非謂語動詞WORD

1、非謂語動詞專題 負責人：李曉秀考試說明的內容及要求 1.三種非謂語動詞形式的構成及其內涵; 2.不同的非謂語動詞形式在句子中的不同語法功能; 3.句子結構的知識、詞類及其功能（句子成分）、從句的知識近五年安徽高考考點分布及命題趨勢 考點考查情況非謂語動詞作狀語2008年第30題 2010年第30題2011年第30題2012年30題非謂語動詞作定語2009年第28題非謂語動詞作賓語2012年第24題 從近五年安徽英語試題來看，非謂語動詞作狀語時安徽高考的熱點，非謂語動詞作定語和賓語也是安徽高考的重點。預計未來高考將繼續(xù)保持這種趨勢一輪復習中存在的問題從一輪復習的四次診斷性測試來看，在非謂語動詞試

2、題命題過程中，如果試題中出現較為復雜的句子結構時，學生往往很難判斷出設空在句子中充當的成分，進而容易出現誤選。教學重點與教學策略 1.鑒于高考命題趨勢和學生中存在的問題，在非謂語動詞的教學中應讓學生真正領悟非謂語動詞的內涵 2.解答非謂語動詞時遵循以下解題思路：(1) 解析句子結構，確定設空在句子中的成分（如狀語、定語或賓語）（2）找準相關動詞的邏輯主語，確定該動詞與邏輯主語時什么關系（3）搜索句子中相關的時間信息，確定非謂語動詞的恰當形式。（4）將該選項置入空中，看能否做到字從意順，或傳達有效信息、完成交際任務。專題教學主要內容基本概念：非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞，主要包括不定式、

3、動名詞和分詞（現在分詞和過去分詞），即動詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動詞除了不能獨立作謂語外，可以承擔句子的其他成分。一.非謂語動詞的形式1.肯定式非謂語動詞主動形式被動形式不定式一般式to doto be done進行式to be doing-完成式to have done To have been done完成進行式to have been doing-現在分詞/動名詞一般式doingbeing done完成式having doneHaving been done過去分詞-done2. 否定式：以上肯定式前加not,如： not to do, not doing. not to be done3

4、. 復合結構：(1)動名詞的復合結構就是在動名詞前加上它的邏輯主語。形式為：名詞所有格/形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞。當動名詞復合結構作賓語時可用名詞的普格，代詞的賓格作邏輯主語His not coming to my birthday party made me a little anxious,I remember Janes/Jane going there.(2)不定式的復合結構: for/of sb/sth +不定式 It is a must for us to have a good command of the English language.二.非謂語動詞的句法作用 三 非謂語動

5、詞常見考點 考點一：非謂語動詞作主語 1.不定式和動名詞都可作主語，謂語通常用單數。但動名詞做主語多指抽象的概念性動作，可以是多次的、經常的行為;不定式做主語常表示某次具體的行為。 Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危險。（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火會發(fā)生危險。（指一個具體的動作）2. 動詞不定式作主語時，往往用it作形式主語，而把真正的不定式主語放在句尾。常用句型有句型：（1）It +be +形容詞+to do sth.(It would be foolish not to accept his of

6、fer.)（2）It+ be +形容詞.+ for sb to do sth（for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語） It would be hard for one to do a bit of good.（3）It+ be +形容詞.+ of sb. to do sth.（當作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質或特征時，就用介詞of） It was selfish of him not to contribute anything（4）It+ be + 名詞 +to do sth. It was not his habit to ask people for things.（5）

7、It+ 動詞（+賓語）+to do sth It took me a year to save up for a new coat.（6）It +be +介詞短語+to do sth It is beyond my power to answer this question.3 為避免頭重腳輕，可以用it 作形式主語，真正的動名詞主語后置，常用句型 no(little) use/good useless It is/was worth doing not any use/good of little use/good It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水

