基于linux的嵌入式采集系統(tǒng)--外文翻譯

1、附錄AEmbedded Linux-based acquisition systemWith the rapid development of information technology, people need to accurate, fast and convenient access to large amounts of data and be able to quickly extract useful information. Embedded Systems is the IT network technology and a new direction of technol

2、ogy development. American futurist Timor predicted during his visit to China in 2021: 4 5 years after the tool will be embedded PC and the Internet is the second greatest invention after. 20th century 90's, the application of embedded technology in full swing, has become the communications and c

3、onsumer technology products, the main platform. In the field of automatic control, not only can be used in ATM machines, vending machines, industrial control and other special equipment and mobile communications equipment, GPS, a combination of entertainment, embedded systems play a huge role in the

4、 same.The development of embedded technology makes it easy to develop embedded systems, reducing development costs, generic products increased to replacement. Combination of the traditional embedded systems are small, energy-less, anti-interference ability, stable characteristics, the development of

5、 embedded data acquisition system products, whether as a stand-alone product, or a function of a system of modules, all It is very meaningful.Data Acquisition System is a computer, communications and electronic technology, industrial control for an integrated detection system. This paper introduces

6、embedded Linux-based data acquisition system hardware architecture and software design. To enhance the system to respond to the real-time performance and multi-task processing capability of hardware used in the ARM9 microprocessor technology, at the same time Linux operating system migration, system

7、 reliability and scalability can be improved. Designed to make full use of the characteristics of embedded Linux. System software modules have a data acquisition module, data processing module, data modules and data communications diagnostic module. Embedded Linux operating system will introduce a d

8、ata acquisition system design and accelerate the development of the system to facilitate the functions of the future expansion of the observational data to improve the timeliness and accuracy of observation to achieve the automation.Embedded system is application-centric, based on computer technolog

9、y, software, hardware can be tailored to meet the application system functions, reliability, cost, size, power consumption, there are strict requirements of a dedicated computer systems, operating systems and features will integrated software systems in computer hardware, in a nutshell is the system

10、 software and hardware integration, the work is similar to the way BIOS with software code in small, highly automated, fast response and so on. Particularly suited to the requirements of real-time and multi-tasking system. Embedded systems are advanced computer technology, semiconductor technology,

11、electronic technology and the practical application of the various sectors of the product of the combination. Embed The structure of systems composed by two modules: the hardware platform and software platform.Acquisition Data Acquisition System at the scene to complete the task. Acquisition system

12、designed for distributed control systems, PC systems and on-site testing of the communication between digital serial based. Normal run-time, on-site detection of the controller to complete the next-bit data acquisition, data processing, data storage, data distribution and other tasks. System has a c

13、ertain degree of self-detection, self-tuning capabilities, to unusual circumstances to the PC, in order to maintain. In order to adapt to a variety of different circumstances automatic detection of weld requirements, the entire detection system is modular design, different modules can be combined in

14、to different applications.Micro-computer's storage space smaller, while the standard Linux is a PC, and the need for the process of reducing the Linux kernel. For some added or removed independently of the function block can be retained only the kernel embedded system the functionality required

15、to support the module, remove unwanted features. In order to meet certain real-time requirement and should not shield the kernel virtual memory management mechanism for enhanced real-time Linux. Computer systems are X86 motherboard architecture, compatible desktop PC version of Linuxi386. In this wa

16、y, we can directly use the X86 system, the core of the compiler on Linux to compile the source code directly and cutting, and to avoid the core of the Linux source code part of involving CPU module and memory management module changes. Increase in file system and GUI based on system needs, the file

17、system should include: the basic file system structure, the basic application, the basic configuration file, the basic equipment / dev / hd * and / dev / tty *, the basic procedures required to run the function library . GUI is a visual design software indispensable, but also for the future maintena

18、nce of on-site visual inspection of the interface. Guide the preparation of Linux code, the system will start as diskonchip equipment, guidance on the code on diskonchip. Power system after the boot code from the basic hardware initialization, and then the kernel image into memory by the run. Embedd

19、ed systems is usually a compact hardware platform, a dedicated and strong at the core of the processor, while a small number of peripherals combined with the application of relevance, the characteristics of diversity; embedded systems typically include embedded software applications and embedded ope

