=H2CO3+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步，二步不能疊加)Na2SO3+H2O=NaHSO3+NaOH=SO32-+H2O