8、難收考點二：非謂語動詞作賓語一、不定式作賓語 1下列動詞只能用不定式作賓語，請牢記下面的口訣 決心學會想希望，拒絕設法愿假裝 主動答應選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。 decide/determine, learn,want,expect/wish/hope; refuse manage ,care, pretend offer,promise,choose,plan; agree,ask/beg,help此外 afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作賓語。如 She pretended not to see me when I passed by.2用代詞

9、it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語不定式結構放在句尾。需用it代不定式作賓語的動詞有：find, make, think, consider, feel 等。He feels it his duty to say that you are wrong.3有些動詞后可用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語，常用的動詞有：decide, discover, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, think, wonder. eg. we dont know where to go.4. 不定式作賓語一般不作介詞的賓語，僅限于but/except/besides等幾個有限的介詞。如果

10、介詞前為動詞do的某種形式，則后接不帶to的不定式，否則帶to. 此外cannot choose but,cannot help but, cannot but 等后面的不定式也省略 toWe could do nothing but wait. We have no choice but to wait.We cant choose but wait.二、動名詞作賓語1.下列動詞（詞組）只能用動名詞作賓語，請牢記口訣 考慮建議盼原諒，承認推遲沒得想 避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認完成就欣賞 禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準逃亡consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,e

11、xcuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy;avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imagine,risk,cant help,mind,allow/admit,escape此外 be used/accustomed to; lead to; devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand, give up, feel like, insi

12、st on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in)have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等動詞詞組也要用動名詞作賓語三、.某些動詞既可以跟不定式作賓語也可以跟動名詞作賓語1、跟不定式作賓語和跟動名詞作賓語沒有太大區(qū)別的動詞 Start/begin,intend,continue,attempt,plan 注意：begin,start是“物”作主語，本身是進行時態(tài)或所接賓語是表示心理活動的動詞時，其后只能接不定式She s

13、tarted to realize the situation.They are beginning to make a plan.2、 跟不定式作賓語和跟動名詞作賓語細微區(qū)別的動詞Like,love,prefer,dislike,hate,etc. 接動詞表示經常性、習慣性動作 接不定式表示一次性、具體的動作3、跟不定式作賓語和跟動名詞作賓語有差別動詞 1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或經常做的事3）remember

14、 to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企圖做某事try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味著7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）cant help (to) do sth不能幫助做某事 cant help doing sth情不自禁做某事考點三：非謂語動詞作表語 1不定式作表語表示主語的“職業(yè)，職責和性質”等。

15、 2動名詞作表語說明主語的具體內容Our work is serving the people 3現在分詞作表語表示主語的性質、特征 4過去分詞作表語表主語所處的狀態(tài) They were very excited at the news Travelling is interesting but tiring注意：若主語和表語都是非謂語動詞，應保持形式上的一致 Seeing is believing.(To see is to believe)考點四：非謂語動詞作定語一、不定式作定語 1.表將來 The car to be bought is for his sister.2.被修飾的名詞前有

16、序數詞、形容詞最高級或next， second, last, only和not a, the等限定詞時候，且與中心詞為邏輯上的主動關系。如：He is the best man to do the job. 3. 不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞，說明其內容ability， drive，movement，ambition， effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求campaign戰(zhàn)役，運動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機會chance機會 force， promise,courage, intention意向，意圖 reason decision

17、決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光 determination決心，決定 motive動機，目的 struggle奮斗，努力， tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿Do you have the ability to read and write in English?二、動名詞作定語表示所修飾名詞的用途和性能 a sleeping bag a walking stick a swimming pool 三、分詞作定語，相當與一個定語從句，通常單個詞要前置，短語要后置。 1.作定語的及物動詞的分詞形式意義v-ing被修飾的名詞與分詞為主動關系being do

18、ne被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關系且表正在進行done被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關系且表完成 Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？2.作定語的不及物動詞的分詞形式意義V.-ing表示正在進行或表示特征done表示完成或狀態(tài)boiling water正在沸騰的水 a good-looking flower一朵好看的花（表特征）boild water白開水（表完成）falling leaves正在下落的葉子 fallen leaves已經下落的葉子3.英語中有些表示感覺的動詞