20、rating system. Embedded operating systems ranging from hardware and application procedures, is responsible for task scheduling and management of real-time applications, complete control of the hardware and operation. Real-time applications are based on real-time embedded operating system, the use of

21、 real-time operating system mechanisms for the completion of the specific function of a specific embedded system applications. Embedded systems is different from the general computer system, it has other applications do not have a number of characteristics.Embedded Linux-based data acquisition syste

22、m board design, mainly by a motherboard and a plug-9 motherboard. All the plug-3U structure, the module dual-socket connection between the module system motherboard linked to improve the reliability of the entire device. One plug-in boards for signal acquisition and processing; additional plug-ins f

23、or the 8-channel signal conditioning board (a three-way on-board processing circuit, a total of 24 road, you can approach the basis of sensor signals, changes in signal conditioning channel plate). Compact system, the entire panel design, elegant appearance. System consists of signal conditioning sy

24、stems and signal acquisition, processing system constituted of two parts. Signal conditioning system from the charge to enlarge, zoom in or current-voltage amplifier circuit (depending on sensor type setting), program-controlled zoom, programmable low-pass filtering, amplification, such as a buffer

25、circuit composed of four levels, including single-chip control of PC by the request to enlarge the program, program-controlled parameters such as low-pass filter. Signal acquisition, processing system to be adopted ARM + FPGA structures. The benefits of such a structure are: the difficulty of the sm

26、aller hardware development platform, system software upgrades easy to implement.From field devices through a variety of sensor signals into low-noise cable channel signal conditioning board, each channel signal conditioning board that contains the three-channel signal conditioning. According to diff

27、erent types of sensors with different channel signal conditioning board, a variety of signals after signal conditioning for the same after the transformation of the voltage signal specifications. Signal processing flow is as follows: the sensor output signal voltage amplification, current amplificat

28、ion, such as zoom in or charge (as the sensor type setting) is transformed into voltage signal, the voltage signal amplification by the program, program-controlled low-pass filter, and finally to enlarge the buffer after processing, the output voltage signal to the signal acquisition, processing boa

29、rd.Embedded Linux system from the perspective of software generally can be divided into four levels.(1) boot loader. Including the curing of the firmware boot code (optional) and two major Bootloader. (2) core. Board-specific customization of embedded cores, as well as control of kernel boot paramet

30、ers. (3) file system. Including the root file system and the establishment of the Flash memory devices on the file system. It is a management system to provide a variety of configuration files and system implementation of user applications to run a good carrier of the environment. (4) user applicati

31、ons and drivers. User-specific applications and drivers. Sometimes, the user applications, and between the inner nuclear layer may also include a built-in graphical user interface.System beginning in 2021 in the company's thermal power plant, BOF steel plant, power plants and other industrial ap

32、plication site. Practice shows that the embedded Linux-based data acquisition system to run stable and reliable.附錄B基于Linux的嵌入式采集系統(tǒng)隨著信息技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,人們需要能夠準(zhǔn)確、快速和便捷地獲得大量數(shù)據(jù)并能從中迅速提取出有用的信息。嵌入式系統(tǒng)是繼IT網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)之后,又一個(gè)新的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向。美國著名未來學(xué)家葛洛龐帝2021年訪華時(shí)預(yù)言: 45年后嵌入式能工具將是繼PC和因特網(wǎng)之后最偉大的發(fā)明。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)90年代,嵌入式技術(shù)的應(yīng)用全面展開,目前已成為通信和消費(fèi)類產(chǎn)品的主要平臺(tái)

33、技術(shù)。在自動(dòng)控制領(lǐng)域,不僅可以用于ATM機(jī)、自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)、工業(yè)控制等專用設(shè)備和移動(dòng)通信設(shè)備、GPS、娛樂等相結(jié)合,嵌入式系統(tǒng)同樣發(fā)揮巨大的作用。嵌入式技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得開發(fā)嵌入式系統(tǒng)變得容易,開發(fā)成本降低,產(chǎn)品通用性提高,可更新?lián)Q代。結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)體積小、耗能少、抗干擾能力強(qiáng)、穩(wěn)定的特點(diǎn),開發(fā)嵌入式數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品,不管是作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的產(chǎn)品,還是某一系統(tǒng)的某個(gè)功能模塊,都是十分有意義的。數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)是集計(jì)算機(jī)、通信及電子技術(shù)、工業(yè)控制為一體的綜合探測系統(tǒng)。本文介紹了基于嵌入式Linux 的數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)和軟件設(shè)計(jì)。為提高系統(tǒng)的實(shí)時(shí)響應(yīng)性能和多任務(wù)處理能力，在硬件上采用ARM9 微處

