初中英語零基礎(chǔ)學語法英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)

1、關(guān)于初中英語零基礎(chǔ)學語法英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在學習的是第一頁，共34頁 主語主語 系動詞系動詞 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主語主語 不及物動詞不及物動詞 （ S + Vi ） 主語主語 及物動詞及物動詞 賓語賓語 ( S + Vt + O)主語動詞主語動詞+間賓間賓+直賓直賓(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主語主語 動詞動詞 賓語賓語 補語補語 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)簡單句的五種基本句型簡單句的五種基本句型主語、動詞（不及物動詞、及物動詞、雙賓動詞、系動詞、賓補動詞)、賓語及補語可以稱為基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包

2、含2個基本成分，至多4個基本成分?，F(xiàn)在學習的是第二頁，共34頁nounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主主語語謂謂語語賓語賓語賓語賓語賓補賓補表語表語賓語賓語(間)賓語賓語(直直)Vt系動詞ViNoun / PronounThe + adjV-ingNoun / Pronoun / The + adjV-ing / Clause / Infinitivebe / feel / seem / lookappear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / s

3、mell etc. nounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.現(xiàn)在學習的是第三頁，共34頁1、主語、主語 系動詞系動詞 表語（主語補語）表語（主語補語）She is happy2、主語、主語 不及物動詞不及物動詞She came/ My head aches.3、主語、主語 及物動詞及物動詞 賓語賓語She likes English.4、主語、主語 動詞動詞 間接賓語間接賓語 直接賓語直接賓語She bought John a book/She bought a book for John.5、主語、主語 動詞動詞 賓語賓語

4、補語補語She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.簡單句基本句型實例簡單句基本句型實例現(xiàn)在學習的是第四頁，共34頁There be 結(jié)構(gòu)1、定義：There be句型表示某處存在某物或某人。2、結(jié)構(gòu)：(1) There is +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+ 地點狀語. (2) There are +復數(shù)名詞+地點狀語. 注意事項：注意事項： there是引導詞，在句中不充當任何成分，翻譯時也不必譯出。句子的主語是某人或某物，謂語動詞be要與主語（某人或某物）的數(shù)保持一致。當主語是兩個或兩個以上的名詞時，謂

5、語動詞要與跟它最近的那個名詞一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 樹上有一只鳥。 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我們教室里有一位老師和許多學生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 樹下有兩個男孩，一個女孩。 現(xiàn)在學習的是第五頁，共34頁1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。 2.名詞 At the meeting we

6、elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy. 3.形容詞 I found the classroom empty. 4.副詞 Please call the students back at once. 5.現(xiàn)在分詞 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.過去分詞 He saw his face reflected in the water.認識補語認識補語現(xiàn)在學習的是第六頁，共34頁附屬成分附屬成分基本成分的修飾語?？梢允牵?/p>

7、基本成分的修飾語。可以是： 定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。定定 語語Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playi

8、ng over there is my brother.People there like sports.現(xiàn)在學習的是第七頁，共34頁John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her ho

9、mework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.狀狀 語語現(xiàn)在學習的是第八頁，共34頁Examples:Oh！What is that?。@嘆詞）！（驚嘆詞）He has，alas，failed again (哎呀哎呀,唉唉) Come here，John（呼語）（呼語）Roll on，Ocean，roll on(流動啊，海洋，流動 )句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。這種成分和句子的句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。這種成分和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關(guān)系。其他詞沒有語法

10、的關(guān)系。獨立成分獨立成分現(xiàn)在學習的是第九頁，共34頁（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示句

11、中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分現(xiàn)在學習的是第十頁，共34頁連接成分實際上是一個連詞，用來連接兩個或幾個平行的詞、連接成分實際上是一個連詞，用來連接兩個或幾個平行的詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做短語和分句。這種連詞叫做并列連詞并列連詞。He tried hard but he was unsuccessful. I used to live in Paris and London. 另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個句子、且一個句子從屬于另一另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個句子、且一個句子從屬于另一個句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫個句子（即從句）的連詞。

12、這類連詞叫從屬連詞從屬連詞。從屬連詞主。從屬連詞主要用于引導各種從句。要用于引導各種從句。He said that he did not want to go . You may come if you want to. 一個完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含一個完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含2個到個到4個基本成分，個基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個或更多其他的句子此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個或更多其他的句子成分。成分。連接成分連接成分現(xiàn)在學習的是第十一頁，共34頁There be 結(jié)構(gòu)1、定義：There be句型表示某處存在某物或某人。2、結(jié)構(gòu)：(1) There i

13、s +單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+ 地點狀語. (2) There are +復數(shù)名詞+地點狀語. 注意事項：注意事項： there是引導詞，在句中不充當任何成分，翻譯時也不必譯出。句子的主語是某人或某物，謂語動詞be要與主語（某人或某物）的數(shù)保持一致。當主語是兩個或兩個以上的名詞時，謂語動詞要與跟它最近的那個名詞一致。如： There is a bird in the tree. 樹上有一只鳥。 There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我們教室里有一位老師和許多學生。 There are two boys and a gir

14、l under the tree. 樹下有兩個男孩，一個女孩。 現(xiàn)在學習的是第十二頁，共34頁總結(jié)：總結(jié)：句子必須主謂俱備句子必須主謂俱備一般情況下主在謂前一般情況下主在謂前表語定在系動詞后表語定在系動詞后賓語有雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)（賓補），賓補肯定在賓語后賓語有雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)和復合結(jié)構(gòu)（賓補），賓補肯定在賓語后定語不一定在它修飾的詞前面定語不一定在它修飾的詞前面狀語最靈活，功能最為強大狀語最靈活，功能最為強大除了謂語、賓補之外，其它都可以由從句充當除了謂語、賓補之外，其它都可以由從句充當現(xiàn)在學習的是第十三頁，共34頁簡單句只有一個限定動詞（即只有一個主謂結(jié)簡單句只有一個限定動詞（即只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)）