19、，其現在分詞形式表示“令人感動”過去分詞表示“感到” an exciting voice令人興奮的聲音 a puzzling expression令人困惑的表情 an excited voice興奮的聲音 a puzzled expression感到困惑的表情練習：考點五：非謂語動詞作補語1.后接不定式作賓補的動詞及動詞詞組 ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish, warn, expect, prefer, encourage, wait for, call on, de

20、pend on等二 .非謂語動詞作感官動詞使役動詞的賓語補足語 1)感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observ的賓語補足語有四種形式，以see為例 doing sth看見正做某事 do sth看見做了某事See+賓語 being done看見正在被做 done看見被做注意：不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓補表示完成或狀態(tài)I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.2)使役動詞make,let,have,get的賓語補足語 1）make/let +賓語+ do讓某人做某事（賓語與賓補是邏輯上的主動關系）

21、 done 讓被做（賓語與賓補為邏輯上的被動關系） 2）have +賓語 + do sth 使做某事 doing sth 使持續(xù)做某事 done 使被做或使遭受注意：a)have sb doing sth若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。如 I wont have you speaking to your Dad like that. b)have sth to do 結構中”have”作“有”的意思，不定式作定語 I have something urgent to inform you. 3)get +賓語+ to do sth使做 doing sth使持續(xù)做某事；使某人/物行

22、動起來 done使被做 The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.三.下列動詞（詞組）在主動語態(tài)中用不帶“to”的不定式作補足語，但在被動語態(tài)中要加上”to”:它們是“吾看三室一廳一感覺” 5看（look at ,see,watch,notice,observe,） 3使（make,let,have）; 2聽(listen to,hear) 1感覺（feel）四、動詞leave,keep,set,find,catch 及介詞with后加非謂語動詞作復合賓語的情況 1 leave+ sb doi

23、ng留下某人一直做某事（賓語與賓補之間是邏輯上的主動關系） sth undone留下某事沒做（賓語與賓補之間是邏輯上的被動關系，表示被動和完成） sb to do留下某人去做某事 （不定式表示將來的動作） sth to be done 留下某事未做2 keep sb/sth doing 使/讓某人/物一直做 Sb/sth done 使某人/物被如：Keep the engine running.You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.3. set sb to do sth(=make sb do sth) 讓某人做某事 Sb/sth doi

24、ng讓某人/物開始做某事，讓某事開始發(fā)生 Eg. He set the students to set down what he said. Her words set us thinking.4. find sb doing sth發(fā)現某人正在做某事 Sth done發(fā)現某事已經被 sb/sth(to be)發(fā)現某人/物如：We found him (to be) dishonest.Often I found her quietly weeping alone.I found her buried in a novel.5.catch sb doing sth 撞見某人正做某事 I cat

25、ched him reading my private letters.6.with sb/sth doing 表主動且進行，或表特征 sth being done 表被動而且進行 sth done 表被動而且完成，或表狀態(tài) sth to do 表示將來如：John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to sottle,the newly-elected president is having a h

26、ard time.7.注意下列結構中用不定式作主語補足語Sb be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/thought to do /to have done/to be doing 如：He is said to have gone abroad=It is said that he has gone abroad. Heat is considered to be a form of energy. They are supposed to here an hour ago.考點六：非謂語動詞作狀語一不定式、分詞作狀語的基本原則 不定式、分詞作狀語時

27、，不定式、分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致 Not knowing English, he couldnt understand the movie He went home to see his parents.二、不定式作狀語表目的、結果或原因 1.不定式作目的狀語常用“so as to/in order to”。so as to 不可位于句首。不定式作目的不可用逗號與句子隔開To make himself heard, he raised his voice.(目的)Bob took down my teltphone number so as /in order not to f