34、理器技術(shù)，同時(shí)移植Linux操作系統(tǒng)，使系統(tǒng)的可靠性和可擴(kuò)展性得以提高。設(shè)計(jì)中充分利用了嵌入式Linux 的特點(diǎn)。系統(tǒng)軟件模塊有數(shù)據(jù)采集模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊、數(shù)據(jù)通信模塊和數(shù)據(jù)診斷模塊。將嵌入式Linux 操作系統(tǒng)引入數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)中,加速了系統(tǒng)的開發(fā),方便了將來的功能擴(kuò)展,提高了觀測數(shù)據(jù)的及時(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性,實(shí)現(xiàn)了觀測的自動(dòng)化。嵌入式系統(tǒng)是以應(yīng)用為中心、以計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)、軟件硬件可裁剪、適應(yīng)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng),對功能、可靠性、成本、體積、功耗有嚴(yán)格要求的專用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),它將操作系統(tǒng)和功能軟件集成于計(jì)算機(jī)硬件系統(tǒng)之中,簡而言之就是系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用軟件與系統(tǒng)的硬件一體化,類似于BIOS的工作方式,具有軟件代碼小

35、,高度自動(dòng)化,響應(yīng)速度快等特點(diǎn)。特別適合于要求實(shí)時(shí)和多任務(wù)的體系。嵌入式系統(tǒng)是將先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)和各個(gè)行業(yè)實(shí)際應(yīng)用相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。嵌入式系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)由兩大模塊組成:硬件平臺(tái)和軟件平臺(tái)。嵌入式系統(tǒng)是以應(yīng)用為中心、以計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)、軟件硬件可裁剪、適應(yīng)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng),對功能、可靠性、成本、體積、功耗有嚴(yán)格要求的專用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),它將操作系統(tǒng)和功能軟件集成于計(jì)算機(jī)硬件系統(tǒng)之中,簡而言之就是系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用軟件與系統(tǒng)的硬件一體化,類似于BIOS的工作方式,具有軟件代碼小,高度自動(dòng)化,響應(yīng)速度快等特點(diǎn)。特別適合于要求實(shí)時(shí)和多任務(wù)的體系。嵌入式系統(tǒng)是將先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)和各個(gè)行業(yè)

36、實(shí)際應(yīng)用相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的采集任務(wù)在現(xiàn)場完成。采集系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)為分布式的控制系統(tǒng),系統(tǒng)上位機(jī)與現(xiàn)場檢測下位機(jī)之間的通信基于串口。正常運(yùn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)場下位檢測控制器完成數(shù)據(jù)采集、數(shù)據(jù)處理、數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)、數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送等多種任務(wù)。系統(tǒng)具有一定的自檢測、自校正能力,能將異常情況傳給PC機(jī),以便維護(hù)。為了適應(yīng)各種不同情況對焊縫自動(dòng)檢測的要求,整個(gè)檢測系統(tǒng)采用模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),可應(yīng)用不同的模塊組合成不同的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。微型計(jì)算機(jī)的存儲(chǔ)空間較小, 而標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Linux是面向PC 的,需要對Linux 內(nèi)核進(jìn)行裁減。對一些可獨(dú)立加上或卸下的功能塊,可在編譯內(nèi)核時(shí)僅保留嵌入式系統(tǒng)所需的功能支持模塊, 刪除不需要的功能。為了滿足