15、，它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作構(gòu)），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。用中的一種。 作一種陳述作一種陳述 提出一個問題提出一個問題 發(fā)出一種命令或請求發(fā)出一種命令或請求 表示一種感嘆表示一種感嘆Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow

16、train this is!現(xiàn)在學習的是第十四頁，共34頁簡單句的基本詞序簡單句的基本詞序主語主語動詞部分動詞部分賓語賓語 狀語狀語（謂語）（謂語） 方式方式地點地點時間時間Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police ca

17、r.現(xiàn)在學習的是第十五頁，共34頁簡單句的擴展成份簡單句的擴展成份簡單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個短語（如定語）來擴展，及物動詞或不及物動詞也簡單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個短語（如定語）來擴展，及物動詞或不及物動詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用進行擴展?？梢耘c其它短語（如狀語）連用進行擴展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put th

18、ree bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.現(xiàn)在學習的是第十六頁，共34頁兩個簡單句的主語可以連詞兩個簡單句的主語可以連詞and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等連詞連接組成一個簡單句，等連詞連接組成一個簡單句，但應(yīng)注意主語和謂語動

19、詞的一致性。但應(yīng)注意主語和謂語動詞的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.T

20、he boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主語、謂語、賓語的合并主語、謂語、賓語的合并現(xiàn)在學習的是第十七頁，共34頁兩個簡單句的賓語可由兩個簡單句的賓語

21、可由and、bothand等連詞連接組成一個簡等連詞連接組成一個簡單句。單句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.兩個或兩個以上限

22、定動詞也可合并為一個簡單句。兩個或兩個以上限定動詞也可合并為一個簡單句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主語、謂語、賓語的合并主語、謂語、賓語的合并現(xiàn)在學習的是第十八頁，共34頁并列句并列句需把幾個意思連接在一起時，可用分號或把需把幾個意思連接在一起時，可用分號或把兩個或幾個簡單句用兩個或幾個簡單句用并列連詞并列連詞連接起來，這連接起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個并列句。種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個并列句。用分號：用分號：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分號

23、，后跟一個連接副詞：用分號，后跟一個連接副詞：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列連詞（如用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等）等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.現(xiàn)在學習的是第十九頁，共34頁并列句并列句常用并列連詞常用并列連詞coordinating conjunctions 平行并列連詞平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞：轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞選擇并列連詞:and, bothand, not onlybut also,

24、 neithernor, and thenbut, however, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十頁，共34頁并列句并列句并列句的詞序：并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡單句的并列句基本上保留了簡單句的詞序。詞序。主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 連詞連詞 主語主語 動詞動詞 表語表語Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五種簡單句型可用五種簡單句型可用并列連詞并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。連接起來組成并列句。 主主 謂謂 狀（方式）狀（方式） 連連 主主 謂謂 表表Frank worked hard

25、and (he ) became an architect.主主 謂謂 賓賓 連連 主主 謂謂 地點地點I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 謂謂 賓賓 賓補賓補 連連 主主 謂謂 賓賓They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十一頁，共34頁Exercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He we

26、nt to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十二頁，共34頁由一個主句和一個或者一個以上從句所由一個主句和一個或者一個以上從句所構(gòu)成的句子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。構(gòu)成的句

27、子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。主句是一個完整的句子主句是一個完整的句子,它可以獨立存在。它可以獨立存在。從句是一個不完整的句子從句是一個不完整的句子,它必須和一個它必須和一個主句連用，不能獨立存在。主句連用，不能獨立存在。復合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接復合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接在一起構(gòu)成在一起構(gòu)成,但復合句的各組成部份并非但復合句的各組成部份并非同等重要，其中一個句子由同等重要，其中一個句子由從屬連詞從屬連詞引引導（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。導（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。 復合句復合句 = 主句主句 + 從句從句復合句復合句現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十三頁，共34頁復合句是在簡

28、單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個以復合句是在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個以上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導的從句起形容上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復合句主要包含以下類型從句：詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復合句主要包含以下類型從句： 1. 主語從句主語從句 2. 賓語從句賓語從句3. 表語從句表語從句 4. 定語從句定語從句5. 狀語從句狀語從句 6. 同位語從句同位語從句 英文寫作中最常使用的從句英文寫作中最常使用的從句 賓語從句賓語從句狀語從句狀語從句 1. 定語從句定語從句現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十四頁，共34頁復合句與簡單句：復合

29、句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.賓語賓語how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris

30、.that his fatherwas working in that school.賓語從句賓語從句現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十五頁，共34頁復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句I dont knowhim.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.賓語從句賓語從句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he i

31、s leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十六頁，共34頁復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主語主語That he didnt know the answerin the room.定語定語who were

32、 sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十七頁，共34頁復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句That is the fact.表表 語語what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十八頁，共34頁復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 =

33、 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地點狀語地點狀語時間狀語時間狀語where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.現(xiàn)在學習的是第二十九頁，共34頁復合句與簡單句：復合句復合句與簡單句：復合句 = 簡單句簡單句 + 從屬連詞從屬連詞 +簡單句簡單句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地點狀語地點狀語where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.現(xiàn)在學習的是第三十頁，共34頁指出下列各從句的類型指出下列各從