28、orget it. 2.不定式作結果狀語 不定式短語表示結果時，常于only, just連用，暗示一種“意外的結果，意想不到，不料” He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. He hurried to the booking office, only to be told that all the tickets have been sold out.(2) 常用于以下結構：so as to; such as to; tooto; enoughto Im too tired to walk any further tonight. M

29、y son is old enough to go to school alone. Would you be so kind as to give me an early reply? Im not such a fool as to believe that.注：在有些句子中，tooto 可表示肯定含義(略)3.跟在某些表示喜怒哀樂等感情的詞后面表原因。 e.g.: Im sorry to have troubled you. He was surprised to learn how much shed spent.三、分詞作狀語 1、分詞作狀語時其形式的選擇形式意義v.-ing與句中主

30、語為邏輯上的主動關系，與句中謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，或沒有一定的時間性having done與句中主語為邏輯上的主動關系，先于謂語動詞動作發(fā)生done與句中主語為邏輯上的被動關系，表完成或沒有一定的時間性being done與句中主語為邏輯上的被動關系，且與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，一般作原因狀語位于句首having been done與句中主語為邏輯上的被動關系，且先于謂語動詞動作之前2.分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，為了強調，還可與while,when,once,if,unless等連詞連用表時間： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced

31、worker. 表原因： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 表行為方式或伴隨狀況： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. Alice stopped speaking as if waiting for him to speak. 表條件： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 表結果： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 表讓步： Though r

32、aining heavily, it cleared up very soon. Weighing almost 100 pounds, the stone was moved by him alone3. 獨立成分（垂懸分詞）作狀語： Frankly speaking（坦白地說），seeing（考慮到），considering/ taking into consideration（考慮到），supposing/ providingprovided/ assuming（如果，假使） Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外

33、表看，他一定是個演員。 Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind. Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細4.獨立主格結構 非謂語動詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應和句子主語保持一致。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的邏輯主語，在句子中作狀語，我們稱之為獨立主格結構。它的構成是： 名詞/代詞+ 現在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/名詞/介詞短語/名詞/代詞All the tickets having been sold out, they went away dis

34、appointedly. Time permitting, well do another two exercises.考點七：非謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動含義。 一、不定式主動形式表被動含義。1.當不定式短語作定語，與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間是動賓關系時，主句主句又是不定式的邏輯主語時，則使用不定式的主動語態(tài)表示被動意義。如： I have a lot of things to do today. Ill go to Beijing.Do you anything to be taken to your son?2. 在“主語+系動詞+形容詞+不定式”句型中，如果作表語的形容詞表示主語給人的心

35、理感覺或感受時，則即使不定式與主語之間為被動關系，但必須使用 主動語態(tài)。如：His novel is interesting to read. The car is expensive to buy.3. 在“主語+think/find+賓語+形容詞+不定式”句型中，如果作賓補的形容詞表示賓語給人的心里感覺或感受時，則即使不定式與賓語之間為被動關系，但必須使用主動語態(tài)。 We think English easy to learn.4某些表示出租、責備、解雇之類的不定式短語作表語使用，常用主動語態(tài)表 示被動意義。如：let，rent，hire，blame等。 The house is to l

36、et/rent. 這房屋出租。 He is not to blame. 他不該受責備。5.不定式修飾there be句型中的主語時，主動形式表達被動含義，也可用被動形式 。如： There are many problems to work out/to be worked out.6.“tooto”結構中，不定式主動表被動 The meat is too hot to eat.二、動名詞的主動語態(tài)表示被動意義 （1）“need，want，require，deserve”等詞跟動名詞的主動形式作賓語表示與主語之間為被動關系，也可以使用不定式的被動語態(tài)作賓語。如： The matter requ

37、ires looking into (to be looked into). He deserves punishment/punishing/to be punished. （2）It is worth doing sth. = Sth. be worth doing. = Sth. be worthy to be done. = Sth. be worthy of being done.精講例題一、分析句子結構 1. _many times , but he still couldnt understand it .2. _many times , he still couldnt und