37、一定的實(shí)時(shí)性要求,需屏蔽內(nèi)核的虛擬內(nèi)存管理機(jī)制來增強(qiáng)的Linux實(shí)時(shí)性。系統(tǒng)中微機(jī)主板屬于X86體系結(jié)構(gòu),兼容一般桌面PC的Linuxi386版本。這樣,我們可以直接使用X86體系的編譯器對Linux核心源代碼直接進(jìn)行編譯及裁剪,并避免了對Linux 核心源代碼中涉及CPU的部分模塊以及內(nèi)存管理模式模塊的修改。增加了文件系統(tǒng)和GUI根據(jù)系統(tǒng)需要,文件系統(tǒng)應(yīng)包括: 基本文件系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、基本應(yīng)用程序、基本配置文件、基本設(shè)備/dev/hd* 和/dev/tty*、基本程序運(yùn)行所需的函數(shù)庫。GUI 是軟件可視化設(shè)計(jì)不可缺少的,也為將來的現(xiàn)場檢修維護(hù)提供可視化的界面。編寫Linux的引導(dǎo)代碼, 將disk

38、onchip作為系統(tǒng)的啟動(dòng)設(shè)備,引導(dǎo)代碼放在diskonchip上。系統(tǒng)加電后,由引導(dǎo)代碼進(jìn)行基本的硬件初始化,然后把內(nèi)核經(jīng)映像裝入內(nèi)存運(yùn)行。嵌入式系統(tǒng)的硬件平臺(tái)通常以緊湊、專用性強(qiáng)的處理器為核心,同時(shí)結(jié)合少量的外圍設(shè)備,具有應(yīng)用相關(guān)性、多樣性的特點(diǎn);嵌入式系統(tǒng)軟件通常包含嵌入式應(yīng)用程序和嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)。嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)介于硬件和應(yīng)用程序之間,負(fù)責(zé)任務(wù)調(diào)度并管理實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用程序,完成對硬件的控制和操作。實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用程序是基于嵌入式實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)、利用操作系統(tǒng)提供的實(shí)時(shí)機(jī)制完成特定嵌入式系統(tǒng)具體功能的應(yīng)用程序。嵌入式系統(tǒng)不同于一般計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),它具有其他應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)所沒有的一些特性。（1）體積小:在嵌入式系統(tǒng)的主

39、體應(yīng)用場合,如手持設(shè)備,智能儀器儀表,家用電器等均對體積有較高限制,要求盡量少占用空間。（2）存儲(chǔ)容量小:嵌入式系統(tǒng)一般以ROM,FLASHMEMORY、RAM等作為存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì),由于價(jià)格及嵌入式系統(tǒng)體積等因素限制,因而不可能有太大的存儲(chǔ)容量。（3）良好的性能價(jià)格比:很多嵌入式設(shè)備是嵌入于宿主設(shè)備以輔助宿主設(shè)備高效地完成其功能,因而性價(jià)比要求較高,以防止過分提高宿主設(shè)備成本?；贚inux的嵌入式數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)采用板卡式設(shè)計(jì),主要由一塊母板個(gè)插件和一個(gè)母板。各插件全部采用3U背插式結(jié)構(gòu),各模件采用雙插座連接方式,各模件之間通過系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部母板相聯(lián)系,提高了整個(gè)裝置的可靠性。其中一個(gè)插件為信號(hào)采集處理板;

40、另外的8個(gè)插件為信號(hào)調(diào)理通道板(一塊板上三路調(diào)理電路,總共24路,可以根據(jù)傳感器的信號(hào)路數(shù),增減信號(hào)調(diào)理通道板)。系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,整面板設(shè)計(jì),外形美觀大方。系統(tǒng)由信號(hào)調(diào)理系統(tǒng)和信號(hào)采集、處理系統(tǒng)兩部分構(gòu)成。信號(hào)調(diào)理系統(tǒng)由電荷放大、電壓放大或電流放大電路(視傳感器類型定)、程控放大、程控低通濾波、緩沖放大等四級(jí)電路組成,其中由單片機(jī)控制上位機(jī)要求的程控放大、程控低通濾波等參數(shù)。信號(hào)采集、處理系統(tǒng)擬采用ARM+FPGA結(jié)構(gòu)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。此種結(jié)構(gòu)的好處是:硬件開發(fā)平臺(tái)難度較小,系統(tǒng)軟件升級(jí)容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。取自現(xiàn)場設(shè)備的各種傳感器信號(hào)通過低噪音電纜送入信號(hào)調(diào)理通道板,每個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)理通道板上包含三個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)理通道。根據(jù)不同的傳感器類型配備不同的信號(hào)調(diào)理通道板