38、erstand it . A. Having been told . B. Told C. He was told D. Though he had been told 3. _to the left , youll find the post office .4. If you _to the left , youll find the post office . 5. _to the left , and youll find the post office . A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. Turned 分析：句1. 用連詞but 引導并列句子，因此，

39、前面也是個獨立句子成分，故選C。 句2. 句中用逗號隔開，且無連詞引導，因此，前面不是句子結構，只是句子的一個成分，故選A， 用非謂語動詞作狀語。 句3. 同句2，選A 。 句4. 前面用if 引導從句，故選C ，構成 從句謂語。 句5. 同句1，選C。 二、分析邏輯主語 確定要選非謂語動詞之后，第二步要分析其邏輯主語。非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執(zhí)行者就叫做邏輯主語。非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語須和句子的真正主語一致。若不一致，則須加上自己的邏輯主語。 1. _no buses , we have to walk home . A. There being B.

40、 It were C. There were D. It being 2. _Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home . 分析：句1. 表示沒有公共汽車，應用there be結構，即邏輯主語是there，故選A 。 句2. 同理選D。 三、分析語態(tài) 分析語態(tài)就是在確定邏輯主語之后，分析非謂語動詞和邏輯主語在搭配使用時是主動還是被動關系 1. _from space , the earth looks blue . 2._from space , we can see the earth is blue . A. Seen B. Seeing C. To

41、see D.See 這兩個題選項中的非謂語動詞都沒有加自己的邏輯主語, 因此其邏輯主語就是句子的主語。 分析：句1. 地球被看起來，表被動，故選A，用過去分詞表被動。 句2. 我們主動看.即表主動，故選B。 3. The dirty clothes _ , the girl hung them up outside .4. _ the dirty clothes ,the girl hung them up outside . A. was washed B. washed C.were washed D.having washed 分析：句3. 前面應用非謂語動詞作句子的狀語，邏輯主語是th

42、e dirty clothes，和動詞搭配表示衣服被洗，故選B。 句4. 邏輯主語為句子的主語the girl，表示女孩洗衣服，為主動關系，故選D。四、分析時態(tài)，在選定了主動或被動后，還要考慮動作發(fā)生的時間問題，即時態(tài)。 1. The building _now will be a restaurant . 2. The building _next year will be a restaurant . 3. The building _last year is a restaurant. A. having been built B.to be built C.being built D.

43、 built 句1中 now 說明大樓正在被修，故用進行式，選C。 句2中next year 說明大樓將在明年被修，故用表將來的不定式，選B. 句3中 last year 說明大樓已被修，但不能選，因為現在分詞的完成式不能作定語，故用過去分詞，選D。 又如： 1. He stood there_for his mother . 2. _for two hours , he went away . A. waiting B. to wait C. waited D.Having waited 句1表示站在那等，兩個動詞同時發(fā)生，故選A作伴隨狀語。 句2表示已經等了兩個小時，發(fā)生在謂語動詞went

44、 away 之前，故用完成式，選D 。反饋試卷1.The discovery of new evidence led to _. A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught2.-Tell me more about your appointment! - We hardly spoke,but when left,I regretted _ to her more. A.speaking B.having spoken C.not speaki

45、ng D.not to speak3.The lawyer listened with full attention,_ to miss any point. A. not trying B. trying not to C. to try not D. not to try4.Its important for the figures _ regularly. A.to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D.to have updated5.He got well-prepared for the job interview, f

46、or he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost6.One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them. A.corrects B.correct C.to correct D.correcting7.Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admi

47、t8.【2011四川卷,2】Ladex doest feel like abroad. Her parents are old. A. study B. studying C. studied D.to study 9.【2011遼寧卷,23】Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read fast. A. what B. who C. how D. why10.In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A. sticking B. Stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck11.Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run12.You are supposed to leave your child _ his